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Tully JJ, Houghton D, Breeze BG, Mollart TP, Macpherson JV. Quantitative Measurement Technique for Anodic Corrosion of BDD Advanced Oxidation Electrodes. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:267-276. [PMID: 38910859 PMCID: PMC11191721 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical advanced oxidation (EAO) systems are of significant interest due to their ability to treat a wide range of organic contaminants in water. Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have found considerable use in EAO. Despite their popularity, no laboratory scale method exists to quantify anodic corrosion of BDD electrodes under EAO conditions; all are qualitative using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy. In this work, we present a new method which can be used to quantify average corrosion rates as a function of solution composition, current density, and BDD material properties over relatively short time periods. The method uses white light interferometry (WLI), in conjunction with BDD electrodes integrated into a 3D-printed flow cell, to measure three-dimensional changes in the surface structure due to corrosion over a 72 h period. It is equally applicable to both thin film and thicker, freestanding BDD. A further advantage of WLI is that it lends itself to large area measurements; data are collected herein for 1 cm diameter disk electrodes. Using WLI, corrosion rates as low as 1 nm h-1 can be measured. This enables unequivocal demonstration that organics in the EAO solution are not a prerequisite for BDD anodic corrosion. However, they do increase the corrosion rates. In particular, we quantify that addition of 1 M acetic acid to 0.5 M potassium sulfate results in the average corrosion rate increasing ∼60 times. In the same solution, microcrystalline thin film BDD is also found to corrode ∼twice as fast compared to freestanding polished BDD, attributed to the presence of increased sp2 carbon content. This methodology also represents an important step forward in the prediction of BDD electrode lifetimes for a wide range of EAO applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Tully
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Daniel Houghton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Centre
for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Ben G. Breeze
- Spectroscopy
Research Technology Platforms, University
of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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2
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Levey K, Macpherson JV. A Current Averaging Strategy for Maximizing Analyte and Minimizing Redox Interference Signals with Square Wave Voltammetry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9561-9569. [PMID: 38796775 PMCID: PMC11170553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Square wave voltammetry (SWV) is commonly used in electroanalytical applications to enhance analyte faradaic signals and minimize nonfaradaic processes. However, little attention is given as to how best use SWV to minimize faradaic interference signals that arise from redox species present in solution that have redox potentials that convolute with that of the analyte. In conventional SWV, a series of current-time (i-t) transients are collected, and i is averaged over a specified window of each transient (potentiostat dependent). This average i is reported against the electrode potential, E. As the i-t response is governed by the type of electron transfer reaction under investigation, we show how by collecting all i-t data and through judicious choice of the current averaging window, it is possible to enhance the analyte response while at the same time reducing the interferent signal. We look at three different electron transfer reactions, fast electron transfer outer sphere, metal electrodeposition/stripping, and surface-confined proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and demonstrate different i-t behaviors in SWV, visually aided by the use of 3D i-t-E plots. In the case of PCET quinone-based voltammetric sensing of pH in the presence of a heavy metal (here Cu2+), we show that the use of a much earlier current averaging window (2-10% of the i-t response) results in the pH signal being clearly distinguished from that of the overlapping heavy metal.
