1
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Wang TY, Rukundo JL, Mao Z, Krylov SN. Maximizing the Accuracy of Equilibrium Dissociation Constants for Affinity Complexes: From Theory to Practical Recommendations. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1852-1867. [PMID: 39121869 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) is a major characteristic of affinity complexes and one of the most frequently determined physicochemical parameters. Despite its significance, the values of Kd obtained for the same complex under similar conditions often exhibit considerable discrepancies and sometimes vary by orders of magnitude. These inconsistencies highlight the susceptibility of Kd determination to large systematic errors, even when random errors are small. It is imperative to both minimize and quantitatively assess the systematic errors inherent in Kd determination. Traditionally, Kd values are determined through nonlinear regression of binding isotherms. This analysis utilizes three variables: concentrations of two reactants and a fraction R of unbound limiting reactant. The systematic errors in Kd arise directly from systematic errors in these variables. Therefore, to maximize the accuracy of Kd, this study thoroughly analyzes the sources of systematic errors within the three variables, including (i) non-additive signals to calculate R, (ii) mis-calibrated experimental instruments, (iii) inaccurate calibration parameters, (iv) insufficient incubation time, (v) unsaturated binding isotherm, (vi) impurities in the reactants, and (vii) solute adsorption onto surfaces. Through this analysis, we illustrate how each source contributes to inaccuracies in the determination of Kd and propose strategies to minimize these contributions. Additionally, we introduce a method for quantitatively assessing the confidence intervals of systematic errors in concentrations, a crucial step toward quantitatively evaluating the accuracy of Kd. While presenting original findings, this paper also reiterates the fundamentals of Kd determination, hence guiding researchers across all proficiency levels. By shedding light on the sources of systematic errors and offering strategies for their mitigation, our work will help researchers enhance the accuracy of Kd determination, thereby making binding studies more reliable and the conclusions drawn from such studies more robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ye Wang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Rukundo
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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2
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Wada M, Endo T, Hisamoto H, Sueyoshi K. Assessment of the structural change of DNA by binding with a small molecule based on capillary sieving electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:773-780. [PMID: 38413474 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, capillary sieving electrophoresis (CSE) using polymer solutions was used to evaluate the structural changes in nucleic acids upon complexation with small molecules. As the model target and nucleic acids, L-tyrosinamide (Tyr-Am) and its aptamer, which is a type of DNA specifically binding to Tyr-Am, were selected. CSE was conducted using a capillary filled with background solution (BGS) containing hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a sieving matrix. When Tyr-Am or tyrosine was added to the BGS in CSE, the ratio of mobility differences of the Tyr-Am-aptamer complex increased compared to that of the free aptamer without the addition of Tyr-Am. In contrast, when other amino acids or their analogs were added, results showed no apparent change or decreases in electrophoretic mobility. These results indicate that the proposed method can be applied to assess structural changes in nucleic acids that target small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tatsuro Endo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hisamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sueyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Deng L, Fu Q, Zhang Y, Shui F, Tang J, Wu J, Zeng J. Study of molecular interactions by nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures: Originations, developments, and applications. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1664-1673. [PMID: 37621032 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular interactions play a vital role in regulating various physiological and biochemical processes in vivo. Kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE) is an analytical platform that offers significant advantages in studying the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of molecular interactions. It enables the simultaneous analysis of these parameters within an interaction pattern and facilitates the screening of binding ligands with predetermined kinetic parameters. Nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures (NECEEM) was the first proposed KCE method, and it has found widespread use in studying molecular interactions involving proteins/aptamers, proteins/small molecules, and peptides/small molecules. The successful applications of NECEEM have demonstrated its promising potential for further development and broader application. However, there has been a dearth of recent reviews on NECEEM. To address this gap, our study provides a comprehensive description of NECEEM, encompassing its origins, development, and applications from 2015 to 2022. The primary focus of the applications section is on aptamer selection and screening of small-molecule ligands. Furthermore, we discuss important considerations in NECEEM experimental design, such as buffer suitability, detector selection, and protein adsorption. By offering this thorough review, we aim to contribute to the understanding, advancement, and wider utilization of NECEEM as a valuable tool for studying molecular interactions and facilitating the identification of potential ligands and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Fan Shui
