1
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Foo M, Frietze LR, Enghiad B, Yuan Y, Katanski CD, Zhao H, Pan T. Prokaryotic RNA N1-Methyladenosine Erasers Maintain tRNA m1A Modification Levels in Streptomyces venezuelae. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1616-1625. [PMID: 38912606 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
tRNA modifications help maintain tRNA structure and facilitate translation and stress response. Found in all three kingdoms of life, m1A tRNA modification occurs in the T loop of many tRNAs, stabilizes tertiary tRNA structure, and impacts translation. M1A in the T loop is reversible by three mammalian demethylase enzymes, which bypasses the need of turning over the tRNA molecule to adjust its m1A levels in cells. However, no prokaryotic tRNA demethylase enzyme has been identified that acts on endogenous RNA modifications. Using Streptomyces venezuelae as a model organism, we confirmed the presence and quantitative m1A tRNA signatures using mass spectrometry and high-throughput tRNA sequencing. We identified two RNA demethylases that can remove m1A in tRNA and validated the activity of a previously annotated tRNA m1A writer. Using single-gene knockouts of these erasers and the m1A writer, we found dynamic changes of m1A levels in many tRNAs under stress conditions. Phenotypic characterization highlighted changes in their growth and altered antibiotic production. Our identification of the first prokaryotic tRNA demethylase enzyme paves the way for investigating new mechanisms of translational regulation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Foo
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Luke R Frietze
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Behnam Enghiad
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Yujie Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Christopher D Katanski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Tao Pan
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
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2
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Yao C, Lv D, Zhou X, Fu P, Sun W, Chen J, Lin H. Exploring urinary modified nucleosides as biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy: Development and validation of a ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123968. [PMID: 38150972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic modification of RNA plays a crucial role in biological regulation and is strongly linked to human disease development and progression. Notably, modified nucleosides in urine have shown promising potential as early diagnostic biomarkers for various conditions. In this study, we developed and validated a rapid, sensitive, and accurate UPLC-MS/MS method for quantifying eight types of modified nucleosides (N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methyluridine (m5U), 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (τm5s2U), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), 2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm), N1-methylguanosine (m1G), and N7-methylguanosine (m7G) in human urine. Using the method, we measured the urinary concentrations of m1A, m6A, m5U, τm5s2U, m5C, Cm, m1G, and m7G in a total of 21 control individuals and 23 patients diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Cm levels showed promise as a diagnostic marker for diabetic retinopathy (DR), with a significant value (P < 0.01) and an AUC of 0.735. Other modified nucleosides also exhibited significant differences within specific subpopulations. As non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) signifies the latent early stage of diabetic retinopathy, we developed a multivariate linear model that integrates patients' sex, age, height, and urinary concentration of modified nucleosides which aims to predict and differentiate between healthy individuals, NPDR patients, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. Encouragingly, the model achieved satisfactory accuracy rates: healthy (81%), NPDR (75%), and PDR (80%). Our findings provide valuable insights into the development of an early, cost-effective, and noninvasive diagnostic approach for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Daizhu Lv
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
| | - Xueqing Zhou
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Wen Sun
- Hainan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated by Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570203, PR China.
| | - Jinlian Chen
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou 570311, PR China.
| | - Huan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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3
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Deng L, Kumar J, Rose R, McIntyre W, Fabris D. Analyzing RNA posttranscriptional modifications to decipher the epitranscriptomic code. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:5-38. [PMID: 36052666 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of RNA silencing has revealed that non-protein-coding sequences (ncRNAs) can cover essential roles in regulatory networks and their malfunction may result in severe consequences on human health. These findings have prompted a general reassessment of the significance of RNA as a key player in cellular processes. This reassessment, however, will not be complete without a greater understanding of the distribution and function of the over 170 variants of the canonical ribonucleotides, which contribute to the breathtaking structural diversity of natural RNA. This review surveys the analytical approaches employed for the identification, characterization, and detection of RNA posttranscriptional modifications (rPTMs). The merits of analyzing individual units after exhaustive hydrolysis of the initial biopolymer are outlined together with those of identifying their position in the sequence of parent strands. Approaches based on next generation sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies are covered in depth to provide a comprehensive view of their respective merits. Deciphering the epitranscriptomic code will require not only mapping the location of rPTMs in the various classes of RNAs, but also assessing the variations of expression levels under different experimental conditions. The fact that no individual platform is currently capable of meeting all such demands implies that it will be essential to capitalize on complementary approaches to obtain the desired information. For this reason, the review strived to cover the broadest possible range of techniques to provide readers with the fundamental elements necessary to make informed choices and design the most effective possible strategy to accomplish the task at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - R Rose
- Department of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, USA
