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Wang X, Xu T, Zhang Y, Gao N, Feng T, Wang S, Zhang M. In Vivo Detection of Redox-Inactive Neurochemicals in the Rat Brain with an Ion Transfer Microsensor. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2757-2762. [PMID: 34191484 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical tracking of redox-inactive neurochemicals remain a challenge due to chemical inertness, almost no Faraday electron transfer for these species, and the complex brain atmosphere. In this work, we demonstrate a low-cost, simple-making liquid/liquid interface microsensor (LLIM) to monitor redox-inactive neurochemicals in the rat brain. Taking choline (Ch) as an example, based on the difference in solvation energies of Ch in cerebrospinal fluid (aqueous phase) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE; organic phase), Ch is recognized in the specific ion-transfer potential and distinctive ion-transfer current signals. The LLIM has an excellent response to Ch with good linearity and selectivity, and the detection limit is 0.37 μM. The LLIM can monitor the dynamics of Ch in the cortex of the rat brain by both local microinfusion and intraperitoneal injection of Ch. This work first demonstrates that the LLIM can be successfully applied in the brain and obtain electrochemical signals in such a sophisticated system, allowing one new perspective of sensing at the liquid/liquid interface for nonelectrically active substances in vivo to understand the physiological function of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Tianci Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Taotao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Li M, He P, Yu Z, Zhang S, Gu C, Nie X, Gu Y, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Shao Y. Investigation of Dendrimer Transfer Behaviors at the Micro-Water/1,2-Dichloroethane Interface Facilitated by Dibenzo-18-Crown-6. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1515-1522. [PMID: 33356146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trans-interfacial behaviors of multiple ionic species at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are of importance to biomembrane mimicking, chemical and biosensing, and interfacial molecular catalysis. Utilizing host-guest interaction to facilitate ion transfer is an effective and commonly used method to decrease the Gibbs energy of transfer of a target molecule. Herein, we investigated a facilitated ion transfer (FIT) process of poly(amidoamine)dendrimer (PAMAM, G0-G2) by dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) at the microinterfaces between water and 1,2-dichloroethane (μ-W/DCE). Because of the host-guest interaction between a dendrimer and a ligand, negative shifts of the transfer potentials were observed using cyclic voltammetry or Osteryoung square wave voltammetry. From the FIT behavior of the dendrimer, we revealed that each DB18C6 could selectively coordinate with one amino group. We first evaluated the protonated status of the intermediate state (1:2) exactly under the conditions the dendrimer (G1) transfers across the interface using the electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC-MS)-hyphenated technique, which is much smaller than the protonated status in the water phase (1:8 to 14). Using the same methodology, we also studied the facilitated transfer behaviors of G0 and G2. Based on these results, we put forward the mechanism of the FIT process, which might involve a deprotonating process at the interface for higher-generation dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengyou Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaoyue Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaxiong Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Terry Weatherly CK, Glasscott MW, Dick JE. Voltammetric Analysis of Redox Reactions and Ion Transfer in Water Microdroplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8231-8239. [PMID: 32559107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a set of voltammetric experiments for studying redox reactions and ion transfer in water microdroplets emulsified in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). The electrochemistry of microdroplets (rdrop ∼ 700 nm) loaded with either ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]4-) or ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-), chosen due to their hydrophilic nature, was tracked using cyclic voltammetry. These heterogeneous reactions necessitated ion transfer at the droplet interface to maintain charge balance in the two liquid phases during oxidation or reduction, which was facilitated by the tetrabutylammonium perchlorate ([TBA][ClO4]) salt in the DCE phase. Experiments were performed with (1) a single macrodroplet (10-7 L) on a macroelectrode (r ∼ 1.5 mm), (2) millions of microdroplets (10-15 L) adsorbed on to a macroelectrode (r ∼ 1.5 mm), and (3) at the single microdroplet level via observing individual microdroplet collisions at an ultramicroelectrode (r ∼ 5 μm). We demonstrate that when millions of microdroplets are adsorbed onto a macroelectrode, there are two surprising observations: (1) the half-wave potential (E1/2) for the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox couple shifts by +100 mV, which is shown to depend on the number of droplets on the electrode surface. (2) The reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3-, which is assisted by the transfer of TBA+ into the water droplet, displays two waves in the voltammogram. This dual-wave behavior can be explained by the formation of TBAxK3-xFe(CN)6, which is soluble in DCE. Additionally, we demonstrate that the adsorption of microdroplets onto an electrode surface offers significant amplification (×103) of the water/oil/electrode three-phase boundary when compared to the adsorption of larger macrodroplets, permitting a rigorous evaluation of heterogeneous chemistry at this distinct interface. In combination, these experiments provide new energetic and mechanistic insights for droplet systems, as well as reactivity differences between microscale and bulk multiphase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W Glasscott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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ZHONG LJ, GAO LF, LI FH, GAN SY, NIU L. Neurotransmitter Biomolecule Transfers Across Liquid/Liquid Interface Through A Thick Organic Membrane-Modified Electrode. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pu G, Zhang D, Mao X, Zhang Z, Wang H, Ning X, Lu X. Biomimetic Interfacial Electron-Induced Electrochemiluminesence. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5272-5279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingming Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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Facilitated proton transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at thick-film modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zanotto FM, Fernández RA, Dassie SA. Theoretical model of ion transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at the thick-film modified electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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