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jia Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P. R. China
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4
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Wang TY, Ji H, Everton D, Le ATH, Krylova SM, Fournier R, Krylov SN. Fundamental Determinants of the Accuracy of Equilibrium Constants for Affinity Complexes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15826-15832. [PMID: 37831482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is arguably the key thermodynamic parameter in chemistry; we naturally expect that equilibrium constants are determined accurately. The majority of equilibrium constants determined today are those of binding reactions that form affinity complexes, such as protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-small molecule. There is growing awareness that the determination of equilibrium constants for highly stable affinity complexes may be very inaccurate. However, fundamental (i.e., method-independent) determinants of accuracy are poorly understood. Here, we present a study that explicitly shows what the accuracy of equilibrium constants of affinity complexes depends on. This study reveals the critical importance of the choice of concentration of interacting components and creates a theoretical foundation for improving the accuracy of the equilibrium constants. The predicted influence of concentrations on accuracy was confirmed experimentally. The results of this fundamental study provide instructive guidance for experimentalists independently on the method they use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ye Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hongchen Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Daniel Everton
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - An T H Le
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Svetlana M Krylova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - René Fournier
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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5
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Zhang X, Yang G, Liu W, Liu Q, Wang Z, Fan K, Qu F, Huang Y. Screening and Identification of ssDNA Aptamers for Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor-Related Protein 6. Molecules 2023; 28:3838. [PMID: 37175248 PMCID: PMC10180154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, displays a unique structure and ligand-binding function. As a co-receptor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, LRP6 is a novel therapeutic target that plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular disease, lipid metabolism, tumorigenesis, and some classical signals. By using capillary electrophoresis-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX), with recombinant human LRP-6 as the target, four candidate aptamers with a stem-loop structure were selected from an ssDNA library-AptLRP6-A1, AptLRP6-A2, AptLRP6-A3, and AptLRP6-A4. The equilibrium dissociation constant KD values between these aptamers and the LRP6 protein were in the range of 0.105 to 1.279 μmol/L, as determined by CE-LIF analysis. Their affinities and specificities were further determined by the gold nanoparticle (AuNP) colorimetric method. Among them, AptLRP6-A3 showed the highest affinity with LRP6-overexpressed human breast cancer cells. Therefore, the LRP6 aptamer identified in this study constitutes a promising modality for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of LRP6-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ge Yang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101125, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Qu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Rukundo JL, Latimer J, Jain S, Kochmann S, Krylov SN. Streamlined Data Processing for Determination of Equilibrium Dissociation Constants with Accurate Constant via Transient Incomplete Separation (ACTIS). Anal Chem 2023; 95:3563-3568. [PMID: 36763923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The determination of accurate equilibrium dissociation constants, Kd, of protein-small molecule complexes is important but challenging as all established methods have inherent sources of inaccuracy. Accurate Constant via Transient Incomplete Separation (ACTIS) is a new method for Kd determination using transient incomplete separation of the complex from the unbound small molecule in a pressure-driven flow inside a capillary. ACTIS is accurate, and its accuracy is invariant to variations in geometries of both the fluidic system and the flow. Furthermore, ACTIS is implemented using a simple fluidic system supporting its accuracy and providing a simple-to-follow/copy template for instrumentation. Despite the simple and robust instrumentation/acquisition, the current data processing workflow is cumbersome, time consuming, and prone to hard-to-trace human errors therefore hindering ACTIS' ability to become a practical reference method for Kd determination. This technical note describes a streamlined workflow for processing ACTIS data; the workflow is implemented as a set of open-source software tools called prACTISed (https://github.com/prACTISedProgram/prACTISed). These tools allow all steps of data processing to be performed in a fast and straightforward fashion. These practical software tools complement the simple instrumentation serving both developers and users of ACTIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Rukundo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jessica Latimer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Shiv Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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7