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3
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Ganesh PS, Elugoke SE, Lee SH, Kim SY, Ebenso EE. Smart and emerging point of care electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection: Towards designing a future rapid diagnostic tool. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141269. [PMID: 38307334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In the recent years, researchers from all over the world have become interested in the fabrication of advanced and innovative electrochemical and/or biosensors for respiratory virus detection with the use of nanotechnology. These fabricated sensors demonstrated a number of benefits, including precision, affordability, accessibility, and miniaturization which makes them a promising test method for point-of-care (PoC) screening for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. In order to comprehend the principles of electrochemical sensing and the role of various types of sensing interfaces, we comprehensively explored the underlying principles of electroanalytical methods and terminologies related to it in this review. In addition, it is addressed how to fabricate electrochemical sensing devices incorporating nanomaterials as graphene, metal/metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, quantum dots, and polymers. We took an effort to carefully compile current developments, advantages, drawbacks, possible solutions in nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattan Siddappa Ganesh
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Saheed Eluwale Elugoke
- Centre for Material Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - Seok-Han Lee
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- Centre for Material Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
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4
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Long H, Wen K, Liu C, Liu X, Hu H. Effect of Carbon Layer Thickness on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose in a Ni/BDD Composite Electrode. Molecules 2023; 28:5798. [PMID: 37570767 PMCID: PMC10421277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor composite electrodes were prepared by loading Ni onto a boron-doped diamond (BDD) film surface through a thermal catalytic etching method. A carbon precipitate with a desired thickness could be formed on the Ni/BDD composite electrode surface by tuning the processing conditions. A systematic study regarding the influence of the precipitated carbon layer thickness on the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose was conducted. While an oxygen plasma was used to etch the precipitated carbon, Ni/BDD-based composite electrodes with the precipitated carbon layers of different thicknesses could be obtained by controlling the oxygen plasma power. These Ni/BDD electrodes were characterized by SEM microscopies, Raman and XPS spectroscopies, and electrochemical tests. The results showed that the carbon layer thickness exerted a significant impact on the resulting electrocatalytic performance. The electrode etched under 200 W power exhibited the best performance, followed by the untreated electrode and the electrode etched under 400 W power with the worst performance. Specifically, the electrode etched under 200 W was demonstrated to possess the highest sensitivity of 1443.75 μA cm-2 mM-1 and the lowest detection limit of 0.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Long
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Kui Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Guangdong Institute of New Materials, Guangzhou 510651, China;
| | - Cuiyin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Xuezhang Liu
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Huawen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
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5
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Wang H, Wang Y, Chai X, Guo F, Li Y, Shi J, Gai Z, Jiang X. Influence of boron doped level on the electrochemical behavior and seawater salinity detection of boron doped diamond film electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Peng Z, Fiorani A, Akai K, Murata M, Otake A, Einaga Y. Boron-Doped Diamond as a Quasi-Reference Electrode. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16831-16837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazumi Akai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otake
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
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7
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Tully JJ, Zhang Z, Terrero Rodríguez IM, Butcher L, Macpherson JV. Versatile DIY Route for Incorporation of a Wide Range of Electrode Materials into Rotating Ring Disk Electrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9856-9862. [PMID: 35767370 PMCID: PMC9280712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Rotating ring disk
electrodes (RRDEs) are a powerful and versatile
tool for mechanistically investigating electrochemical reactions at
electrode surfaces, particularly in the area of electroanalysis and
catalysis. Despite their importance, only limited electrode materials
(typically glassy carbon, platinum, and gold) and combinations thereof
are available commercially. In this work, we present a method employing
three-dimensional (3D) printing in conjunction with machined brass
components to produce housing, which can accommodate any electrode
material in, e.g., pressed powdered pellet, wafer,
rod, foil, or vapor deposited onto a conductive substrate form. In
this way, the range and usability of RRDEs is extended. This custom
do-it-yourself (DIY) approach to fabricating RRDEs also enables RRDEs
to be produced at a significant fraction of the cost of commercial
RRDEs. To illustrate the versatility of our approach, coplanar boron-doped
diamond (BDD) RRDEs are fabricated for the first time using the approach
described. Experimental collection efficiencies for the redox couple
FcTMA+/FcTMA2+ are found to be very close to
those predicted theoretically. BDD electrodes serve as an ideal electrocatalyst
support due to their low background currents, wide solvent potential
window in aqueous solution, and chemical and electrochemical stability
in acid and alkali solutions. The BDD RRDE configuration is employed
to investigate the importance of surface-incorporated nondiamond carbon
in BDD on hydrogen peroxide generation via the oxygen
reduction reaction in acid solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Tully
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Lee Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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8
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Xie J, Zhang C, Waite TD. Hydroxyl radicals in anodic oxidation systems: generation, identification and quantification. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118425. [PMID: 35429884 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anodic oxidation has emerged as a promising treatment technology for the removal of a broad range of organic pollutants from wastewaters. Hydroxyl radicals are the primary species generated in anodic oxidation systems to oxidize organics. In this review, the methods of identifying hydroxyl radicals and the existing debates and misunderstandings regarding the validity of experimental results are discussed. Consideration is given to the methods of quantification of hydroxyl radicals in anodic oxidation systems with particular attention to approaches used to compare the electrochemical performance of different anodes. In addition, we describe recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of hydroxyl radical generation at the surface of most commonly used anodes and the utilization of hydroxyl radical in typical electrochemical reactors. This review shows that the key challenges facing anodic oxidation technology are related to i) the elimination of mistakes in identifying hydroxyl radicals, ii) the establishment of an effective hydroxyl radical quantification method, iii) the development of cost effective anode materials with high corrosion resistance and high electrochemical activity and iv) the optimization of electrochemical reactor design to maximise the utilization efficiency of hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhou Xie
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214206, P.R. China.
