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Park H, Park JH. Electrochemical Characterization of Neurotransmitters in a Single Submicron Droplet. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:102. [PMID: 38392021 PMCID: PMC10886559 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry, which employs electrolysis during the collision of single particles on ultramicroelectrodes, has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, enabling the observation and characterization of individual particles. Information on a single aqueous droplet (e.g., size) can also be studied based on the redox species contained therein. Dopamine, a redox-active neurotransmitter, is usually present in intracellular vesicles. Similarly, in the current study, the electrochemical properties of neurotransmitters in submicron droplets were investigated. Because dopamine oxidation is accompanied by proton transfer, unique electrochemical properties of dopamine were observed in the droplet. We also investigated the electrochemical properties of the adsorbed droplets containing DA and the detection of oxidized dopamine by the recollision phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhang H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. A review of innovative electrochemical strategies for bioactive molecule detection and cell imaging: Current advances and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:341920. [PMID: 38057043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity poses a major challenge for tumor theranostics, requiring high-resolution intercellular bioanalysis strategies. Over the past decades, the advantages of electrochemical analysis, such as high sensitivity, good spatio-temporal resolution, and ease of use, have made it the preferred method to uncover cellular differences. To inspire more creative research, herein, we highlight seminal works in electrochemical techniques for biomolecule analysis and bioimaging. Specifically, micro/nano-electrode-based electrochemical techniques enable real-time quantitative analysis of electroactive substances relevant to life processes in the micro-nanostructure of cells and tissues. Nanopore-based technique plays a vital role in biosensing by utilizing nanoscale pores to achieve high-precision detection and analysis of biomolecules with exceptional sensitivity and single-molecule resolution. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology is utilized for real-time monitoring of the behavior and features of individual cancer cells, enabling observation of their dynamic processes due to its capability of providing high-resolution and highly sensitive bioimaging of cells. Particularly, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) which are widely used in real-time observation of cell surface biological processes and three-dimensional imaging of micro-nano structures, such as metabolic activity, ion channel activity, and cell morphology are introduced in this review. Furthermore, the expansion of the scope of cellular electrochemistry research by innovative functionalized electrodes and electrochemical imaging models and strategies to address future challenges and potential applications is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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3
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Lu X, Bao J, Wei Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Wu J. Emerging Roles of Microrobots for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Biosensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2902. [PMID: 37947746 PMCID: PMC10650336 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
To meet the increasing needs of point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis and daily health monitoring, numerous cutting-edge techniques have emerged to upgrade current portable biosensors with higher sensitivity, smaller size, and better intelligence. In particular, due to the controlled locomotion characteristics in the micro/nano scale, microrobots can effectively enhance the sensitivity of biosensors by disrupting conventional passive diffusion into an active enrichment during the test. In addition, microrobots are ideal to create biosensors with functions of on-demand delivery, transportation, and multi-objective detections with the capability of actively controlled motion. In this review, five types of portable biosensors and their integration with microrobots are critically introduced. Microrobots can enhance the detection signal in fluorescence intensity and surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection via the active enrichment. The existence and quantity of detection substances also affect the motion state of microrobots for the locomotion-based detection. In addition, microrobots realize the indirect detection of the bio-molecules by functionalizing their surfaces in the electrochemical current and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy detections. We pay a special focus on the roles of microrobots with active locomotion to enhance the detection performance of portable sensors. At last, perspectives and future trends of microrobots in biosensing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jinhui Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
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4
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Moon H, Park JH. Electrochemical Analysis of Attoliter Water Droplets in Organic Solutions through Partitioning Equilibrium. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2157. [PMID: 36850752 PMCID: PMC9959340 DOI: 10.3390/s23042157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the electrochemical monitoring of attoliters of water droplets in an organic medium by the electrolysis of an extracted redox species from the continuous phase upon collisional events on an ultramicroelectrode. To obtain information about a redox-free water droplet in an organic solvent, redox species with certain concentrations need to be contained inside it. The redox species inside the droplet were delivered by a partitioning equilibrium between the organic phase and the water droplets. The mass transfer of the redox species from the surrounding organic phase to the droplet is very fast because of the radial diffusion, which resultantly establishes the equilibrium. Upon the collisional contact between the droplet and the electrode, the extracted redox species in the water droplets were selectively electrolyzed, even though the redox species in the organic continuous phase remained unreacted because of the different solvent environments. The electrolysis of the redox species in the droplets, where the concentration is determined by the equilibrium constant of the redox species in water/oil, can be used to estimate the size of single water droplets in an organic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-2287; Fax: +82-43-267-2279
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Janoušek J, Rybáček J, Buděšínský M, Pospíšil L, Stará IG, Starý I. Electrochemistry of Tetrathiafulvalene Ligands Assembled on the Surface of Gold Nanoparticles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217639. [PMID: 36364465 PMCID: PMC9659269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative, S-[4-({4-[(2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiol-4-ylmethoxy)methyl] phenyl}ethynyl)phenyl] ethanethioate, suitable for the modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), is described in this article. The TTF ligand was self-assembled on the AuNP surface through ligand exchange, starting from dodecanethiol-stabilized AuNPs. The resulting modified AuNPs were characterized by TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. The most suitable electrochemical method was the phase-sensitive AC voltammetry at very low frequencies of the sine-wave perturbation. The results indicate a diminishing electronic communication between the two equivalent redox centers of TTF and also intermolecular donor–acceptor interactions manifested by an additional oxidation wave upon attachment of the ligand to AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoušek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Rybáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Pospíšil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (I.S.)
| | - Irena G. Stará
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Starý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (I.S.)