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Zhang X, Yang G, Zhao Y, Dai X, Liu W, Qu F, Huang Y. Selection and Identification of an ssDNA Aptamer for Fibroblast Activation Protein. Molecules 2023; 28:1682. [PMID: 36838669 PMCID: PMC9965484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a type II transmembrane serine protease, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is specifically expressed on the surface of fibroblasts associated with a variety of epithelial-derived malignancies such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer. It participates in the processes of tumorigenesis, progression, and immunosuppression. FAP constitutes an important target for tumor treatment; however, the current studies on FAP are mainly related to structural characteristics, enzymatic properties, and biological functions, and aptamers of FAP have not been investigated. In this work, by using recombinant human FAP as the target, five candidate aptamers, which are AptFAP-A1, AptFAP-A2, AptFAP-A3, AptFAP-A4, and AptFAP-A5, were selected by capillary electrophoresis-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX), and their secondary structures were predicted to be mainly stem-loop. Moreover, the CE-laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method was used to determine the equilibrium dissociation constant KD values between the FAP protein and candidate aptamers, and the KD value was in the low molar range. Finally, Cy5-labeled aptamers were co-incubated with human pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts highly expressing FAP protein, and confocal microscopy imaging showed that aptamer AptFAP-A4 had the highest affinities with the cells. The FAP aptamers screened in this study provide a promising direction for the development of rapid tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuyan Dai
- Economic College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101125, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Teclemichael E, Le ATH, Krylova SM, Wang TY, Krylov SN. Bulk Affinity Assays in Aptamer Selection: Challenges, Theory, and Workflow. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15183-15188. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eden Teclemichael
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - An T. H. Le
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Svetlana M. Krylova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tong Ye Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
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9
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Wang TY, Rukundo JL, Le ATH, Ivanov NA, Le Blanc JCY, Gorin BI, Krylov SN. Transient Incomplete Separation of Species with Close Diffusivity to Study the Stability of Affinity Complexes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15415-15422. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ye Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Rukundo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - An T. H. Le
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Nikita A. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Boris I. Gorin
- Eurofins CDMO Alphora, 2395 Speakman Drive #2001, Mississauga, OntarioL5K 1B3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
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10
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Huge BJ, Young K, Kerr C, Champion MM, Dovichi NJ. 3-D printed injection system for capillary electrophoresis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1163-1168. [PMID: 35254370 PMCID: PMC8934206 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Commercial systems for capillary electrophoresis are designed for the unattended analysis of several samples, and are usually large, complex, and expensive. We report a compact system for manual injection of a single sample in capillary electrophoresis, which is ideal for method development and for student training. The injector consists of two parts that are manufactured by three-dimensional printing (STL and STEP files are included as ESI). One part is immobile and holds an electrode for powering electrophoresis and a gas line for pressurized injection and pumping fluids through the capillary. The second part is removable and is used to hold washing solutions, separation electrolyte, or sample. Conventional machining is used to tap holes to hold the electrode, separation capillary, gas line, and safety interlock. The system is used for either pressure or electrokinetic sample injection, and can be used to pump fluids through the capillary for changing background electrolytes and reconditioning the capillary between runs. We coupled the injection system to our high-dynamic range laser-induced fluorescence detector and evaluated the system by performing capillary zone electrophoresis on solutions of fluorescein. Electrokinetic injection produced a linear response across five orders of magnitude dynamic range (slope of the log-log calibration curve was 1.02), concentration detection limits of 5 pM, and mass detection limits of 1 zmol. Pressure injection produced a linear response across at least four orders of magnitude (slope of the log-log calibration curve was 0.92), concentration detection limits of 2 pM, and mass detection limits of 10 zmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Jaskowski Huge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Kevin Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Caitlin Kerr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Matthew M Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