| | - W McIntyre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniele Fabris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Kenderdine T, Fabris D. The multifaceted roles of mass spectrometric analysis in nucleic acids drug discovery and development. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1332-1357. [PMID: 34939674 PMCID: PMC9218015 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The deceptively simple concepts of mass determination and fragment analysis are the basis for the application of mass spectrometry (MS) to a boundless range of analytes, including fundamental components and polymeric forms of nucleic acids (NAs). This platform affords the intrinsic ability to observe first-hand the effects of NA-active drugs on the chemical structure, composition, and conformation of their targets, which might affect their ability to interact with cognate NAs, proteins, and other biomolecules present in a natural environment. The possibility of interfacing with high-performance separation techniques represents a multiplying factor that extends these capabilities to cover complex sample mixtures obtained from organisms that were exposed to NA-active drugs. This report provides a brief overview of these capabilities in the context of the analysis of the products of NA-drug activity and NA therapeutics. The selected examples offer proof-of-principle of the applicability of this platform to all phases of the journey undertaken by any successful NA drug from laboratory to bedside, and provide the rationale for its rapid expansion outside traditional laboratory settings in support to ever growing manufacturing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Fabris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut
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5
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Mulroney L, Birney E, Leonardi T, Nicassio F. Using Nanocompore to Identify RNA Modifications from Direct RNA Nanopore Sequencing Data. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e683. [PMID: 36840709 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
RNA modifications can alter the behavior of RNA molecules depending on where they are located on the strands. Traditionally, RNA modifications have been detected and characterized by biophysical assays, mass spectrometry, or specific next-generation sequencing techniques, but are limited to specific modifications or are low throughput. Nanopore is a platform capable of sequencing RNA strands directly, which permits transcriptome-wide detection of RNA modifications. RNA modifications alter the nanopore raw signal relative to the canonical form of the nucleotide, and several software tools detect these signal alterations. One such tool is Nanocompore, which compares the ionic current features between two different experimental conditions (i.e., with and without RNA modifications) to detect RNA modifications. Nanocompore is not limited to a single type of RNA modification, has a high specificity for detecting RNA modifications, and does not require model training. To use Nanocompore, the following steps are needed: (i) the data must be basecalled and aligned to the reference transcriptome, then the raw ionic current signals are aligned to the sequences and transformed into a Nanocompore-compatible format; (ii) finally, the statistical testing is conducted on the transformed data and produces a table of p-value predictions for the positions of the RNA modifications. These steps can be executed with several different methods, and thus we have also included two alternative protocols for running Nanocompore. Once the positions of RNA modifications are determined by Nanocompore, users can investigate their function in various metabolic pathways. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: RNA modification detection by Nanocompore Alternate Protocol 1: RNA modification detection by Nanocompore with f5c Alternate Protocol 2: RNA modification detection by Nanocompore using Nextflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Mulroney
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, U.K.,Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Rome, Italy
| | - Ewan Birney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, U.K
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
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6
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Landscape of Post-Transcriptional tRNA Modifications in Streptomyces albidoflavus J1074 as Portrayed by Mass Spectrometry and Genomic Data Mining. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0029422. [PMID: 36468867 PMCID: PMC9879100 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00294-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacterial genus Streptomyces (streptomycetes) represents one of the largest cultivable group of bacteria famous for their ability to produce valuable specialized (secondary) metabolites. Regulation of secondary metabolic pathways inextricably couples the latter to essential cellular processes that determine levels of amino acids, carbohydrates, phosphate, etc. Post-transcriptional tRNA modifications remain one of the least studied aspects of streptomycete physiology, albeit a few of them were recently shown to impact antibiotic production. In this study, we describe the diversity of post-transcriptional tRNA modifications in model strain Streptomyces albus (albidoflavus) J1074 by combining mass spectrometry and genomic data. Our results show that J1074 can produce more chemically distinct tRNA modifications than previously thought. An in silico approach identified orthologs for enzymes governing most of the identified tRNA modifications. Yet, genetic control of certain modifications remained elusive, suggesting early divergence of tRNA modification pathways in Streptomyces from the better studied model bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. As a first point in case, our data point to the presence of a non-canonical MiaE enzyme performing hydroxylation of prenylated adenosines. A further finding concerns the methylthiotransferase MiaB, which requires previous modification of adenosines by MiaA to i6A for thiomethylation to ms2i6A. We show here that the J1074 ortholog, when overexpressed, yields ms2A in a ΔmiaA background. Our results set the working ground for and justify a more detailed studies of biological significance of tRNA modification pathways in streptomycetes. IMPORTANCE Post-transcriptional tRNA modifications (PTTMs) play an important role in maturation and functionality of tRNAs. Little is known about tRNA modifications in the antibiotic-producing actinobacterial genus Streptomyces, even though peculiar tRNA-based regulatory mechanisms operate in this taxon. We provide a first detailed description of the chemical diversity of PTTMs in the model species, S. albidoflavus J1074, and identify most plausible genes for these PTTMs. Some of the PTTMs are described for the first time for Streptomyces. Production of certain PTTMs in J1074 appears to depend on enzymes that show no sequence similarity to known PTTM enzymes from model species. Our findings are of relevance for interrogation of genetic basis of PTTMs in pathogenic actinobacteria, such as M. tuberculosis.