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6
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Manyepedza T, Courtney JM, Snowden A, Jones CR, Rees NV. Impact Electrochemistry of MoS 2: Electrocatalysis and Hydrogen Generation at Low Overpotentials. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:17942-17951. [PMID: 36330166 PMCID: PMC9619928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
MoS2 materials have been extensively studied as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. In this study nanoparticulate MoS2 is explored as a HER catalyst through impact voltammetry. The onset potential was found to be -0.10 V (vs RHE) at pH 2, which was confirmed to be due to HER by scale-up of the impact experiment to generate and collect a sufficient volume of the gas to enable its identification as hydrogen via gas chromatography. This is in contrast to electrodeposited MoS2, which was found to be stable in pH 2 sulfuric acid solution with an onset potential of -0.29 V (vs RHE), in good agreement with literature. XPS was used to categorize the materials and confirm the chemical composition of both nanoparticles and electrodeposits, with XRD used to analyze the crystal structure of the nanoparticles. The early onset of HER was postulated from kinetic analysis to be due to the presence of nanoplatelets of about 1-3 trilayers participating in the impact reactions, and AFM imaging confirmed the presence of these platelets.
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7
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Gao H, Xu J, Liu C, Wang F, Sun H, Wang Q, Zhou M. Precise Polishing and Electrochemical Applications of Quartz Nanopipette-Based Carbon Nanoelectrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14092-14098. [PMID: 36191159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quartz nanopipette-based carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) have attracted extensive attention in nanoscale electrochemistry due to their simple and efficient fabrication, chemically inert materials, flexible size (down to a few nanometers), and ultrathin insulating encapsulation. However, these pristine CNEs usually have significantly irregular morphology on the surface, which greatly limits the applications where inlaid nanodisks are urgently needed. To address this critical issue, we have developed a new precise polishing strategy using paraffin coating protection (i.e., avoiding breakage of quartz materials) and real-time monitoring with a high impedance meter (i.e., indicating electrode exposure) to produce flat carbon nanodisk electrodes. The surface flatness of polished CNEs has been confirmed by a combination of scanning electron microscopy, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. As compared to the expensive focused ion beam processing, this strategy is competitive in terms of the low cost and availability of the equipment and enables the preparation of polished CNEs with sufficiently small size. The flattened CNEs have been exemplified for grafting molecular catalysts to achieve the durable catalysis of reactive molecules or for immobilizing single-particle electrocatalysts to measure the intrinsic activity under sufficient mass-transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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8
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Jing C, Long Y. Observing electrochemistry on single plasmonic nanoparticles. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jing
- Department of Hydrogen Technique Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Shanghai P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing P. R. China
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Chen Q, Zhao J, Deng X, Shan Y, Peng Y. Single-Entity Electrochemistry of Nano- and Microbubbles in Electrolytic Gas Evolution. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6153-6163. [PMID: 35762985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gas bubbles are found in diverse electrochemical processes, ranging from electrolytic water splitting to chlor-alkali electrolysis, as well as photoelectrochemical processes. Understanding the intricate influence of bubble evolution on the electrode processes and mass transport is key to the rational design of efficient devices for electrolytic energy conversion and thus requires precise measurement and analysis of individual gas bubbles. In this Perspective, we review the latest advances in single-entity measurement of gas bubbles on electrodes, covering the approaches of voltammetric and galvanostatic studies based on nanoelectrodes, probing bubble evolution using scanning probe electrochemistry with spatial information, and monitoring the transient nature of nanobubble formation and dynamics with opto-electrochemical imaging. We emphasize the intrinsic and quantitative physicochemical interpretation of single gas bubbles from electrochemical data, highlighting the fundamental understanding of the heterogeneous nucleation, dynamic state of the three-phase boundary, and the correlation between electrolytic bubble dynamics and nanocatalyst activities. In addition, a brief discussion of future perspectives is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoli Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yun Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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10
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Polat EO, Cetin MM, Tabak AF, Bilget Güven E, Uysal BÖ, Arsan T, Kabbani A, Hamed H, Gül SB. Transducer Technologies for Biosensors and Their Wearable Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060385. [PMID: 35735533 PMCID: PMC9221076 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
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11
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Steady-state voltammetric characterization and simulation-aided study of the mass transfer enhancement at conical W/WO2 ultramicroelectrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Modern applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy in the analysis of electrocatalytic surface reactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Wu Y, Jamali S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Next generation nanoelectrochemistry: the fundamental advances needed for applications. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:10-32. [PMID: 34874385 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry, where electrochemical processes are controlled and investigated with nanoscale resolution, is gaining more and more attention because of the many potential applications in energy and sensing and the fact that there is much to learn about fundamental electrochemical processes when we explore them at the nanoscale. The development of instrumental methods that can explore the heterogeneity of electrochemistry occurring across an electrode surface, monitoring single molecules or many single nanoparticles on a surface simultaneously, have been pivotal in giving us new insights into nanoscale electrochemistry. Equally important has been the ability to synthesise or fabricate nanoscale entities with a high degree of control that allows us to develop nanoscale devices. Central to the latter has been the incredible advances in nanomaterial synthesis where electrode materials with atomic control over electrochemically active sites can be achieved. After introducing nanoelectrochemistry, this paper focuses on recent developments in two major application areas of nanoelectrochemistry; electrocatalysis and using single entities in sensing. Discussion of the developments in these two application fields highlights some of the advances in the fundamental understanding of nanoelectrochemical systems really driving these applications forward. Looking into our nanocrystal ball, this paper then highlights: the need to understand the impact of nanoconfinement on electrochemical processes, the need to measure many single entities, the need to develop more sophisticated ways of treating the potentially large data sets from measuring such many single entities, the need for more new methods for characterising nanoelectrochemical systems as they operate and the need for material synthesis to become more reproducible as well as possess more nanoscale control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Sina Jamali