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9
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Ivandini TA, Einaga Y. Electrochemical Sensing Applications Using Diamond Microelectrodes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tribidasari A. Ivandini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Jakarta 16424, Indonesia
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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10
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Kava AA, Henry CS. Exploring carbon particle type and plasma treatment to improve electrochemical properties of stencil-printed carbon electrodes. Talanta 2021; 221:121553. [PMID: 33076109 PMCID: PMC7575823 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stencil-printing conductive carbon inks has revolutionized the development of inexpensive, disposable and portable electrochemical sensors. However, stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) typically suffer from poor electrochemical properties. While many surface pretreatments and modifications have been tested to improve the electrochemical activity of SPCEs, the bulk composition of the inks used for printing has been largely ignored. Recent studies of other carbon composite electrode materials show significant evidence that the conductive carbon particle component is strongly related to electrochemical performance. However, such a study has not been carried out with SPCEs. In this work, we perform a systematic characterization of SPCEs made with different carbon particle types including graphite particles, glassy carbon microparticles and carbon black. The relationship between carbon particle characteristics including particle size, particle purity, and particle morphology as well as particle mass loading on the fabrication and electrochemical properties of SPCEs is studied. SPCEs were plasma treated for surface activation and the electrochemical properties of both untreated and plasma treated SPCEs are also compared. SPCEs displayed distinct analytical utilities characterized through solvent window and double layer capacitance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of several standard redox probes, FcTMA+, ferri/ferrocyanide, and pAP was used to establish the effects of carbon particle type and plasma treatment on electron transfer kinetics of SPCEs. CV of the biologically relevant molecules uric acid, NADH and dopamine was employed to further illustrate the differences in sensing and fouling characteristics of SPCEs fabricated with different carbon particle types. SEM imaging revealed significant differences in the SPCE surface microstructures. This systematic study demonstrates that the electrochemical properties of SPCEs can be tuned and significantly improved through careful selection of carbon particle type and plasma cleaning with a goal toward the development of better performing electrochemical point-of-need sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Kava
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States.