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7
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Gosset-Erard C, Didierjean M, Pansanel J, Lechner A, Wolff P, Kuhn L, Aubriet F, Leize-Wagner E, Chaimbault P, François YN. Nucleos'ID: A New Search Engine Enabling the Untargeted Identification of RNA Post-transcriptional Modifications from Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analyses of Nucleosides. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1608-1617. [PMID: 36598775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As RNA post-transcriptional modifications are of growing interest, several methods were developed for their characterization. One of them established for their identification, at the nucleosidic level, is the hyphenation of separation methods, such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, to tandem mass spectrometry. However, to our knowledge, no software is yet available for the untargeted identification of RNA post-transcriptional modifications from MS/MS data-dependent acquisitions. Thus, very long and tedious manual data interpretations are required. To meet the need of easier and faster data interpretation, a new user-friendly search engine, called Nucleos'ID, was developed for CE-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS users. Performances of this new software were evaluated on CE-MS/MS data from nucleoside analyses of already well-described Saccharomyces cerevisiae transfer RNA and Bos taurus total tRNA extract. All samples showed great true positive, true negative, and false discovery rates considering the database size containing all modified and unmodified nucleosides referenced in the literature. The true positive and true negative rates obtained were above 0.94, while the false discovery rates were between 0.09 and 0.17. To increase the level of sample complexity, untargeted identification of several RNA modifications from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 70S ribosome was achieved by the Nucleos'ID search following CE-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Gosset-Erard
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67000, France.,Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000Metz, France
| | - Mévie Didierjean
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67000, France
| | - Jérome Pansanel
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg67037, France
| | - Antony Lechner
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UPR9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67084, France
| | - Philippe Wolff
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UPR9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67084, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg-Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, FR1589 CNRS, CEDEX, Strasbourg67084, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67000, France
| | | | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67000, France
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8
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RNA modifications in aging-associated cardiovascular diseases. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8110-8136. [PMID: 36178367 PMCID: PMC9596201 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide that bears an enormous healthcare burden and aging is a major contributing factor to CVDs. Functional gene expression network during aging is regulated by mRNAs transcriptionally and by non-coding RNAs epi-transcriptionally. RNA modifications alter the stability and function of both mRNAs and non-coding RNAs and are involved in differentiation, development, and diseases. Here we review major chemical RNA modifications on mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, including N6-adenosine methylation, N1-adenosine methylation, 5-methylcytidine, pseudouridylation, 2′ -O-ribose-methylation, and N7-methylguanosine, in the aging process with an emphasis on cardiovascular aging. We also summarize the currently available methods to detect RNA modifications and the bioinformatic tools to study RNA modifications. More importantly, we discussed the specific implication of the RNA modifications on mRNAs and non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of aging-associated CVDs, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart diseases, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease, venous insufficiency, and stroke.
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9
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Estevez M, Li R, Paul B, Daneshvar K, Mullen AC, Romerio F, Addepalli B. Identification and mapping of post-transcriptional modifications on the HIV-1 antisense transcript Ast in human cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:697-710. [PMID: 35168996 PMCID: PMC9014878 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079043.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes multiple RNA molecules. Transcripts that originate from the proviral 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) function as messenger RNAs for the expression of 16 different mature viral proteins. In addition, HIV-1 expresses an antisense transcript (Ast) from the 3'LTR, which has both protein-coding and noncoding properties. While the mechanisms that regulate the coding and noncoding activities of Ast remain unknown, post-transcriptional modifications are known to influence RNA stability, interaction with protein partners, and translation capacity. Here, we report the nucleoside modification profile of Ast obtained through liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The epitranscriptome includes a limited set of modified nucleosides but predominantly ribose methylations. A number of these modifications were mapped to specific positions of the sequence through RNA modification mapping procedures. The presence of modifications on Ast is consistent with the RNA-modifying enzymes interacting with Ast The identification and mapping of Ast post-transcriptional modifications is expected to elucidate the mechanisms through which this versatile molecule can carry out diverse activities in different cell compartments. Manipulation of post-transcriptional modifications on the Ast RNA may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Estevez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Biplab Paul
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kaveh Daneshvar
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Alan C Mullen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Fabio Romerio
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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10
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Helm M, Schmidt-Dengler MC, Weber M, Motorin Y. General Principles for the Detection of Modified Nucleotides in RNA by Specific Reagents. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100866. [PMID: 34535986 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epitranscriptomics heavily rely on chemical reagents for the detection, quantification, and localization of modified nucleotides in transcriptomes. Recent years have seen a surge in mapping methods that use innovative and rediscovered organic chemistry in high throughput approaches. While this has brought about a leap of progress in this young field, it has also become clear that the different chemistries feature variegated specificity and selectivity. The associated error rates, e.g., in terms of false positives and false negatives, are in large part inherent to the chemistry employed. This means that even assuming technically perfect execution, the interpretation of mapping results issuing from the application of such chemistries are limited by intrinsic features of chemical reactivity. An important but often ignored fact is that the huge stochiometric excess of unmodified over-modified nucleotides is not inert to any of the reagents employed. Consequently, any reaction aimed at chemical discrimination of modified versus unmodified nucleotides has optimal conditions for selectivity that are ultimately anchored in relative reaction rates, whose ratio imposes intrinsic limits to selectivity. Here chemical reactivities of canonical and modified ribonucleosides are revisited as a basis for an understanding of the limits of selectivity achievable with chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina C Schmidt-Dengler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marlies Weber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UMS2008/US40 IBSLor, EpiRNA-Seq Core facility, Nancy, F-54000, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, F-54000, France