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry and Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Khusnuriyalova AF, Caporali M, Hey‐Hawkins E, Sinyashin OG, Yakhvarov DG. Preparation of Cobalt Nanoparticles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliya F. Khusnuriyalova
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University Kremlyovskaya 18 420008 Kazan Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzov Street 8 420088 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Maria Caporali
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM) Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Evamarie Hey‐Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Leipzig University Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Oleg G. Sinyashin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzov Street 8 420088 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry G. Yakhvarov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University Kremlyovskaya 18 420008 Kazan Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzov Street 8 420088 Kazan Russian Federation
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15
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Bentley CL. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy for the study of (nano)particle electrochemistry: From the sub‐particle to ensemble level. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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16
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Liu R, Shen X, Wang D. Electrochemical Collision of Single Silver Nanoparticles in Carbon Nanopipettes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7394-7398. [PMID: 33978403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the electrochemical collision features at nanoelectrodes is highly desirable for revealing new physical insights and further expanding its applications at smaller spaces. Herein, we study the collision processes of single silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) inside carbon nanopipettes (CNPs). Results show that AgNPs undergo multiple collision and oxidation processes prior to fully oxidation after entering into the CNPs. Different from the disk electrodes, the produced Ag+ cannot immediately diffuse away from the cavity and will be reduced once switching to reductive potentials. More intriguingly, we observe discrete cathodic spikes from the Ag+ reduction, which are presumably due to the negatively charged carbon surface confined in the CNPs. The elucidated collision features in a CNP would enable its better usage for single entity measurements at confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Shen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
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17
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Lin M, Zhou Y, Bu L, Bai C, Tariq M, Wang H, Han J, Huang X, Zhou X. Single-Nanoparticle Coulometry Method with High Sensitivity and High Throughput to Study the Electrochemical Activity and Oscillation of Single Nanocatalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007302. [PMID: 33719172 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To explore nanocatalysts with high electro-catalytic performance and less loading of precious metals, efforts have been made to develop electrochemical methods with high spatial resolution at the single nanoparticle level. Herein, a highly sensitive single-nanoparticle coulometry method is successfully developed to study the electrochemical activity and oscillation of single PtTe nanocatalysts. Based on microbattery reactions involving the formic acid electro-oxidation and the deposition of Ag on the single PtTe nanocatalyst surface, this method enables the transition from the undetectable sub-fA electric signal of the formic acid electro-oxidation into strong localized surface plasmon resonance scattering signal of Ag detected by dark-field microscopy. The lowest limiting current for a single nanocatalyst is found to be as low as 25.8 aA. Different trends of activity versus the formic acid concentration and types of activity of the single nanocatalyst have been discovered. Unveiled frequency-amplitude graph shows that the two electrochemical oscillation modes of low frequency with high amplitude and vice versa coexist in a single PtTe nanocatalyst, indicating the abundantly smooth surfaces and defects of nanocatalysts. This conducted study will open up the new avenue for further behavioral and mechanistic investigation of more types of nanocatalysts in the electrochemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Lin
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yingke Zhou
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lingzheng Bu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chuang Bai
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jinli Han
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhou
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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18
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Nanogap dielectrophoresis combined with buffer exchange for detecting protein binding to trapped bioparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Ren H, Edwards MA. Stochasticity in Single-Entity Electrochemistry. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021; 25:100632. [PMID: 33102927 PMCID: PMC7584144 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most electrochemical processes are stochastic and discrete in nature. Yet experimental observables, e.g., i vs E, are typically smooth and deterministic, due to many events/processes, e.g., electron transfers, being averaged together. However, when the number of entities measured approaches a few or even one, stochasticity frequently emerges. Yet all is not lost! Probabilistic and statistical interpretation can generate insights matching or superseding those from macroscale/ensemble measurements, revealing phenomena that were hitherto averaged over. Herein, we review recent literature examples of stochastic processes in single-entity electrochemistry, highlighting strategies for interpreting stochasticity, contrasting them with macroscale measurements, and describing the insights generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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20