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11
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Rabboh FM, O'Neil GD. Voltammetric pH Measurements in Unadulterated Foodstuffs, Urine, and Serum with 3D-Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Electrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14999-15006. [PMID: 33140638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pH of a system is a critical descriptor of its chemistry-impacting reaction rates, solubility, chemical speciation, and homeostasis. As a result, pH is one of the most commonly measured parameters in food safety, clinical, and environmental laboratories. Glass pH probes are the gold standard for pH measurements but suffer drawbacks including frequent recalibration, wet storage of the glass membrane, difficulty in miniaturization, and interferences from alkali metals. In this work, we describe a voltammetric pH sensor that uses a three-dimensional (3D)-printed graphene/poly(lactic acid) filament electrode that is pretreated to introduce quinone functional groups to the graphene surface. After thoroughly characterizing the pretreatment parameters using outer-sphere and inner-sphere redox couples, we measured pH by reducing the surface-bound quinones, which undergo a pH-dependent 2e-/2H+ reduction. The position of the redox peak was found to shift -60 ± 2 mV pH-1 at 25 °C, which is in excellent agreement with the theoretical value predicted by the Nernst Equation (-59.2 mV pH-1). Importantly, the sensors did not require the removal of dissolved oxygen prior to successful pH measurements. We investigated the impact of common interfering species (Pb2+ and Cu2+) and found that there was no impact on the measured pH. We subsequently challenged the sensors to measure the pH of unadulterated complex samples, including cola, vinegar, an antacid tablet slurry, serum, and urine, and obtained excellent agreement compared to a glass pH electrode. In addition to the positive analytical characteristics, the sensors are extremely cheap and easy to fabricate, making them highly accessible to a wide range of researchers. These results pave the way for customizable pH sensors that can be fabricated in (nearly) any geometry for targeted applications using 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakher M Rabboh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Glen D O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
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12
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Lucio AJ, Macpherson JV. Combined Voltammetric Measurement of pH and Free Chlorine Speciation Using a Micro-Spot sp2 Bonded Carbon–Boron Doped Diamond Electrode. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16072-16078. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Lucio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhu H, Hassan T, Kabir H, May J, Hamal K, Lopez R, Smith HJ, Nicholas NW, Sankaran P, McIlroy DN, Cheng IF. Voltammetric pH sensor based on electrochemically modified pseudo-graphite. Analyst 2020; 145:7252-7259. [PMID: 33164011 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01405b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A nanocrystalline graphite-like amorphous carbon (graphite from the University of Idaho thermolyzed asphalt reaction, GUITAR) shares morphological features with classical graphites, including basal and edge planes (BP, EP). However, unlike graphites and other sp2-hybridized carbons, GUITAR has fast heterogenous electron transfer (HET) across its basal planes, and resistance to corrosion similar to sp3-C and boron-doped diamond electrodes. In this contribution, quinoid modified BP-GUITAR (q-GUITAR) is examined as a sensor for pH determination. This modification is performed by applying 2.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 150 seconds followed by 15 cyclic voltammetric scans from -0.7 to 1.0 V at 50 mV s-1 in 1.0 M H2SO4. The quinoid surface coverage of q-GUITAR is 1.35 × 10-9 mol cm-2, as measured by cyclic voltammetry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis also confirms the high surface coverage. The quinoid surface concentration ranks highest in literature when compared with other basal plane graphitic materials. This yields a sensor that responds through a square wave voltammetric reduction peak shift of 63.3 mV per pH over a pH range from 0 to 11. The response on q-GUITAR is stable for >20 measurements and no surface re-activation is required between the measurements. The common interferents, Na+, K+ and dissolved oxygen, have no effect on the response of the q-GUITAR-based pH sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhu
- University of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 2343, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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14
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Polycrystalline boron-doped diamond-based electrochemical biosensor for simultaneous detection of dopamine and melatonin. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1135:73-82. [PMID: 33070861 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes with varied B contents are prepared to determine the feasibility of the direct usage of BDD as an electrochemical biosensor without any modification. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was investigated through the characterization of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for potassium ferricyanide/potassium ferrocyanide (K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6) redox couples, as well as through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the two biomolecules dopamine (DA) and melatonin (MLT). The results show that the B content of BDD is the primary parameter for controlling the electrocatalytic current, that is, the response sensitivity. However, the abundant crystal planes and low background current are the key factors in improving the selectivity of the biomarkers to identify multiple analytes. Considering the catalytic current and its ability to distinguish the biomolecules, BDD with a B source carrier gas flow rate of 18 sccm is used as the sensing electrode for the simultaneous detection of DA and MLT. The response peak potential difference reaches 500 mV, and the linear concentration range for the two analytes is 0.4-600 μM, with detection limits of 0.1 μM for DA and 0.003 μM for MLT. These results match those observed for electrochemical sensors modified by various sensitive materials. BDD electrodes show good chemical resistance, good stability, and no pollution and are suitable for long-term usage as biomarker sensors.