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11
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Yoluç Y, Ammann G, Barraud P, Jora M, Limbach PA, Motorin Y, Marchand V, Tisné C, Borland K, Kellner S. Instrumental analysis of RNA modifications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:178-204. [PMID: 33618598 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1887807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organisms from all domains of life invest a substantial amount of energy for the introduction of RNA modifications into nearly all transcripts studied to date. Instrumental analysis of RNA can focus on the modified residues and reveal the function of these epitranscriptomic marks. Here, we will review recent advances and breakthroughs achieved by NMR spectroscopy, sequencing, and mass spectrometry of the epitranscriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Yoluç
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Ammann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Barraud
- Expression génétique microbienne, UMR 8261, CNRS, Institut de biologie physico-chimique, IBPC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Manasses Jora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Virginie Marchand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, Epitranscriptomics and RNA Sequencing Core facility, UM S2008, IBSLor, Nancy, France
| | - Carine Tisné
- Expression génétique microbienne, UMR 8261, CNRS, Institut de biologie physico-chimique, IBPC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kayla Borland
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kellner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Queuosine (Q) is a hypermodified base that occurs at the wobble position of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) with a GUN anticodon. Q-tRNA modification is widespread among eukaryotes, yet bacteria are the original source of Q. Eukaryotes acquire Q from their diet, or from the gut microbiota (in multicellular organisms). Despite decades of study, the detailed roles of Q-tRNA modification remain to be elucidated, especially regarding its specific mechanisms of action. Here, we describe a method for the fast and reliable detection of Q-tRNA modification levels in individual tRNAs using a few micrograms of total RNA as starting material. The methodology is based on the co-polymerization of boronic acid (N-acryloyl-3-aminophenylboronic acid (APB)) in polyacrylamide gels, and on the interplay between this derivative and free cis-diol groups of the tRNA. During electrophoresis, the cis-diol groups slow down the Q-modified tRNA, which then can be separated from unmodified tRNA and quantified using Northern blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Cirzi
- Division of Epigenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Tuorto
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, and Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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de Crécy-Lagard V, Ross RL, Jaroch M, Marchand V, Eisenhart C, Brégeon D, Motorin Y, Limbach PA. Survey and Validation of tRNA Modifications and Their Corresponding Genes in Bacillus subtilis sp Subtilis Strain 168. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070977. [PMID: 32629984 PMCID: PMC7408541 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive knowledge of both the nature and position of tRNA modifications in all cellular tRNAs has been limited to two bacteria, Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma capricolum. Bacillus subtilis sp subtilis strain 168 is the model Gram-positive bacteria and the list of the genes involved in tRNA modifications in this organism is far from complete. Mass spectrometry analysis of bulk tRNA extracted from B. subtilis, combined with next generation sequencing technologies and comparative genomic analyses, led to the identification of 41 tRNA modification genes with associated confidence scores. Many differences were found in this model Gram-positive bacteria when compared to E. coli. In general, B. subtilis tRNAs are less modified than those in E. coli, even if some modifications, such as m1A22 or ms2t6A, are only found in the model Gram-positive bacteria. Many examples of non-orthologous displacements and of variations in the most complex pathways are described. Paralog issues make uncertain direct annotation transfer from E. coli to B. subtilis based on homology only without further experimental validation. This difficulty was shown with the identification of the B. subtilis enzyme that introduces ψ at positions 31/32 of the tRNAs. This work presents the most up to date list of tRNA modification genes in B. subtilis, identifies the gaps in knowledge, and lays the foundation for further work to decipher the physiological role of tRNA modifications in this important model organism and other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-392-9416
| | - Robert L. Ross
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Marshall Jaroch
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Virginie Marchand
- UMR7365 IMoPA CNRS-UL and UMS2008 CNRS-UL-INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Biopôle UL, 54000 Nancy, France; (V.M.); (Y.M.)
| | - Christina Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (C.E.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Damien Brégeon
- IBPS, Biology of Aging and Adaptation, Sorbonne University, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, CEDEX 05, F-75252 Paris, France;
| | - Yuri Motorin
- UMR7365 IMoPA CNRS-UL and UMS2008 CNRS-UL-INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Biopôle UL, 54000 Nancy, France; (V.M.); (Y.M.)
| | - Patrick A. Limbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (C.E.); (P.A.L.)
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14
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Meyer B, Immer C, Kaiser S, Sharma S, Yang J, Watzinger P, Weiß L, Kotter A, Helm M, Seitz HM, Kötter P, Kellner S, Entian KD, Wöhnert J. Identification of the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (acp) transferase enzyme responsible for acp3U formation at position 47 in Escherichia coli tRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1435-1450. [PMID: 31863583 PMCID: PMC7026641 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
tRNAs from all domains of life contain modified nucleotides. However, even for the experimentally most thoroughly characterized model organism Escherichia coli not all tRNA modification enzymes are known. In particular, no enzyme has been found yet for introducing the acp3U modification at position 47 in the variable loop of eight E. coli tRNAs. Here we identify the so far functionally uncharacterized YfiP protein as the SAM-dependent 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl transferase catalyzing this modification and thereby extend the list of known tRNA modification enzymes in E. coli. Similar to the Tsr3 enzymes that introduce acp modifications at U or m1Ψ nucleotides in rRNAs this protein contains a DTW domain suggesting that acp transfer reactions to RNA nucleotides are a general function of DTW domain containing proteins. The introduction of the acp3U-47 modification in E. coli tRNAs is promoted by the presence of the m7G-46 modification as well as by growth in rich medium. However, a deletion of the enzymes responsible for the modifications at position 46 and 47 in the variable loop of E. coli tRNAs did not lead to a clearly discernible phenotype suggesting that these two modifications play only a minor role in ensuring the proper function of tRNAs in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Meyer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Carina Immer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Steffen Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sunny Sharma
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany.,Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany.,Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peter Watzinger
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Lena Weiß
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Annika Kotter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Seitz
- Institute for Geosciences, Research Unit Mineralogy, and Frankfurt Isotope and Element Research Center (FIERCE), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Peter Kötter