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Zong C, Zhang C, Lin P, Yin J, Bai Y, Lin H, Ren B, Cheng JX. Real-time imaging of surface chemical reactions by electrochemical photothermal reflectance microscopy. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1930-1936. [PMID: 34163957 PMCID: PMC8179047 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional electrochemical measurements based on either current or potential responses only present the average contribution of an entire electrode's surface. Here, we present an electrochemical photothermal reflectance microscope (EPRM) in which a potential-dependent nonlinear photothermal signal is exploited to map an electrochemical process with sub-micron spatial resolution. By using EPRM, we are able to monitor the photothermal signal of a Pt electrode during the electrochemical reaction at an imaging speed of 0.3 s per frame. The potential-dependent photothermal signal, which is sensitive to the free electron density, clearly revealed the evolution of surface species on the Pt surface. Our results agreed well with the reported spectroelectrochemical techniques under similar conditions but with a much faster imaging speed. We further mapped the potential oscillation during the oxidation of formic acid on the Pt surface. The photothermal images from the Pt electrode well matched the potential change. This technique opens new prospects for real-time imaging of surface chemical reaction to reveal the heterogeneity of electrochemical reactivity, which enables broad applications to the study of catalysis, energy storage, and light harvest systems. The potential-dependent photothermal signal, which is sensitive to the free electron density, map the evolution of surface species on the electrode in real time. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA .,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Jiaze Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Yeran Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Haonan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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21
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Roehrich B, Sepunaru L. Nanoimpacts at Active and Partially Active Electrodes: Insights and Limitations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19184-19192. [PMID: 32745310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While the electrochemical nanoimpact technique has recently emerged as a method of studying single entities, it is limited by requirement of a catalytically active particle impacting an inert electrode. We show that an active particle-active electrode can provide mechanistic insight into electrochemical reactions. When an individual Pt electrocatalyst adsorbs to the surface of a partially active electrode, further reduction of electrode-produced species can proceed on the nanocatalyst. Current transients obtained during hydrogen evolution allow simultaneous measurement of the Pt catalyst over different length scales, size dependency suggests H atom intercalation as a catalytic deactivation mechanism. Although results show that outer-sphere redox probes are unproductive for particle characterization, the breadth of inner-sphere electrochemical reactions makes this a promising method for understanding the properties of catalytic nanomaterials, one at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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22
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Roehrich B, Sepunaru L. Nanoimpacts at Active and Partially Active Electrodes: Insights and Limitations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232 Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232 Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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23
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Ai Q, Jin L, Gong Z, Liang F. Observing Host-Guest Interactions at Molecular Interfaces by Monitoring the Electrochemical Current. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10581-10585. [PMID: 32426616 PMCID: PMC7227043 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) molecules have triggered renewed interest because of their outstanding capabilities as host molecules to selectively interact with a wide range of small guest molecules. Here, CB[7]-based host-guest interactions were investigated for a guest-modified nanoelectrode by monitoring the electrochemical current. A ferrocene (Fc)-terminated molecule immobilized on a gold nanoelectrode (GNE) showed suitable affinity with CB[7] when the effective exposing area of the GNE was between 5.3 and 12 μm2 and the bias applied on the GNE was -500 mV. Monitoring the dynamics of nanoparticles (NPs) on a nanoelectrode provides new insights into the host-guest interactions at molecular interfaces.
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24
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Hao R, Fan Y, Anderson TJ, Zhang B. Imaging Single Nanobubbles of H 2 and O 2 During the Overall Water Electrolysis with Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3682-3688. [PMID: 32024359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the preparation and use of a thin metal film modified Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrode as a highly conductive, transparent, and electrocatalytically active electrode material for studying nanobubbles generated at the electrode/solution interface. Hydrogen and oxygen nanobubbles were generated from water electrolysis on the surface of a Au/Pd alloy modified ITO electrode. The formation of single H2 and O2 nanobubbles was imaged in real time during a potential scan using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that while O2 nanobubbles can be detected at an early stage in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the formation of H2 nanobubbles requires a significant overpotential. Our study shows that thin-film-coated ITO electrodes are simple to make and can be useful electrode substrates for (single molecule) spectroelectrochemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Todd J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
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25
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Breisch M, Loza K, Pappert K, Rostek A, Rurainsky C, Tschulik K, Heggen M, Epple M, Tiller JC, Schildhauer TA, Köller M, Sengstock C. Enhanced dissolution of silver nanoparticles in a physical mixture with platinum nanoparticles based on the sacrificial anode effect. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:055703. [PMID: 31618711 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4e48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to reduce implant-related infections is the inhibition of the initial bacterial implant colonization by biomaterials containing silver (Ag). The antimicrobial efficacy of such biomaterials can be increased by surface enhancement (nanosilver) or by creating a sacrificial anode system for Ag. Such a system will lead to an electrochemically driven enhanced Ag ion release due to the presence of a more noble metal. Here we combined the enlarged surface of nanoparticles (NP) with a possible sacrificial anode effect for Ag induced by the presence of the electrochemically more noble platinum (Pt) in physical mixtures of Ag NP and Pt NP dispersions. These Ag NP/Pt NP mixtures were compared to the same amounts of pure Ag NP in terms of cell biological responses, i.e. the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as the viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). In addition, Ag NP was analyzed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the dissolution rate of Ag NP was enhanced in the presence of Pt NP within the physical mixture compared to a dispersion of pure Ag NP. Dissolution experiments revealed a fourfold increased Ag ion release from physical mixtures due to enhanced electrochemical activity, which resulted in a significantly increased toxicity towards both bacteria and hMSC. Thus, our results provide evidence for an underlying sacrificial anode mechanism induced by the presence of Pt NP within physical mixtures with Ag NP. Such physical mixtures have a high potential for various applications, for example as antimicrobial implant coatings in the biomedicine or as bactericidal systems for water and surface purification in the technical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Breisch
- BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum/Surgical Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
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26
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Hao R, Peng Z, Zhang B. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy for Probing the Electrochemical Interface. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:89-97. [PMID: 31956755 PMCID: PMC6963970 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical interface is an ultrathin interfacial region between the electrode and solution where electrochemical reactions occur. The study of the electrochemical interface continues to be one of the most exciting directions in modern electrochemistry research. Much of our existing knowledge about the electrochemical interface comes from ensemble measurements and ex situ imaging of the electrode surface. Due to its enormous complexity and highly dynamic nature, however, new imaging tools that can probe the interface in situ with ultrahigh spatial and temporal resolution and single-molecule sensitivity are apparently needed. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) has emerged as a powerful tool that is uniquely suited for studying the electrochemical interface. In this mini-review, we first give a brief overview of various existing SMFM methods for studying electrochemical problems. We then discuss several exciting research topics involving the use of SMFM methods for studying surface-immobilized molecules, single freely diffusing molecules, single molecules as catalytic reaction indicators, and single-molecule labeling and imaging of interfacial nanobubbles. We anticipate that we will continue to see a rapid increase in publications on stochastic electrochemistry of single molecules and nanoparticles. The increased use of SMFM will likely bring new information to our study of the electrochemical interface.
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27
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Su B. Spatially resolved electrochemistry enabled by thin-film optical interference. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12359-12362. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05265e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions occurring on the local surface can be spatially resolved by successive interferometric imaging of the nanochannel membrane coated electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
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28
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Wang L, Schmid M, Sambur JB. Single nanoparticle photoelectrochemistry: What is next? J Chem Phys 2019; 151:180901. [PMID: 31731844 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor photoelectrochemistry is a fascinating field that deals with the chemistry and physics of photodriven reactions at solid/liquid interfaces. The interdisciplinary field attracts (electro)chemists, materials scientists, spectroscopists, and theorists to study fundamental and applied problems such as carrier dynamics at illuminated electrode/electrolyte interfaces and solar energy conversion to electricity or chemical fuels. In the pursuit of practical photoelectrochemical energy conversion systems, researchers are exploring inexpensive, solution-processed semiconductor nanomaterials as light absorbers. Harnessing the enormous potential of nanomaterials for energy conversion applications requires a fundamental understanding of charge carrier generation, separation, transport, and interfacial charge transfer at heterogeneous nanoscale interfaces. Our current understanding of these processes is derived mainly from ensemble-average measurements of nanoparticle electrodes that report on the average behavior of trillions of nanoparticles. Ensemble-average measurements conceal how nanoparticle heterogeneity (e.g., differences in particle size, shape, and surface structure) contributes to the overall photoelectrochemical response. This perspective article focuses on the emerging area of single particle photoelectrochemistry, which has opened up an exciting new frontier: direct investigations of photodriven reactions on individual nanomaterials, with the ability to elucidate the role of particle-dependent properties on the photoelectrochemical behavior. Here, we (1) review the basic principles of photoelectrochemical cells, (2) point out the potential advantages and differences between bulk and nanoelectrodes, (3) introduce approaches to single nanoparticle photoelectrochemistry and highlight key findings, and (4) provide our perspective on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Merranda Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Justin B Sambur
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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29
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Wang X, Han L, Xin H, Mirkin MV. TEM-Assisted Fabrication of Sub-10 nm Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Tips. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15355-15359. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Lili Han
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Huolin Xin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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30
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Aarts M, Alarcon-Llado E. Directed nanoscale metal deposition by the local perturbation of charge screening at the solid-liquid interface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18619-18627. [PMID: 31584050 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and directing electrochemical reactions below the micrometer scale is a long-standing challenge in electrochemistry. Confining reactions to nanoscale areas paradoxically requires both isolation from and communication with the bulk electrolyte in terms of electrochemical potential and access of ions, respectively. Here, we demonstrate the directed electrochemical deposition of copper nanostructures by using an oscillating nanoelectrode operated with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Strikingly, the writing is only possible in highly dilute electrolytes and for a particular combination of AFM and electrochemical parameters. We propose a mechanism based on cyclic charging and discharging of the electrical double layer (EDL). The extended screening length and slower charge dynamics in dilute electrolytes allow the nanoelectrode to operate inside, and disturb, the EDL even for large oscillation amplitudes (∼100 nm). Our unique approach can not only be used for controlled additive nano-fabrication but also provides insights into ion behavior and EDL dynamics at the solid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Aarts
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Amolf, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Esther Alarcon-Llado
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Amolf, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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31