- Berthiaume Institute for Precision Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
- Berthiaume Institute for Precision Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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11
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TAKAYANAGI T. Development of Novel Analysis and Characterization Methods Utilizing Reaction Dynamics in a Separation Capillary. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2021.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio TAKAYANAGI
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University
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12
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Guo X, Chen GH. Capillary electrophoresis-based methodology for screening of oligonucleotide aptamers. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5109. [PMID: 33660332 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As a new molecular recognition element, oligonucleotide aptamer not only has higher affinity and specificity to target molecules, but also has the advantages of wide recognition range, in vitro synthesis and chemical stability compared with conventional antibodies. Since a kind of screening method termed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was reported, scientists have extensively researched the methodology of how to highly and efficiently screen out aptamers from a library consisting of a large number of random oligonucleotides. Certainly capillary electrophoresis-based screening methodologies, including nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures, equilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures, non-SELEX, ideal-filter capillary electrophoresis, capillary transient isotachophoresis, etc., are revolutionary. Compared with conventional SELEX, these capillary electrophoresis-based methodologies show incomparable advantages such as the single-round screening of aptamers and increased successful screening rate. Methodology studies on the screening process of aptamers are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Periodicals Agency of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guan-Hua Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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13
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Le ATH, Krylova SM, Beloborodov SS, Wang TY, Hili R, Johnson PE, Li F, Veedu RN, Belyanskaya S, Krylov SN. How to Develop and Prove High-Efficiency Selection of Ligands from Oligonucleotide Libraries: A Universal Framework for Aptamers and DNA-Encoded Small-Molecule Ligands. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5343-5354. [PMID: 33764056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Screening molecular libraries for ligands capable of binding proteins is widely used for hit identification in the early drug discovery process. Oligonucleotide libraries provide a very high diversity of compounds, while the combination of the polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing allow the identification of ligands in low copy numbers selected from such libraries. Ligand selection from oligonucleotide libraries requires mixing the library with the target followed by the physical separation of the ligand-target complexes from the unbound library. Cumulatively, the low abundance of ligands in the library and the low efficiency of available separation methods necessitate multiple consecutive rounds of partitioning. Multiple rounds of inefficient partitioning make the selection process ineffective and prone to failures. There are continuing efforts to develop a separation method capable of reliably generating a pure pool of ligands in a single round of partitioning; however, none of the proposed methods for single-round selection have been universally adopted. Our analysis revealed that the developers' efforts are disconnected from each other and hindered by the lack of quantitative criteria of selection quality assessment. Here, we present a formalism that describes single-round selection mathematically and provides parameters for quantitative characterization of selection quality. We use this formalism to define a universal strategy for development and validation of single-round selection methods. Finally, we analyze the existing partitioning methods, the published single-round selection reports, and some pertinent practical considerations through the prism of this formalism. This formalism is not an experimental protocol but a framework for correct development of experimental protocols. While single-round selection is not a goal by itself and may not always suffice selection of good-quality ligands, our work will help developers of highly efficient selection approaches to consolidate their efforts under an umbrella of universal quantitative criteria of method development and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T H Le
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Svetlana M Krylova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Stanislav S Beloborodov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tong Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Philip E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University and Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6150, Australia
| | | | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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14