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Stefanie Kellner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Dieter Entian
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Jens Wöhnert
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany.,Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
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15
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Thakur P, Estevez M, Lobue PA, Limbach PA, Addepalli B. Improved RNA modification mapping of cellular non-coding RNAs using C- and U-specific RNases. Analyst 2020; 145:816-827. [PMID: 31825413 PMCID: PMC7002195 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Locating ribonucleoside modifications within an RNA sequence requires digestion of the RNA into oligoribonucleotides of amenable size for subsequent analysis by LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). This approach, widely referred to as RNA modification mapping, is facilitated through ribonucleases (RNases) such as T1 (guanosine-specific), U2 (purine-selective) and A (pyrimidine-specific) among others. Sequence coverage by these enzymes depends on positioning of the recognized nucleobase (such as guanine or purine or pyrimidine) in the sequence and its ribonucleotide composition. Using E. coli transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as model samples, we demonstrate the ability of complementary nucleobase-specific ribonucleases cusativin (C-specific) and MC1 (U-specific) to generate digestion products that facilitate confident mapping of modifications in regions such as G-rich and pyrimidine-rich segments of RNA, and to distinguish C to U sequence differences. These enzymes also increase the number of oligonucleotide digestion products that are unique to a specific RNA sequence. Further, with these additional RNases, multiple modifications can be localized with high confidence in a single set of experiments with minimal dependence on the individual tRNA abundance in a mixture. The sequence overlaps observed with these complementary digestion products and that of RNase T1 improved sequence coverage to 75% or above. A similar level of sequence coverage was also observed for the 2904 nt long 23S rRNA indicating their utility has no dependence on RNA size. Wide-scale adoption of these additional modification mapping tools could help expedite the characterization of modified RNA sequences to understand their structural and functional role in various living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Thakur
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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16
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Paulines MJ, Wetzel C, Limbach PA. Using spectral matching to interpret LC-MS/MS data during RNA modification mapping. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:906-914. [PMID: 31663233 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
While a number of approaches have been developed to analyze liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data obtained from modified oligonucleotides, the majority of these methods require analyzing every MS/MS spectrum de novo to sequence the oligonucleotide and place the modification. Spectral matching is an alternative approach for analyzing MS/MS data that is based on creating a library of annotated MS/MS spectra against which individual MS/MS data can be searched. Here, we have adapted the existing NIST spectral matching software to enable its use in the interpretation of MS/MS data obtained from modified oligonucleotides. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of this approach to identify specific post-transcriptionally modified nucleosides in particular transfer RNAs (tRNAs) obtained through a conventional RNA modification mapping experimental protocol. Spectral matching was found to be an efficient approach for screening for known modified tRNAs by using the experimental data as the library and previously annotated RNase T1 digestion products of tRNAs as the reference spectra. The utility of spectral matching for rapid analysis of multiple LC-MS/MS analyses was demonstrated by screening mutant strains of Streptococcus mutans to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for synthesizing the tRNA position 37 modification threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6 A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellie June Paulines
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Collin Wetzel
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 2100521, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0521, USA
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
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17
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Tzelepis K, Rausch O, Kouzarides T. RNA-modifying enzymes and their function in a chromatin context. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:858-862. [PMID: 31582848 PMCID: PMC7613430 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Exciting research has connected specific RNA modifications to chromatin, providing evidence for co-transcriptional deposition and function in gene regulation. Here we review insights gained from studying the co-transcriptional roles of RNA modifications, and their influence in normal and disease contexts. We also discuss how the availability of novel technical approaches could raise the translational potential of targeting RNA-modifying enzymes for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tzelepis
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Rausch
- Storm Therapeutics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tony Kouzarides
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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18
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Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for 5-Hydroxyuridine Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli tRNA. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00433-19. [PMID: 31358606 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00433-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, tRNAs that decode 4-fold degenerate family codons and have uridine at position 34 of the anticodon are typically modified with either 5-methoxyuridine (mo5U) or 5-methoxycarbonylmethoxyuridine (mcmo5U). These modifications are critical for extended recognition of some codons at the wobble position. Whereas the alkylation steps of these modifications have been described, genes required for the hydroxylation of U34 to give 5-hydroxyuridine (ho5U) remain unknown. Here, a number of genes in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis are identified that are required for wild-type (wt) levels of ho5U. The yrrMNO operon is identified in B. subtilis as important for the biosynthesis of ho5U. Both yrrN and yrrO are homologs to peptidase U32 family genes, which includes the rlhA gene required for ho5C synthesis in E. coli Deletion of either yrrN or yrrO, or both, gives a 50% reduction in mo5U tRNA levels. In E. coli, yegQ was found to be the only one of four peptidase U32 genes involved in ho5U synthesis. Interestingly, this mutant shows the same 50% reduction in (m)cmo5U as that observed for mo5U in the B. subtilis mutants. By analyzing the genomic context of yegQ homologs, the ferredoxin YfhL is shown to be required for ho5U synthesis in E. coli to the same extent as yegQ Additional genes required for Fe-S biosynthesis and biosynthesis of prephenate give the same 50% reduction in modification. Together, these data suggest that ho5U biosynthesis in bacteria is similar to that of ho5C, but additional genes and substrates are required for complete modification.IMPORTANCE Modified nucleotides in tRNA serve to optimize both its structure and function for accurate translation of the genetic code. The biosynthesis of these modifications has been fertile ground for uncovering unique biochemistry and metabolism in cells. In this work, genes that are required for a novel anaerobic hydroxylation of uridine at the wobble position of some tRNAs are identified in both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli These genes code for Fe-S cluster proteins, and their deletion reduces the levels of the hydroxyuridine by 50% in both organisms. Additional genes required for Fe-S cluster and prephenate biosynthesis and a previously described ferredoxin gene all display a similar reduction in hydroxyuridine levels, suggesting that still other genes are required for the modification.