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15
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Sarakhman O, Švorc Ľ. A Review on Recent Advances in the Applications of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrochemical Sensors in Food Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:791-813. [PMID: 33028086 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1828028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The usage of boron-doped diamond (BDD) material has found to be very attractive in modern electroanalytical methods and received massive consideration as perspective electrochemical sensor due to its outstanding (electro)chemical properties. These generally known facilities include large potential window, low background currents, ability to withstand extreme potentials and strong tendency to resist fouling compared to conventional carbon-based electrodes. As evidence of superiority of this material, couple of reviews describing the overview of various applications of BDD electrodes in the field of analytical and material chemistry has been reported in scientific literature during last decade. However, herein proposed review predominantly focuses on the most recent developments (from 2009 to 2020) dealing with the application of BDD as an advanced and environmental-friendly sensor platform in food analysis. The main method characteristics of analysis of various organic food components with different chemical properties, including additives, flavor and aroma components, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and pesticides in food matrices are described in more details. The importance of BDD surface termination, presence of sp2 content and boron doping level on electrochemical sensing is discussed. Apart from this, a special attention is paid to the evaluation of main analytical characteristics of the BDD electrochemical sensor in single- and multi-analyte detection mode in food analysis. The recent achievements in the utilizing of BDD electrodes in amperometric detection coupled to flow injection analysis, batch injection analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography are also commented. Moreover, actual trends in sample preparation techniques prior to electrochemical sensing in food analysis are referred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Sarakhman
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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16
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Rajan TS, Read TL, Abdalla A, Patel BA, Macpherson JV. Ex Vivo Electrochemical pH Mapping of the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Absence and Presence of Pharmacological Agents. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2858-2865. [PMID: 32633120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo pH profiling of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract (of a mouse), using an electrochemical pH probe, in both the absence and presence of pharmacological agents aimed at altering acid/bicarbonate production, is reported. Three pH electrodes were first assessed for suitability using a GI tract biological mimic buffer solution containing 0.5% mucin. These include a traditional glass pH probe, an iridium oxide (IrOx)-coated electrode (both operated potentiometrically), and a quinone (Q) surface-integrated boron-doped diamond (BDD-Q) electrode (voltammetric). In mucin, the time scale for both IrOx and glass to provide a representative pH reading was in the ∼100's of s, most likely due to mucin adsorption, in contrast to 6 s with the BDD-Q electrode. Both the glass and IrOx pH electrodes were also compromised on robustness due to fragility and delamination (IrOx) issues; contact with the GI tissue was an experimental requirement. BDD-Q was deemed the most appropriate. Ten measurements were made along the GI tract, esophagus (1), stomach (5), and duodenum (4). Under buffer only conditions, the BDD-Q probe tracked the pH from neutral in the esophagus to acidic in the stomach and rising to more alkaline in the duodenum. In the presence of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, the body regions of the stomach exhibited elevated pH levels. Under melatonin treatment (a bicarbonate agonist and acid inhibitor), both the body of the stomach and the duodenum showed elevated pH levels. This study demonstrates the versatility of the BDD-Q pH electrode for real-time ex vivo biological tissue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena S. Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Diamond Science and Technology CDT, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tania L. Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Aya Abdalla
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Bhavik A. Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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17
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Lucio AJ, Meyler RE, Edwards MA, Macpherson JV. Investigation of sp 2-Carbon Pattern Geometry in Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for the Electrochemical Quantification of Hypochlorite at High Concentrations. ACS Sens 2020; 5:789-797. [PMID: 32041399 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor that contains patterned regions of sp2-carbon in a boron-doped diamond (BDD) matrix is presented for the quantitative detection of hypochlorite (OCl-) at high concentrations in the alkaline, chemically oxidizing environment associated with bleach. As BDD itself is unresponsive to OCl- reduction within the solvent window, by using a laser micromachining process, it is possible to write robust electrochemically active regions of sp2-carbon into the electrochemically inert sp3-BDD electrode. In this work, four different laser patterned BDD electrodes are examined, and their response compared across a range of OCl- concentrations (0.02-1.50 M). A single macrospot (0.37 mm diameter