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Asnin LD, Ziganshina DI, Klimova YA, Reshetova EN, Tůma J, Kohout M. Chiral zwitterionic stationary phases based on Cinchona alkaloids and dipeptides: Application in chiral separation of dipeptides under reversed phase conditions. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464966. [PMID: 38735116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Chromatographic behavior of novel chiral stationary phases with bonded selectors based on Cinchona alkaloids modified with dipeptides was studied using dipeptides as probe molecules. Buffer-free and salt containing hydro-organic solutions were used as the mobile phases. The selectors exhibit pseudoenantiomeric behavior with respect to the L/D or LL/DD enantiomers and do not behave so with respect to the LD/DL enantiomers. The alkaloid part of the selectors is the driver of enantioselectivity, while the dipeptide substituent plays a modulating role. The quinidine-based selectors demonstrate stronger adsorption affinity and higher enantioselectivity as compared to the quinine-based selectors. The dipeptide analytes containing a glycyl fragment are weaker retained and their enantiomers are worse separated comparing to dipeptides with both units being larger amino acids. Moreover, a phenyl group in the structure of a dipeptide analyte facilitates enantioseparation. The effect of the mobile phase composition on retention depends on the hydrophobicity of an analyte. Hydrophobic dipeptides are better eluted by methanol-rich solvents, hydrophilic dipeptides are better eluted with water-rich solvents, and dipeptides with an intermediate hydrophobicity demonstrate a U-shaped or more complicated dependence of the retention factor on the percentage of methanol. Even a small buffer addition to the mobile phase decreases retention, but the ion-exchange mechanism was not confirmed. The effect of an electrolyte is rather due to the shielding of the charged groups of the selector reducing thereby electrostatic interaction between the selector and analyte. Efficiency of the novel columns is comparable to that of other brush-type chiral columns, the highest achieved number of the theoretical plates per 1 m varying between 30,000 and 40,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid D Asnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Daria I Ziganshina
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Yana A Klimova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Elena N Reshetova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Academician Korolev Str., Perm 614013, Russia
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Adrover A, Venditti C, Desmet G. On the modelling of the effective longitudinal diffusion in bi-continuous chromatographic beds. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464817. [PMID: 38518515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We report on the possibility to extend to bi-continuous packings the two models for the effective longitudinal diffusion Deff, or B-term band broadening, recently proposed for discontinuous chromatographic beds. In bi-continuous packings, like monolithic columns, solutes experience a connected end-to-end pathway in both the mobile and stationary zones, as opposed to discontinuous packings, wherein the stationary adsorptive zone is distributed over a set of isolated elements. Since it is unclear whether a densely packed bed of spherical particles should be treated as a continuous or a bi-continuous medium, this extension is also crucial to fully understand the behaviour of packed particle beds. The proposed models for the effective longitudinal diffusion Deff originate from the adoption of the Two Zone Moment Analysis (TZMA) method by which Deff can be expressed as a linear combination of two essential quantities γm and γs, referred to as effective zone-diffusion factors. In the present work we propose two analytical models for γm and γs that now cover both the discontinuous and the bi-continuous case. To validate the theory, several bi-continuous packings are investigated, including the tetrahedral skeleton model (TSM), six different Triple Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) monoliths and randomly packed beds of spheres. For all of these, the models provide highly accurate results for Deff over a wide range of porosities and zone retention factors k″. The comparison with literature experimental data for both monolithic silica columns and columns packed with fully porous and porous-shell particles is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Venditti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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De Luca C, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Felletti S. Novel insights into the dependence of adsorption-desorption kinetics on particle geometry in chiral chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1809-1820. [PMID: 38358532 PMCID: PMC10901921 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The existence of slow adsorption-desorption kinetics in chiral liquid chromatography is common knowledge. This may significantly contribute to worsening the efficiency and kinetic performance of a chromatographic run, especially when high flow rates are employed. Many attempts and protocols have been proposed to access this term, the so-called c ads , but they are based on different (theoretical) assumptions. As a consequence, no official method is available for the estimation of the adsorption-desorption kinetics term. In this work, a novel approach to access c ads is presented. This procedure combines experimental results obtained with kinetic and thermodynamic measurements. The investigations have been performed on two zwitterionic teicoplanin chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on 1.9 μ m fully porous and 2.0 μ m superficially porous particles (FPPs and SPPs), using Z-D,L-Methionine as probe molecule. Kinetic studies have been performed through the combination of both stop-flow and dynamic measurements, while adsorption isotherms have been calculated through Inverse Method. This study has confirmed that, on both particle formats, analyte diffusion on the surface of the particle is negligible, meaning that adsorption is localized, and it has been demonstrated that adsorption-desorption kinetics is strongly dependent on particle geometry and, in particular, on the loading of chiral selector. These findings are fundamental not only to unravel novel aspects of the complex enantiorecognition mechanism but also to optimize the employment of CSPs for ultra-fast and preparative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, CREA, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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Chen Y, Huang S, Xia L, Hu Y, Li G. Synergetic Multichiral Covalent Organic Framework for Enantioselective Recognition and Separation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1380-1389. [PMID: 38197385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