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19
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Qi C, Ding J, Yuan B, Feng Y. Analytical methods for locating modifications in nucleic acids. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Boccaletto P, Machnicka MA, Purta E, Piatkowski P, Baginski B, Wirecki TK, de Crécy-Lagard V, Ross R, Limbach PA, Kotter A, Helm M, Bujnicki JM. MODOMICS: a database of RNA modification pathways. 2017 update. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D303-D307. [PMID: 29106616 PMCID: PMC5753262 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1256] [Impact Index Per Article: 251.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MODOMICS is a database of RNA modifications that provides comprehensive information concerning the chemical structures of modified ribonucleosides, their biosynthetic pathways, the location of modified residues in RNA sequences, and RNA-modifying enzymes. In the current database version, we included the following new features and data: extended mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography data for modified nucleosides; links between human tRNA sequences and MINTbase - a framework for the interactive exploration of mitochondrial and nuclear tRNA fragments; new, machine-friendly system of unified abbreviations for modified nucleoside names; sets of modified tRNA sequences for two bacterial species, updated collection of mammalian tRNA modifications, 19 newly identified modified ribonucleosides and 66 functionally characterized proteins involved in RNA modification. Data from MODOMICS have been linked to the RNAcentral database of RNA sequences. MODOMICS is available at http://modomics.genesilico.pl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Boccaletto
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena A Machnicka
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Purta
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Piatkowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Blazej Baginski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz K Wirecki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Robert Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Department of Chemistry, Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Annika Kotter
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Janusz M Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, PL-61-614 Poznan, Poland
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21
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Barraud P, Tisné C. To be or not to be modified: Miscellaneous aspects influencing nucleotide modifications in tRNAs. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1126-1140. [PMID: 30932315 PMCID: PMC6850298 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential components of the cellular protein synthesis machineries, but are also implicated in many roles outside translation. To become functional, tRNAs, initially transcribed as longer precursor tRNAs, undergo a tightly controlled biogenesis process comprising the maturation of their extremities, removal of intronic sequences if present, addition of the 3'-CCA amino-acid accepting sequence, and aminoacylation. In addition, the most impressive feature of tRNA biogenesis consists in the incorporation of a large number of posttranscriptional chemical modifications along its sequence. The chemical nature of these modifications is highly diverse, with more than hundred different modifications identified in tRNAs to date. All functions of tRNAs in cells are controlled and modulated by modifications, making the understanding of the mechanisms that determine and influence nucleotide modifications in tRNAs an essential point in tRNA biology. This review describes the different aspects that determine whether a certain position in a tRNA molecule is modified or not. We describe how sequence and structural determinants, as well as the presence of prior modifications control modification processes. We also describe how environmental factors and cellular stresses influence the level and/or the nature of certain modifications introduced in tRNAs, and report situations where these dynamic modulations of tRNA modification levels are regulated by active demodification processes. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(8):1126-1140, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Barraud
- Expression génétique microbienneInstitut de biologie physico‐chimique (IBPC), UMR 8261, CNRS, Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
| | - Carine Tisné
- Expression génétique microbienneInstitut de biologie physico‐chimique (IBPC), UMR 8261, CNRS, Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
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22
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Schwartz MH, Wang H, Pan JN, Clark WC, Cui S, Eckwahl MJ, Pan DW, Parisien M, Owens SM, Cheng BL, Martinez K, Xu J, Chang EB, Pan T, Eren AM. Microbiome characterization by high-throughput transfer RNA sequencing and modification analysis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5353. [PMID: 30559359 PMCID: PMC6297222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing have facilitated remarkable insights into the diversity and functioning of naturally occurring microbes; however, current sequencing strategies are insufficient to reveal physiological states of microbial communities associated with protein translation dynamics. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are core components of protein synthesis machinery, present in all living cells, and are phylogenetically tractable, which make them ideal targets to gain physiological insights into environmental microbes. Here we report a direct sequencing approach, tRNA-seq, and a software suite, tRNA-seq-tools, to recover sequences, abundance profiles, and post-transcriptional modifications of microbial tRNA transcripts. Our analysis of cecal samples using tRNA-seq distinguishes high-fat- and low-fat-fed mice in a comparable fashion to 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons, and reveals taxon- and diet-dependent variations in tRNA modifications. Our results provide taxon-specific in situ insights into the dynamics of tRNA gene expression and post-transcriptional modifications within complex environmental microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Schwartz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Haipeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China.,Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jessica N Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wesley C Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Steven Cui
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Matthew J Eckwahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David W Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marc Parisien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sarah M Owens
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Brian L Cheng
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kristina Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jinbo Xu
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - A Murat Eren
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
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23
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Solivio B, Yu N, Addepalli B, Limbach PA. Improving RNA modification mapping sequence coverage by LC-MS through a nonspecific RNase U2-E49A mutant. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:73-79. [PMID: 30253839 PMCID: PMC6214470 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification and use of a mutant of the purine selective ribonuclease RNase U2 that randomly cleaves RNA in a manner that is directly compatible with RNA modification mapping by mass spectrometry. A number of RNase U2 mutants were generated using site-saturation mutagenesis. The enzyme activity and specificity were tested using oligonucleotide substrates, which revealed an RNase U2 E49A mutant with limited specificity and a tendency to undercut RNA. Using this mutant, RNA digestion conditions were optimized to yield long, overlapping digestion products, which improve sequence coverage in RNA modification mapping experiments. The analytical utility of this mutant was demonstrated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) mapping of several modified RNAs where 100% sequence coverage could be obtained using only a single enzymatic digestion. This new mutant facilitates more accurate and efficient RNA modification mapping than traditional highly base-specific RNases that are currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beulah Solivio
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Ningxi Yu
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Balasubrahmanyam Addepalli
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, United States.