disk) electrode and a closely spaced microspot (46 μm diameter disk) hexagonal array electrode, containing the same surface area of sp2-carbon, are shown to provide the most linear response toward OCl- reduction. Finite element modeling (FEM) is employed to better understand the electrochemical system, due to the complexity of the electrode geometry, as well as the need to include contributions from migration and Ohmic drop at these high concentrations. FEM data suggest that only a small percentage (∼1 × 10-3%) of the total laser-machined sp2 area is active toward the OCl- reduction process and that this process is kinetically very sluggish (∼keff = 1 × 10-12 cm s-1). The sensitivity at the array electrode (-0.127 ± 0.004 mA M-1; R2 = 0.992) is higher than that at the single-spot electrode (-0.075 ± 0.002 mA M-1; R2 = 0.996) due to the enhanced effect of transport to the edges of the microspots, shown via simulation. The electrodes returned a relatively stable response over a greater than 3 month period of use in the OCl- solutions, demonstrating these hybrid sp2-BDD electrodes show promise for long-term monitoring applications in the harsh environments associated with bleaching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Lucio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Roy E.P. Meyler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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18
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Xu J, Yokota Y, Wong RA, Kim Y, Einaga Y. Unusual Electrochemical Properties of Low-Doped Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes Containing sp 2 Carbon. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2310-2316. [PMID: 31927922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected phenomena displayed by low-boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes are disclosed in the present work. Generally, the presence of sp2 nondiamond carbon impurities in BDD electrodes causes undesirable electrochemical properties, such as a reduced potential window and increased background current, etc. However, we found that the potential window and redox reaction in normally doped (1%) BDD and low-doped (0.1%) BDD exhibited opposite tendencies depending on the extent of sp2 carbon. Moreover, we found that contrary to the usual expectations, low-doped BDD containing sp2 carbon hinders electron transfer, whereas in line with expectations, normally doped BDD containing sp2 exhibits enhanced electron transfer. Surface analyses by X-ray/ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/UPS) and electrochemical methods are utilized to explain these unusual phenomena. This work indicates that the electrochemical properties of low-doped BDD containing sp2 might be due partially to the high level of surface oxygen, the large work function, the low carrier density, and the existence of different types of sp2 carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Raymond A Wong
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan.,ACCEL , JST , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
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19
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Zeng S, Wei Q, Long H, Meng L, Ma L, Cao J, Li H, Yu Z, Lin CT, Zhou K, Sharel Pei E. Annealing temperature regulating the dispersity and composition of nickel-carbon nanoparticles for enhanced glucose sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Simcox LJ, Pereira RPA, Wellington EMH, Macpherson JV. Boron Doped Diamond as a Low Biofouling Material in Aquatic Environments: Assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25024-25033. [PMID: 31260250 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD), given the robustness of the material, is becoming an electrode of choice for applications which require long-term electrochemical monitoring of analytes in aqueous environments. However, despite the extensive work in this area, there are no studies which directly assess the biofilm formation (biofouling) capabilities of the material, which is an essential consideration because biofouling often causes deterioration in the sensor performance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens linked to water-related diseases, with a strong capacity for forming biofilms on surfaces that are exposed to aquatic environments. In this study, we comparatively evaluate the biofouling capabilities of oxygen-terminated (O-)BDD against materials commonly employed as either the packaging or sensing element in water quality sensors, with an aim to identify factors which control biofilm formation on BDD. We assess the monospecies biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in two different growth media, Luria-Bertani, a high nutrient source and drinking water, a low nutrient source, at two different temperatures (20 and 37 °C). Multispecies biofilm formation is also investigated. The performance of O-BDD, when tested against all other materials, promotes the lowest extent of P. aeruginosa monospecies biofilm formation, even with corrections made for total surface area (roughness). Importantly, O-BDD shows the lowest water contact angle of all materials tested, that is, greatest hydrophilicity, strongly suggesting that for these bacterial species, the factors controlling the hydrophilicity of the surface are important in reducing bacterial adhesion. This was further proven by keeping the surface topography fixed and changing surface termination to hydrogen (H-), to produce a strongly hydrophobic surface. A noticeable increase in biofilm formation was found. Doping with boron also results in changes in hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity compared to the undoped counterpart, which in turn affects the bacterial growth. For practical electrochemical sensing applications in aquatic environments, this study highlights the extremely beneficial effects of employing smooth, O-terminated (hydrophilic) BDD electrodes.