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Yuan Z, Xu P, Yu F, Zhang D, Zhao Q, Yu W, Wang H. An electroosmotic flow-free two-direction migration strategy enables fast affinity capillary electrophoresis to study the weak interactions between basic peptides and RNA. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5833-5838. [PMID: 33227112 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis (ACE) is a useful analytical tool to study noncovalent interactions. However, it remains challenging for ACE to measure weak and unstable interactions due to the fast dissociation of the binding complex and the possible destruction of the complex by a high electric field. In this study, we proposed a two-direction migration strategy that enables ACE to detect weak and unstable but important interactions by decreasing the migration distance of the binding complex and controlling the opposite migration direction of the free probe. By synthesizing a polyacrylamide-coated neutral capillary, free of electroosmotic flow, two-direction CE migration of basic peptides (positively charged) and peptide-RNA complexes (negatively charged) was achieved. Furthermore, the weak interactions between small nuclear U2 RNA and histone peptides were detected by this two-direction migration CE approach. The effects of the methylation states of histone peptides on the weak peptide-RNA interactions were also explored by this new approach. Collectively, the suggested modification of the ACE method is able to qualitatively characterize weak interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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15
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Krait S, Salgado A, Villani C, Naumann L, Neusüß C, Chankvetadze B, Scriba GK. Unusual complexation behavior between daclatasvir and γ-Cyclodextrin. A multiplatform study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Rukundo JL, Le Blanc JCY, Kochmann S, Krylov SN. Assessing Accuracy of an Analytical Method In Silico: Application to "Accurate Constant via Transient Incomplete Separation" (ACTIS). Anal Chem 2020; 92:11973-11980. [PMID: 32786479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods may not have reference standards required for testing their accuracy. We postulate that the accuracy of an analytical method can be assessed in the absence of reference standards in silico if the method is built upon deterministic processes. A deterministic process can be precisely computer-simulated, thus allowing virtual experiments with virtual reference standards. Here, we apply this in silico approach to study "Accurate Constant via Transient Incomplete Separation" (ACTIS), a method for finding the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of protein-small-molecule complexes. ACTIS is based on a deterministic process: molecular diffusion of the interacting protein-small-molecule pair in a laminar pipe flow. We used COMSOL software to construct a virtual ACTIS setup with a fluidic system mimicking that of a physical ACTIS instrument. Virtual ACTIS experiments performed with virtual samples-mixtures of a protein and a small molecule with defined rate constants and, thus, Kd of their interaction-allowed us to assess ACTIS accuracy by comparing the determined Kd value to the input Kd value. Further, the influence of multiple system parameters on ACTIS accuracy was investigated. Within multifold ranges of parameter values, the values of Kd did not deviate from the input Kd values by more than a factor of 1.25, strongly suggesting that ACTIS is intrinsically accurate and that its accuracy is robust. Accordingly, further development of ACTIS can focus on achieving high reproducibility and precision. We foresee that in silico accuracy assessment, demonstrated here with ACTIS, will be applicable to other analytical methods built upon deterministic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Rukundo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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17
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Zhu C, Yang G, Ghulam M, Li L, Qu F. Evolution of multi-functional capillary electrophoresis for high-efficiency selection of aptamers. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107432. [PMID: 31437572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers have drawn considerable attention as newly emerging molecular recognition elements in clinical diagnostics, drug delivery, therapeutics, environmental monitoring, and food safety analyses. As the in vitro screening antibody analogs, aptamers are enabled to recognize various types of targets with high affinity and specificity like or even superior to antibodies. However, the restrictions and inefficiency of selection have been hampering their wider application. Among various modified systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE)-SELEX holds multiple functions and advantages with the powerful qualitative and quantitative analysis capabilities, less consumption of sample and analytical reagent, natural binding environment, higher screening efficiency, and availability in multiple modes. This review summarizes the key developments in the area of CE-SELEX by leading research groups, including our teams' ten years of research and experience to help researchers fully understand and utilize CE-SELEX. Aptamers' history, applications, as well as the SELEX developments, have been briefly described; the advantages of CE-SELEX are highlighted compared with the conventional SELEX methods. Further, we describe some essential CE-SELEX models and provide an overview of the CE-SELEX, including the targets and ssDNA library, every technical point in the selection process, and post-SELEX protocol. We expect this review will inspire more researchers to have insight into the screening problems from CE-SELEX viewpoint and will help to improve the selection efficiency and probability of success to meet the growing needs of aptamers' discovery in bioanalytical and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Murtaza Ghulam
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linsen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China.