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24
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Detection of ribonucleoside modifications by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1862:280-290. [PMID: 30414470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A small set of ribonucleoside modifications have been found in different regions of mRNA including the open reading frame. Accurate detection of these specific modifications is critical to understanding their modulatory roles in facilitating mRNA maturation, translation and degradation. While transcriptome-wide next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques could provide exhaustive information about the sites of one specific or class of modifications at a time, recent investigations strongly indicate cautionary interpretation due to the appearance of false positives. Therefore, it is suggested that NGS-based modification data can only be treated as predicted sites and their existence need to be validated by orthogonal methods. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an analytical technique that can yield accurate and reproducible information about the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of ribonucleoside modifications. Here, we review the recent advancements in LC-MS/MS technology that could help in securing accurate, gold-standard quality information about the resident post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Feng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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Lentini JM, Ramos J, Fu D. Monitoring the 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U) modification in eukaryotic tRNAs via the γ-toxin endonuclease. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:749-758. [PMID: 29440318 PMCID: PMC5900570 DOI: 10.1261/rna.065581.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The post-transcriptional modification of tRNA at the wobble position is a universal process occurring in all domains of life. In eukaryotes, the wobble uridine of particular tRNAs is transformed to the 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U) modification which is critical for proper mRNA decoding and protein translation. However, current methods to detect mcm5s2U are technically challenging and/or require specialized instrumental expertise. Here, we show that γ-toxin endonuclease from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis can be used as a probe for assaying mcm5s2U status in the tRNA of diverse eukaryotic organisms ranging from protozoans to mammalian cells. The assay couples the mcm5s2U-dependent cleavage of tRNA by γ-toxin with standard molecular biology techniques such as northern blot analysis or quantitative PCR to monitor mcm5s2U levels in multiple tRNA isoacceptors. The results gained from the γ-toxin assay reveals the evolutionary conservation of the mcm5s2U modification across eukaryotic species. Moreover, we have used the γ-toxin assay to verify uncharacterized eukaryotic Trm9 and Trm112 homologs that catalyze the formation of mcm5s2U. These findings demonstrate the use of γ-toxin as a detection method to monitor mcm5s2U status in diverse eukaryotic cell types for cellular, genetic, and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Lentini
- Department of Biology, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Jillian Ramos
- Department of Biology, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Dragony Fu
- Department of Biology, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Tuorto F, Lyko F. Genome recoding by tRNA modifications. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160287. [PMID: 27974624 PMCID: PMC5204126 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications are emerging as an additional regulatory layer on top of the primary RNA sequence. These modifications are particularly enriched in tRNAs where they can regulate not only global protein translation, but also protein translation at the codon level. Modifications located in or in the vicinity of tRNA anticodons are highly conserved in eukaryotes and have been identified as potential regulators of mRNA decoding. Recent studies have provided novel insights into how these modifications orchestrate the speed and fidelity of translation to ensure proper protein homeostasis. This review highlights the prominent modifications in the tRNA anticodon loop: queuosine, inosine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine, wybutosine, threonyl-carbamoyl-adenosine and 5-methylcytosine. We discuss the functional relevance of these modifications in protein translation and their emerging role in eukaryotic genome recoding during cellular adaptation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tuorto
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Yu N, Lobue PA, Cao X, Limbach PA. RNAModMapper: RNA Modification Mapping Software for Analysis of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Data. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10744-10752. [PMID: 28942636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the characterization of modified ribonucleic acids (RNAs). The typical approach for analyzing modified nucleosides within RNA sequences by mass spectrometry involves ribonuclease digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis and data interpretation. Here we describe a new software tool, RNAModMapper (RAMM), to assist in the interpretation of LC-MS/MS data. RAMM is a stand-alone package that requires user-submitted DNA or RNA sequences to create a local database against which collision-induced dissociation (CID) data of modified oligonucleotides can be compared. RAMM can interpret MS/MS data containing modified nucleosides in two modes: fixed and variable. In addition, RAMM can also utilize interpreted MS/MS data for RNA modification mapping back against the input sequence(s). The applicability of RAMM was first tested using total tRNA isolated from Escherichia coli. It was then applied to map modifications found in 16S and 23S rRNA from Streptomyces griseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxi Yu
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati , P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Peter A Lobue
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati , P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati , P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati , P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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Paulines MJ, Limbach PA. Stable Isotope Labeling for Improved Comparative Analysis of RNA Digests by Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:551-561. [PMID: 28105550 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Even with the advent of high throughput methods to detect modified ribonucleic acids (RNAs), mass spectrometry remains a reliable method to detect, characterize, and place post-transcriptional modifications within an RNA sequence. Here we have developed a stable isotope labeling comparative analysis of RNA digests (SIL-CARD) approach, which improves upon the original 18O/16O labeling CARD method. Like the original, SIL-CARD allows sequence or modification information from a previously uncharacterized in vivo RNA sample to be obtained by direct comparison with a reference RNA, the sequence of which is known. This reference is in vitro transcribed using a 13C/15N isotopically enriched nucleoside triphosphate (NTP). The two RNAs are digested with an endonuclease, the specificity of which matches the labeled NTP used for transcription. As proof of concept, several transfer RNAs (tRNAs) were characterized by SIL-CARD, where labeled guanosine triphosphate was used for the reference in vitro transcription. RNase T1 digestion products from the in vitro transcript will be 15 Da higher in mass than the same digestion products from the in vivo tRNA that are unmodified, leading to a doublet in the mass spectrum. Singlets, rather than doublets, arise if a sequence variation or a post-transcriptional modification is present that results in a relative mass shift different from 15 Da. Moreover, the use of the in vitro synthesized tRNA transcript allows for quantitative measurement of RNA abundance. Overall, SIL-CARD simplifies data analysis and enhances quantitative RNA modification mapping by mass spectrometry. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellie June Paulines
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, USA.