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Optical methods for studying local electrochemical reactions with spatial resolution: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Edwards MA, Robinson DA, Ren H, Cheyne CG, Tan CS, White HS. Nanoscale electrochemical kinetics & dynamics: the challenges and opportunities of single-entity measurements. Faraday Discuss 2019; 210:9-28. [PMID: 30264833 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00134k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanoscale electrochemistry since the mid-1980s has been predominately coupled with steady-state voltammetric (i-E) methods. This research has been driven by the desire to understand the mechanisms of very fast electrochemical reactions, by electroanalytical measurements in small volumes and unusual media, including in vivo measurements, and by research on correlating electrocatalytic activity, e.g., O2 reduction reaction, with nanoparticle size and structure. Exploration of the behavior of nanoelectrochemical structures (nanoelectrodes, nanoparticles, nanogap cells, etc.) of a characteristic dimension λ using steady-state i-E methods generally relies on the well-known relationship, λ2 ∼ Dt, which relates diffusional lengths to time, t, through the coefficient, D. Decreasing λ, by performing measurements at a nanometric length scales, results in a decrease in the effective timescale of the measurement, and provides a direct means to probe the kinetics of steps associated with very rapid electrochemical reactions. For instance, steady-state voltammetry using a nanogap twin-electrode cell of characteristic width, λ ∼ 10 nm, allows investigations of events occurring at timescales on the order of ∼100 ns. Among many other advantages, decreasing λ also increases spatial resolution in electrochemical imaging, e.g., in scanning electrochemical microscopy, and allows probing of the electric double layer. This Introductory Lecture traces the evolution and driving forces behind the "λ2 ∼ Dt" steady-state approach to nanoscale electrochemistry, beginning in the late 1950s with the introduction of the rotating ring-disk electrode and twin-electrode thin-layer cells, and evolving to current-day investigations using nanoelectrodes, scanning nanocells for imaging, nanopores, and nanoparticles. The recent focus on so-called "single-entity" electrochemistry, in which individual and very short redox events are probed, is a significant departure from the steady-state approach, but provides new opportunities to probe reaction dynamics. The stochastic nature of very fast single-entity events challenges current electrochemical methods and modern electronics, as illustrated using recent experiments from the authors' laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA.
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33
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Patrice FT, Qiu K, Ying YL, Long YT. Single Nanoparticle Electrochemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:347-370. [PMID: 31018101 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental techniques to monitor and visualize the behaviors of single nanoparticles have not only revealed the significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity of those individuals, which are hidden in ensemble methods, but more importantly, they have also enabled researchers to elucidate the origin of such heterogeneity. In pursuing the intrinsic structure-function relations of single nanoparticles, the recently developed stochastic collision approach demonstrated some early promise. However, it was later realized that the appropriate sizing of a single nanoparticle by an electrochemical method could be far more challenging than initially expected owing to the dynamic motion of nanoparticles in electrolytes and complex charge-transfer characteristics at electrode surfaces. This clearly indicates a strong necessity to integrate single nanoparticle electrochemistry with high-resolution optical microscopy. Hence, this review aims to give a timely update of the latest progress for both electrochemically sensing and seeing single nanoparticles. A major focus is on collision-based measurements, where nanoparticles or single entities in solution impact on a collector electrode and the electrochemical response is recorded. These measurements are further enhanced with optical measurements in parallel. For completeness, advances in other related methods for single nanoparticle electrochemistry are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fato Tano Patrice
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
| | - Kaipei Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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34
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Xu M, Zhang Y, Wang K, Mao J, Ji W, Qiu W, Feng T, Zhang M, Mao L. Nanoskiving fabrication of size-controlled Au nanowire electrodes for electroanalysis. Analyst 2019; 144:2914-2921. [PMID: 30912775 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00122k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoskiving, benefiting from its simple operation and high reproducibility, is a promising method to fabricate nanometer-size electrodes. In this work, we report the fabrication of Au nanowire electrodes with different shapes and well-controlled sizes through nanoskiving. Au nanowire block electrodes, membrane electrodes and tip electrodes are prepared with good reproducibility. Steady-state cyclic voltammograms (CVs) demonstrate that all these electrodes behave well as nanoband ultramicroelectrodes. A fast heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant can be extracted reliably from steady-state CVs at various size Au nanowire block electrodes by the Koutecký-Levich (K-L) method. The Au nanowire membrane electrodes demonstrate good sensitivity toward the oxidation of catecholamine and could monitor catecholamine released from rat adrenal chromaffin cells stimulated by high K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinpeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Wanling Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Taotao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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35
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Qiu K, Fato TP, Wang PY, Long YT. Real-time monitoring of electrochemical reactions on single nanoparticles by dark-field and Raman microscopy. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3809-3814. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dark-field and Raman microscopy to probe the single NP electrochemistry in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipei Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Tano Patrice Fato
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Pei-Yao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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36
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Rano S, Laberty-Robert C, Ngo K, Sánchez-Sánchez CM, Vivier V. Characterization of LiCoO2 nanoparticle suspensions by single collision events. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5416-5423. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transient electrochemical experiments associated with the collisions between hydrothermally synthesized LiCoO2 (LCO) nanoparticles/aggregates of different sizes and a polarized gold ultramicroelectrode (UME) were used as a new additive-free analytical tool applied to characterize Li ion insertion compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rano