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21
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Cobb SJ, Macpherson JV. Enhancing Square Wave Voltammetry Measurements via Electrochemical Analysis of the Non-Faradaic Potential Window. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7935-7942. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Diamond Science and Technology CDT, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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22
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Zielinski A, Cieslik M, Sobaszek M, Bogdanowicz R, Darowicki K, Ryl J. Multifrequency nanoscale impedance microscopy (m-NIM): A novel approach towards detection of selective and subtle modifications on the surface of polycrystalline boron-doped diamond electrodes. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 199:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Read TL, Cobb SJ, Macpherson JV. An sp 2 Patterned Boron Doped Diamond Electrode for the Simultaneous Detection of Dissolved Oxygen and pH. ACS Sens 2019; 4:756-763. [PMID: 30793885 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid sp2-sp3 electrochemical sensor comprising patterned regions of nondiamond-carbon (sp2) in a boron doped diamond (sp3) matrix is described for the simultaneous voltammetric detection of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in buffered aqueous solutions. Using a laser micropatterning process it is possible to write mechanically robust regions of sp2 carbon into a BDD electrode. These regions both promote the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen and facilitate the proton coupled electron transfer of quinone groups, integrated into the surface of the sp2 carbon. In this way, in one voltammetric sweep (time of measurement ∼4 s) it is possible to determine both the DO concentration and solution pH. By varying the sp2 pattern the response can be optimized toward both analytes. Using a closely spaced sp2 microspot array, a linear response toward DO, across the range 0.0 to 8.0 mg L-1 (0.0 to 0.25 mM; sensitivity = -8.77 × 10-8 A L mg-1, R2 = 0.9991) and pH range 4-10 (sensitivity = 59.7 mV pH-1, R2 = 0.9983) is demonstrated. The electrode is also capable of measuring both DO concentration and pH in the more complex buffered environment of blood. Finally, we show how the peak position for ORR is independent of pH, and thus via measurement of the difference in ORR and pH peak position, internal referencing is possible. Such electrodes show great promise for use in applications ranging from biomedical sensing to water analysis.
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24
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Takagi K, Natsui K, Watanabe T, Einaga Y. Increasing the Electric Double‐Layer Capacitance in Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Takagi
- Department of ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Keisuke Natsui
- Department of ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsAoyama Gakuin University 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku Sagamihara 252-5258 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
- JST-ACCEL 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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25
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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26
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Cobb SJ, Ayres ZJ, Newton ME, Macpherson JV. Deconvoluting Surface-Bound Quinone Proton Coupled Electron Transfer in Unbuffered Solutions: Toward a Universal Voltammetric pH Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:1035-1044. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Liu Z, Li H, Li M, Li C, Qian L, Su L, Yang B. Preparation of polycrystalline BDD/Ta electrodes for electrochemical oxidation of organic matter. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Fiorani A, Irkham, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Einaga Y. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence with Peroxydisulfate as a Coreactant Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12959-12963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- ICMATE-CNR Bologna Associate Unit, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
- JST-ACCEL, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
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29
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Thostenson JO, Mourouvin R, Hawkins BT, Ngaboyamahina E, Sellgren KL, Parker CB, Deshusses MA, Stoner BR, Glass JT. Improved blackwater disinfection using potentiodynamic methods with oxidized boron-doped diamond electrodes. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 140:191-199. [PMID: 29715643 PMCID: PMC5995412 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical disinfection (ECD) has become an important blackwater disinfection technology. ECD is a promising solution for the 2 billion people without access to conventional sanitation practices and in areas deficient in basic utilities (e.g., sewers, electricity, waste treatment). Here, we report on the disinfection of blackwater using potential cycling compared to potentiostatic treatment methods in chloride-containing and chloride-free solutions of blackwater (i.e., untreated wastewater containing feces, urine, and flushwater from a toilet). Potentiodynamic treatment is demonstrated to improve disinfection energy efficiency of blackwater by 24% and 124% compared to static oxidation and reduction methods, respectively. The result is shown to be caused by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOP) and regeneration of sp2-surface-bonded carbon