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Mapping Post-Transcriptional Modifications onto Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Sequences by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010021. [PMID: 28241457 PMCID: PMC5372733 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, has become one of the most popular methods for the analysis of post-transcriptionally modified transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs). Given that the information collected using this platform is entirely determined by the mass of the analyte, it has proven to be the gold standard for accurately assigning nucleobases to the sequence. For the past few decades many labs have worked to improve the analysis, contiguous to instrumentation manufacturers developing faster and more sensitive instruments. With biological discoveries relating to ribonucleic acid happening more frequently, mass spectrometry has been invaluable in helping to understand what is happening at the molecular level. Here we present a brief overview of the methods that have been developed and refined for the analysis of modified tRNAs by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
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Next-Generation Sequencing-Based RiboMethSeq Protocol for Analysis of tRNA 2'-O-Methylation. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010013. [PMID: 28208788 PMCID: PMC5372725 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of RNA modifications by traditional physico-chemical approaches is labor intensive, requires substantial amounts of input material and only allows site-by-site measurements. The recent development of qualitative and quantitative approaches based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) opens new perspectives for the analysis of various cellular RNA species. The Illumina sequencing-based RiboMethSeq protocol was initially developed and successfully applied for mapping of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 2′-O-methylations. This method also gives excellent results in the quantitative analysis of rRNA modifications in different species and under varying growth conditions. However, until now, RiboMethSeq was only employed for rRNA, and the whole sequencing and analysis pipeline was only adapted to this long and rather conserved RNA species. A deep understanding of RNA modification functions requires large and global analysis datasets for other important RNA species, namely for transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are well known to contain a great variety of functionally-important modified residues. Here, we evaluated the application of the RiboMethSeq protocol for the analysis of tRNA 2′-O-methylation in Escherichia coli and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After a careful optimization of the bioinformatic pipeline, RiboMethSeq proved to be suitable for relative quantification of methylation rates for known modified positions in different tRNA species.
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Limbach PA, June Paulines M. Going global: the new era of mapping modifications in RNA. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2017; 8:10.1002/wrna.1367. [PMID: 27251302 PMCID: PMC5133204 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The post-transcriptional modification of RNA by the addition of one or more chemical groups has been known for over 50 years. These chemical modifications, once thought to be static, are now being discovered to play key regulatory roles in gene expression. The advent of massive parallel sequencing of RNA (RNA-seq) now allows us to probe the complexity of cellular RNA and how chemically altering RNA structure expands the RNA vocabulary. Here we present an overview of the various strategies and technologies that are available to profile RNA chemical modifications at the cellular level. These strategies can be characterized as targeted and untargeted approaches: targeted strategies are developed for one single chemical modification while untargeted strategies are more broadly applicable to a range of such chemical changes. Key for all of these approaches is the ability to locate modifications within the RNA sequence. While most of these methods are built upon an RNA-Seq pipeline, alternative approaches based on mass spectrometry or conventional DNA sequencing retain value in the overall analysis process. We also look forward toward future opportunities and technologies that may expand the types of modifications that can be globally profiled. Given the ever increasing recognition that these RNA chemical modifications play important biological roles, a variety of methods, preferably orthogonal approaches, will be required to globally identify, validate and quantify RNA chemical modifications found in the transcriptome. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1367. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1367 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Ross R, Cao X, Yu N, Limbach PA. Sequence mapping of transfer RNA chemical modifications by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods 2016; 107:73-8. [PMID: 27033178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool for identifying and characterizing structural modifications to the four canonical bases in RNA, information that is lost when using techniques such as PCR for RNA analysis. Here we described an updated method for sequence mapping of modified nucleosides in transfer RNA. This modification mapping approach utilizes knowledge of the modified nucleosides present in the sample along with the genome-derived tRNA sequence to readily locate modifications site-specifically in the tRNA sequence. The experimental approach involves isolation of the tRNA of interest followed by separate enzymatic digestion to nucleosides and oligonucleotides. Both samples are analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the data sets are then combined to yield the modification profile of the tRNA. Data analysis is facilitated by the use of unmodified sequence exclusion lists and new developments in software that can automate MS/MS spectral annotation. The method is illustrated using tRNA-Asn isolated from Thermus thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ross
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 210172, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 210172, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, United States
| | - Ningxi Yu
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 210172, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, United States
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 210172, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, United States.
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35
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Post-Transcriptional Modifications of RNA: Impact on RNA Function and Human Health. MODIFIED NUCLEIC ACIDS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34175-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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