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques
- Paris
- France
| | - Christel Laberty-Robert
- Sorbonne Université
- Collège de France
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée Paris
- F-75005 Paris
- France
| | - Kieu Ngo
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques
- Paris
- France
| | | | - Vincent Vivier
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques
- Paris
- France
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37
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Rivera JF, Sridharan SV, Nolan JK, Miloro SA, Alam MA, Rickus JL, Janes DB. Real-time characterization of uptake kinetics of glioblastoma vs. astrocytes in 2D cell culture using microelectrode array. Analyst 2018; 143:4954-4966. [PMID: 30225487 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular measurement of uptake/release kinetics and associated concentration dependencies provides mechanistic insight into the underlying biochemical processes. Due to the recognized importance of preserving the natural diffusion processes within the local microenvironment, measurement approaches which provide uptake rate and local surface concentration of adherent cells in static media are needed. This paper reports a microelectrode array device and a methodology to measure uptake kinetics as a function of cell surface concentration in adherent 2D cell cultures in static fluids. The microelectrode array simultaneously measures local concentrations at five positions near the cell surface in order to map the time-dependent concentration profile which in turn enables determination of surface concentrations and uptake rates, via extrapolation to the cell plane. Hydrogen peroxide uptake by human astrocytes (normal) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM43, cancer) was quantified for initial concentrations of 20 to 500 μM over time intervals of 4000 s. For both cell types, the overall uptake rate versus surface concentration relationships exhibited non-linear kinetics, well-described by a combination of linear and Michaelis-Menten mechanisms and in agreement with the literature. The GBM43 cells showed a higher uptake rate over the full range of concentrations, primarily due to a larger linear component. Diffusion-reaction models using the non-linear parameters and standard first-order relationships are compared. In comparison to results from typical volumetric measurements, the ability to extract both uptake rate and surface concentration in static media provides kinetic parameters that are better suited for developing reaction-diffusion models to adequately describe behavior in more complex culture/tissue geometries. The results also highlight the need for characterization of the uptake rate over a wider range of cell surface concentrations in order to evaluate the potential therapeutic role of hydrogen peroxide in cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Rivera
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter E. Oomen
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Mohaddeseh A. Aref
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim Kaya
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- University of Göttingen Medical Center, Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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39
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Ino K, Yokokawa Y, Taira N, Suda A, Kunikata R, Nashimoto Y, Matsue T, Shiku H. Electrochemical Imaging of Cell Activity in Hydrogels Embedded in Grid-shaped Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Using a Large-scale Integration-based Amperometric Device. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:39-43. [PMID: 30270260 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdp01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering requires analytical methods to monitor cell activity in hydrogels. Here, we present a method for the electrochemical imaging of cell activity in hydrogels embedded in printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. Because a structure made of only hydrogel is fragile, PCL frameworks are used as a support material. A grid-shaped PCL was fabricated using an excluder printer. Photocured hydrogels containing cells were set at each grid hole, and cell activity was monitored using a large-scale integration-based amperometric device. The electrochemical device contains 400 microelectrodes for biomolecule detection, such as dissolved oxygen and enzymatic products. As proof of the concept, alkaline phosphatase and respiration activities of embryonic stem cells in the hydrogels were electrochemically monitored. The results indicate that the electrochemical imaging is useful for evaluating cells in printed scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Yuki Yokokawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Noriko Taira
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | | | | | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhil Raveendran
- Pollard Institute School of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Lee
- Pollard Institute School of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Wälti
- Pollard Institute School of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Actis
- Pollard Institute School of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
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41
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Li P, He Q, Liu H, Liu Y, Su J, Tian N, Zhan D. Collision Incidents of Single Tetrahexahedral Platinum Nanocrystals Recorded by a Carbon Nanoelectrode. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Quanfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hai‐Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yunhua Liu
- National CAD Support Software Engineering Research CenterHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jian‐Jia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Na Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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42
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Andreescu D, Kirk KA, Narouei FH, Andreescu S. Electroanalytic Aspects of Single‐Entity Collision Methods for Bioanalytical and Environmental Applications. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699-5810 USA
| | - Kevin A. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699-5810 USA
| | | | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699-5810 USA
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43