functional groups that serve the dual purpose of catalysts and adsorption sites of oxidant intermediates. Following 24 h electrolysis in blackwater, electrode fouling is shown to be minimized by the potential cycling method when compared to equivalent potentiostatic methods. The potential cycling current density is 40% higher than both the static oxidative and reductive methods. This work enhances the understanding of oxygen reduction catalysts using functionalized carbon materials and electrochemical disinfection anodes, both of which have the potential to bring a cost-effective, energy efficient, and practical solution to the problem of disinfecting blackwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Thostenson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R Mourouvin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; École Centrale de Lyon, Écully, France
| | - B T Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - E Ngaboyamahina
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - K L Sellgren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - C B Parker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - M A Deshusses
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - B R Stoner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - J T Glass
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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30
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Cobb SJ, Ayres ZJ, Macpherson JV. Boron Doped Diamond: A Designer Electrode Material for the Twenty-First Century. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:463-484. [PMID: 29579405 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD) is continuing to find numerous electrochemical applications across a diverse range of fields due to its unique properties, such as having a wide solvent window, low capacitance, and reduced resistance to fouling and mechanical robustness. In this review, we showcase the latest developments in the BDD electrochemical field. These are driven by a greater understanding of the relationship between material (surface) properties, required electrochemical performance, and improvements in synthetic growth/fabrication procedures, including material postprocessing. This has resulted in the production of BDD structures with the required function and geometry for the application of interest, making BDD a truly designer material. Current research areas range from in vivo bioelectrochemistry and neuronal/retinal stimulation to improved electroanalysis, advanced oxidation processes, supercapacitors, and the development of hybrid electrochemical-spectroscopic- and temperature-based technology aimed at enhancing electrochemical performance and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
| | - Zoe J Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Julie V Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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31
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Thostenson JO, Ngaboyamahina E, Sellgren KL, Hawkins BT, Piascik JR, Klem EJD, Parker CB, Deshusses MA, Stoner BR, Glass JT. Enhanced H 2O 2 Production at Reductive Potentials from Oxidized Boron-Doped Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16610-16619. [PMID: 28471651 PMCID: PMC5437662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the surface chemistry of H2O2 generation on a boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (BD-UNCD) electrode. It is motivated by the need to efficiently disinfect liquid waste in resource constrained environments with limited electrical power. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify functional groups on the BD-UNCD electrode surfaces while the electrochemical potentials of generation for these functional groups were determined via cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry, and chronoamperometry. A colorimetric technique was employed to determine the concentration and current efficiency of H2O2 produced at different potentials. Results showed that preanodization of an as-grown BD-UNCD electrode can enhance the production of H2O2 in a strong acidic environment (pH 0.5) at reductive potentials. It is proposed that the electrogeneration of functional groups at oxidative potentials during preanodization allows for an increased current density during the successive electrolysis at reductive potentials that correlates to an enhanced production of H2O2. Through potential cycling methods, and by optimizing the applied potentials and duty cycle, the functional groups can be stabilized allowing continuous production of H2O2 more efficiently compared to static potential methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O. Thostenson
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Edgard Ngaboyamahina
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Katelyn L. Sellgren
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian T. Hawkins
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Piascik
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ethan J. D. Klem
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Charles B. Parker
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Marc A. Deshusses
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Brian R. Stoner
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Glass
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- E-mail:
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32
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Quinone electrochemistry for the comparative assessment of sp 2 surface content of boron doped diamond electrodes. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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