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18
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Le ATH, Krylova SM, Krylov SN. Determination of the Equilibrium Constant and Rate Constant of Protein-Oligonucleotide Complex Dissociation under the Conditions of Ideal-Filter Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8532-8539. [PMID: 31136154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ideal-filter capillary electrophoresis (IFCE) allows selection of protein binders from oligonucleotide libraries in a single step of partitioning in which protein-bound and unbound oligonucleotides move in the opposite directions. In IFCE, the unbound oligonucleotide does not reach the detector, imposing a problem for finding the equilibrium constant ( Kd) and rate constant ( koff) of protein-oligonucleotide complex dissociation. We report a double-passage approach that allows finding Kd and koff under the IFCE conditions, i.e. near-physiological pH and ionic strength. First, a plug of the protein-oligonucleotide equilibrium mixture passes to the detector in a pressure-driven flow, allowing for both the complex and free oligonucleotide to be detected as a single first peak. Second, the pressure is turned off and the voltage is applied to reverse the migration of only the complex which is detected as the second peak. The experiment is repeated with a lower voltage consequently resulting in longer travel time of the complex to the detector, greater extent of complex dissociation, and the decreased area of the second peak. Finally, the peak areas are used to calculate the values of Kd and koff. Here we explain theoretical and practical aspects of the double-passage approach, prove its validity quantitatively, and, demonstrate its application to determine Kd and koff for an affinity complex between a protein and its DNA aptamer. The double-passage approach for finding Kd and koff of protein-oligonucleotide complexes under the IFCE conditions is a perfect complement for IFCE-based selection of protein binders from oligonucleotide libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T H Le
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions , York University , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1P3 , Canada
| | - Svetlana M Krylova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions , York University , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1P3 , Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions , York University , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1P3 , Canada
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19
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Sisavath N, Rukundo JL, Le Blanc JCY, Galievsky VA, Bao J, Kochmann S, Stasheuski AS, Krylov SN. Transient Incomplete Separation Facilitates Finding Accurate Equilibrium Dissociation Constant of Protein-Small Molecule Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6635-6639. [PMID: 30901510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current practical methods for finding the equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd , of protein-small molecule complexes have inherent sources of inaccuracy. Introduced here is "accurate constant via transient incomplete separation" (ACTIS), which appears to be free of inherent sources of inaccuracy. Conceptually, a short plug of the pre-equilibrated protein-small molecule mixture is pressure-propagated in a capillary, causing fast transient incomplete separation of the complex from the unbound small molecule. A superposition of signals from these two components is measured near the capillary exit and used to calculate a fraction of unbound small molecule, which, in turn, is used to calculate Kd . Herein the validity of ACTIS is proven theoretically, its accuracy is verified by computer simulation, and its practical use is demonstrated. ACTIS has the potential to become a reference-standard method for determining Kd values of protein-small molecule complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sisavath
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Rukundo
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Victor A Galievsky
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jiayin Bao
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sven Kochmann
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Alexander S Stasheuski
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
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20
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Sisavath N, Rukundo J, Le Blanc JCY, Galievsky VA, Bao J, Kochmann S, Stasheuski AS, Krylov SN. Transient Incomplete Separation Facilitates Finding Accurate Equilibrium Dissociation Constant of Protein–Small Molecule Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sisavath
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular InteractionsYork University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Jean‐Luc Rukundo
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular InteractionsYork University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | | | - Victor A. Galievsky
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular InteractionsYork University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Jiayin Bao
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular InteractionsYork University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Sven Kochmann
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular InteractionsYork University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Alexander S. Stasheuski
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular InteractionsYork University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular InteractionsYork University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
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21
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Samokhvalov AV, Safenkova IV, Eremin SA, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Measurement of (Aptamer–Small Target) KD Using the Competition between Fluorescently Labeled and Unlabeled Targets and the Detection of Fluorescence Anisotropy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9189-9198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Samokhvalov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Irina V. Safenkova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Eremin
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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22