In enantiomer recognition and separation, a highly enantioselective approach with universal applicability is urgently desired but hard to realize, especially in the case of chiral molecules. To resolve the trade-off between enantioselectivity and universality, a glutathione (GSH) and methylated cyclodextrins (MCD)-functionalized covalent organic framework (GSH-MCD COF) with porosity and abundant chiral surfaces is presented that was designed and synthesized for recognition and separation of various enantiomers. As expected, the GSH-MCD COF can be used as chiral stationary phases for the separation of various enantiomers, including aromatic alcohols, aromatic acids, amides, amino acids, and organic acids, with performance and versatility even superior to some widely used commercial chiral chromatographic columns. Furthermore, the synthesized GSH-MCD COF shows high enantioselectivity for the rapid recognition and identification of enantiomers and chiral metabolites when coupling to Raman spectroscopy. Molecular simulations suggest that the COF provides a confined microenvironment for cyclodextrins and peptides that dictates the separation and recognition capability. This work provides a strategy to synthesize synergetic multichiral COF and achieve separations and recognitions of enantiomers in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Simin Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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De Luca C, Felletti S, Franchina FA, Bozza D, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Recent developments in the high-throughput separation of biologically active chiral compounds via high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115794. [PMID: 37890321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are often chiral molecules where stereoisomers have different biological and therapeutic activity. Nevertheless, the preparation of these molecules can lead to racemic or scalemic mixtures (it is not trivial to produce just the optically pure compound). The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of bioactive compounds, and therefore quality, is indeed of fundamental importance for regulatory scopes. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the gold standard technique to separate and to purify enantiomers. This comes from the wide availability of commercial chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and operational modes, which makes the technique extremely versatile. In recent years, the most relevant trend in the field of chiral analytical HPLC has been the development of CSPs suitable for fast or even ultrafast separations, thus favoring the high throughput screening of biologically active chiral compounds. This process has somehow lagged behind compared to achiral HPLC, due to a series of practical and fundamental issues. The experience has shown how in chiral chromatography even very basic concepts, such as the supposed kinetic superiority of core-shell (pellicular) particles over fully porous ones to improve the chromatographic efficiency, cannot be taken for granted. In this review, the most relevant fundamental and practical features that must be taken into consideration to design successful high-throughput, fast enantioseparations will be discussed. Afterwards, the main classes of CSPs and the most relevant, recent (last five-year) high-throughput applications in the field of the separation of chiral bioactive compounds (for pharmaceutical, forensic, food, and omics applications) will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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Felletti S, Spedicato M, Bozza D, De Luca C, Presini F, Giovannini PP, Carraro M, Macis M, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Ricci A, Cabri W. Dimethyl carbonate as a green alternative to acetonitrile in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Part I: Separation of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464477. [PMID: 37944433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, environmental problems are drawing the attention of governments and international organisations, which are therefore encouraging the transition to green industrial processes and approaches. In this context, chemists can help indicate a suitable direction. Beside the efforts focused on greening synthetic approaches, currently also analytical techniques and separations are under observation, especially those employing large volumes of organic solvents, such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Acetonitrile has always been considered the best performing organic modifier for RPLC applications, due to its chemical features (complete miscibility in water, UV transparency, low viscosity etc); nevertheless, it suffers of severe shortcomings, and most importantly, it does not fully comply with Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) requirements. For these reasons, alternative greener solvents are being investigated, especially easily available alcohols. In this work, chromatographic performance of the most common solvents used in reversed-phase chromatography, i.e., acetonitrile, ethanol and isopropanol, have been compared to a scarcely used solvent, dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The analytes of interest were two small molecules, caffeine and paracetamol, whose kinetics and retention behaviour obtained with the four solvents have been compared, and all contributions to band broadening have been assessed. Results about kinetic performance are very promising, indicating that a small amount (7 % v/v) of DMC is able to produce the same efficiency as a 2.5-times larger ACN volume (18 % v/v), and larger efficiency than alcohols. This paper reports, for the first time, fundamental studies concerning the mass transfer phenomena when DMC is used as an organic solvent in RPLC, and, together with the companion paper, represents the results of a research whose final aim was to discover whether DMC is suitable for chromatographic applications both in linear and preparative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marco Carraro
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy.
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
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Li F, Karongo R, Mavridou D, Horak J, Sievers-Engler A, Lämmerhofer M. Automated sample preparation with 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate and iodoacetamide derivatization reagents for enantioselective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry amino acid analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464349. [PMID: 37696129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective amino acid analysis is gaining increasing importance in pharmaceutical, biomedical and food sciences. While there are many methods available for enantiomer separation of amino acids, the simultaneous analysis of all chiral proteinogenic amino acids by a single method with one column and a single condition is still challenging. Herein, we report an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay using Chiralpak QN-AX as chiral column. With 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydrosysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) as derivatization reagent, efficient enantioselective separation of D- and L-amino acids using HPLC has become possible. Thiol-containing amino acids like Cys are alkylated prior to AQC-labelling. A protocol for automated sample preparation including both derivatization step and calibrator preparation is presented. For compensating matrix effects, u-13C15N-labelled internal standards (IS) were employed. The method was validated and applied to the enantioselective analysis of amino acids in a bacterial fermentation broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Invite GmbH, Formulation Technology, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Analytical Development API, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Despoina Mavridou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Sievers-Engler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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