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Galievsky VA, Stasheuski AS, Krylov SN. Improvement of LOD in Fluorescence Detection with Spectrally Nonuniform Background by Optimization of Emission Filtering. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11122-11128. [PMID: 28902988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The limit-of-detection (LOD) in analytical instruments with fluorescence detection can be improved by reducing noise of optical background. Efficiently reducing optical background noise in systems with spectrally nonuniform background requires complex optimization of an emission filter-the main element of spectral filtration. Here, we introduce a filter-optimization method, which utilizes an expression for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of (i) all noise components (dark, shot, and flicker), (ii) emission spectrum of the analyte, (iii) emission spectrum of the optical background, and (iv) transmittance spectrum of the emission filter. In essence, the noise components and the emission spectra are determined experimentally and substituted into the expression. This leaves a single variable-the transmittance spectrum of the filter-which is optimized numerically by maximizing SNR. Maximizing SNR provides an accurate way of filter optimization, while a previously used approach based on maximizing a signal-to-background ratio (SBR) is the approximation that can lead to much poorer LOD specifically in detection of fluorescently labeled biomolecules. The proposed filter-optimization method will be an indispensable tool for developing new and improving existing fluorescence-detection systems aiming at ultimately low LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Galievsky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Alexander S Stasheuski
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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23
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Farcaş E, Pochet L, Crommen J, Servais AC, Fillet M. Capillary electrophoresis in the context of drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:195-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Ric A, Ong-Meang V, Poinsot V, Martins-Froment N, Chauvet F, Boutonnet A, Ginot F, Ecochard V, Paquereau L, Couderc F. ssDNA degradation along capillary electrophoresis process using a Tris buffer. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1624-1631. [PMID: 28251659 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tris-Acetate buffer is currently used in the selection and the characterization of ssDNA by capillary electrophoresis (CE). By applying high voltage, the migration of ionic species into the capillary generates a current that induces water electrolysis. This phenomenon is followed by the modification of the pH and the production of Tris derivatives. By injecting ten times by capillary electrophoresis ssDNA (50 nM), the whole oligonucleotide was degraded. In this paper, we will show that the Tris buffer in the running vials is modified along the electrophoretic process by electrochemical reactions. We also observed that the composition of the metal ions changes in the running buffer vials. This phenomenon, never described in CE, is important for fluorescent ssDNA analysis using Tris buffer. The oligonucleotides are degraded by electrochemically synthesized species (present in the running Tris vials) until it disappears, even if the separation buffer in the capillary is clean. To address these issues, we propose to use a sodium phosphate buffer that we demonstrate to be electrochemically inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ric
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de BiologieStructurale, UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, France.,Picometrics Technologies, Labège, France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Martins-Froment
- Service commun de spectrométrie de masse, institut de chimie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Chauvet
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Ecochard
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de BiologieStructurale, UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Paquereau
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de BiologieStructurale, UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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25
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Beloborodov SS, Panferov VG, Safenkova IV, Krylova SM, Dzantiev BB, Krylov SN. Unexpected Electrophoretic Behavior of Complexes between Rod-like Virions and Bivalent Antibodies. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11908-11912. [PMID: 27934118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the unexpected electrophoretic behavior of complexes between rod-like virus particles (virions) and bivalent antibodies. The multiple complexes formed by the virions and antibodies migrated with electrophoretic mobilities of much greater absolute values than those of the unbound virions or antibodies while typically complexes have mobilities intermediate to those of their components. We hypothesized that the mobilities of unusually high absolute values are caused by the cross-linking of virions by bivalent antibodies into aggregates with prominent side-to-side binding. Theoretically, the mobility of such aggregates should be proportional to the square root of the number of cross-linked virions. The formation of virion aggregates with prominent side-to-side binding was confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The dependence of the aggregate mobility on the number of cross-linked virions can be used to estimate this number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S Beloborodov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Vasily G Panferov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Irina V Safenkova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Svetlana M Krylova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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26
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Kanoatov M, Mehrabanfar S, Krylov SN. Systematic Approach to Optimization of Experimental Conditions in Nonequilibrium Capillary Electrophoresis of Equilibrium Mixtures. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9300-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirzo Kanoatov
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sina Mehrabanfar
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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27
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Kanoatov M, Krylov SN. Analysis of DNA in Phosphate Buffered Saline Using Kinetic Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7421-8. [PMID: 27340729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE) methods are useful in the study of kinetics and equilibrium properties of interactions between DNA and its binding partners (ligands). KCE experiments are typically performed in a narrow set of "conventional" low-conductivity run buffers while DNA-ligand interactions in biological systems occur in physiological fluids, characterized by high ionic strengths. The nature and ionic strength of the buffer, in which DNA-ligand interaction occurs, can significantly influence the binding. Therefore, KCE experiments meant to study such interactions would greatly benefit if they could be performed in physiological buffers, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS). No previous KCE studies of DNA used PBS as the run buffer. Here, we test the feasibility of using PBS as a KCE run buffer for analysis of DNA and show that its usage under standard KCE conditions renders DNA undetectable. We uncover the causes of this previously unreported detrimental effect and come up with a modification of KCE which allows one to overcome it. We apply the modified KCE method to an experimental model of a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) protein and its DNA aptamer, which was selected in PBS, and show that the results obtained in PBS run buffer are much closer to previously reported values than those which were obtained with a conventional low-conductivity capillary electrophoresis (CE) buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirzo Kanoatov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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28
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Galievsky VA, Stasheuski AS, Krylov SN. "Getting the best sensitivity from on-capillary fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis" - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:58-81. [PMID: 27543015 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence (CE-LIF) detection is being applied to new analytical problems which challenge both the power of CE separation and the sensitivity of LIF detection. On-capillary LIF detection is much more practical than post-capillary detection in a sheath-flow cell. Therefore, commercial CE instruments utilize solely on-capillary CE-LIF detection with a Limit of Detection (LOD) in the nM range, while there are multiple applications of CE-LIF that require pM or lower LODs. This tutorial analyzes all aspects of on-capillary LIF detection in CE in an attempt to identify means for improving LOD of CE-LIF with on-capillary detection. We consider principles of signal enhancement and noise reduction, as well as relevant areas of fluorophore photochemistry and fluorescent microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Galievsky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Alexander S Stasheuski
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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29
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Cherney LT, Krylov SN. Slow-Equilibration Approximation in Kinetic Size Exclusion Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4063-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid T. Cherney
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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30
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Hagiwara K, Kasahara Y, Fujita H, Kuwahara M. Non-Equilibrium Capillary Electrophoresis of Equilibrium Mixtures-Based Affinity Separation and Selective Enrichment of a Long-Length DNA Aptamer. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures (NECEEM) is a kinetic capillary electrophoresis method used for the affinity analysis of DNA binding to proteins or ligands as well as a rapid selection of DNA aptamers. However, long DNA strands (100-mer or more) are generally difficult to analyse by this method owing to their poor peak separation. Herein, we report optimized conditions (use of a neutral phosphate buffer with an ionic strength of 0.074 as a binding buffer and use of an 80-cm fused silica capillary with a 75-μm internal diameter) for the peak separation of a 100-mer thrombin-binding DNA aptamer-target complex and its consequent enrichment using the NECEEM-based capillary electrophoresis–systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX) method.
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Domínguez-Vega E, Haselberg R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Simultaneous Assessment of Protein Heterogeneity and Affinity by Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Domínguez-Vega
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Haselberg
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. W. Somsen
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. de Jong
- Biomolecular
Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Whitty EG, Maniego AR, Bentwitch SA, Guillaneuf Y, Jones MR, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P. Cellular Response to Linear and Branched Poly(acrylic acid). Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1724-34. [PMID: 26257305 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly(acrylic acid-co-sodium acrylate) (PNaA) is a pH-responsive polymer with potential in anticancer drug delivery. The cytotoxicity and intracellular effects of 3-arm star, hyperbranched and linear PNaA were investigated with L1210 progenitor leukemia cells and L6 myoblast cells. Free solution capillary electrophoresis demonstrated interactions of PNaA with serum proteins. In a 72 h MTT assay most PNaAs exhibited a IC50 between 7 and 14 mmol L(-1), showing that precipitation may be a sufficient purification for PNaA dilute solutions. Dialyzed 3-arm star and hyperbranched PNaA caused an increase in L6 cell viability, challenging the suitability of MTT as cytotoxicity assay for PNaA. Fluorescent confocal microscopy revealed merging of cellular lipids after exposure to PNaA, likely caused by serum starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Whitty
- University of Western Sydney, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Alison R Maniego
- University of Western Sydney, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Sharon A Bentwitch
- University of Western Sydney, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Mark R Jones
- University of Western Sydney, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Marianne Gaborieau
- University of Western Sydney, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia. .,University of Western Sydney, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia. .,University of Western Sydney, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.
| | - Patrice Castignolles
- University of Western Sydney, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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