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Fu K, Han D, Ma C, Bohn PW. Electrochemistry at single molecule occupancy in nanopore-confined recessed ring-disk electrode arrays. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:51-64. [PMID: 27711896 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions at nanoscale structures possess unique characteristics, e.g. fast mass transport, high signal-to-noise ratio at low concentration, and insignificant ohmic losses even at low electrolyte concentrations. These properties motivate the fabrication of high density, laterally ordered arrays of nanopores, embedding vertically stacked metal-insulator-metal electrode structures and exhibiting precisely controlled pore size and interpore spacing for use in redox cycling. These nanoscale recessed ring-disk electrode (RRDE) arrays exhibit current amplification factors, AFRC, as large as 55-fold with Ru(NH3)62/3+, indicative of capture efficiencies at the top and bottom electrodes, Φt,b, exceeding 99%. Finite element simulations performed to investigate the concentration distribution of redox species and to assess operating characteristics are in excellent agreement with experiment. AFRC increases as the pore diameter, at constant pore spacing, increases in the range 200-500 nm and as the pore spacing, at constant pore diameter, decreases in the range 1000-460 nm. Optimized nanoscale RRDE arrays exhibit a linear current response with concentration ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 mM and a small capacitive current with scan rate up to 100 V s-1. At the lowest concentrations, the average pore occupancy is 〈n〉 ∼ 0.13 molecule establishing productive electrochemical signals at occupancies at and below the single molecule level in these nanoscale RRDE arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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44
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Wang Y, Shan X, Tao N. Emerging tools for studying single entity electrochemistry. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:9-39. [PMID: 27722354 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00180g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry studies charge transfer and related processes at various microscopic structures (atomic steps, islands, pits and kinks on electrodes), and mesoscopic materials (nanoparticles, nanowires, viruses, vesicles and cells) made by nature and humans, involving ions and molecules. The traditional approach measures averaged electrochemical quantities of a large ensemble of these individual entities, including the microstructures, mesoscopic materials, ions and molecules. There is a need to develop tools to study single entities because a real system is usually heterogeneous, e.g., containing nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes. Even in the case of "homogeneous" molecules, they bind to different microscopic structures of an electrode, assume different conformations and fluctuate over time, leading to heterogeneous reactions. Here we highlight some emerging tools for studying single entity electrochemistry, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and provide personal views on the need for tools with new capabilities for further advancing single entity electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wang
- Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Biodesign Institute and School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Biodesign Institute and School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Biodesign Institute and School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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45
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Gossage ZT, Hernández‐Burgos K, Moore JS, Rodríguez‐López J. Impact of Charge Transport Dynamics and Conditioning on Cycling Efficiency within Single Redox Active Colloids. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Gossage
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
| | - Kenneth Hernández‐Burgos
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez‐López
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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46
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Liu Y, Xu C, Yu P, Chen X, Wang J, Mao L. Counting and Sizing of Single Vesicles/Liposomes by Electrochemical Events. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesNortheastern University Box 332 Shenyang 110819 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
| | - Cong Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xuwei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesNortheastern University Box 332 Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesNortheastern University Box 332 Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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47
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Wang D, Brown W, Li Y, Kvetny M, Liu J, Wang G. Hysteresis Charges in the Dynamic Enrichment and Depletion of Ions in Single Conical Nanopores. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30302
- Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College City University of New York Flushing New York 11367 United States
| | - Warren Brown
- Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Maksim Kvetny
- Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Gangli Wang
- Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30302
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48
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Wilde P, Quast T, Aiyappa HB, Chen Y, Botz A, Tarnev T, Marquitan M, Feldhege S, Lindner A, Andronescu C, Schuhmann W. Towards Reproducible Fabrication of Nanometre‐Sized Carbon Electrodes: Optimisation of Automated Nanoelectrode Fabrication by Means of Transmission Electron Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wilde
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Harshitha B. Aiyappa
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Yen‐Ting Chen
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Miriam Marquitan
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stephan Feldhege
- Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Armin Lindner
- Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
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49
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Bentley CL, Perry D, Unwin PR. Stability and Placement of Ag/AgCl Quasi-Reference Counter Electrodes in Confined Electrochemical Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7700-7707. [PMID: 29808685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry is an important and growing branch of electrochemistry that encompasses a number of key research areas, including (electro)catalysis, energy storage, biomedical/environmental sensing, and electrochemical imaging. Nanoscale electrochemical measurements are often performed in confined environments over prolonged experimental time scales with nonisolated quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs) in a simplified two-electrode format. Herein, we consider the stability of commonly used Ag/AgCl QRCEs, comprising an AgCl-coated wire, in a nanopipet configuration, which simulates the confined electrochemical cell arrangement commonly encountered in nanoelectrochemical systems. Ag/AgCl QRCEs possess a very stable reference potential even when used immediately after preparation and, when deployed in Cl- free electrolyte media (e.g., 0.1 M HClO4) in the scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) format, drift by only ca. 1 mV h-1 on the several hours time scale. Furthermore, contrary to some previous reports, when employed in a scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) format (meniscus contact with a working electrode surface), Ag/AgCl QRCEs do not cause fouling of the surface (i.e., with soluble redox byproducts, such as Ag+) on at least the 6 h time scale, as long as suitable precautions with respect to electrode handling and placement within the nanopipet are observed. These experimental observations are validated through finite element method (FEM) simulations, which consider Ag+ transport within a nanopipet probe in the SECCM and SICM configurations. These results confirm that Ag/AgCl is a stable and robust QRCE in confined electrochemical environments, such as in nanopipets used in SICM, for nanopore measurements, for printing and patterning, and in SECCM, justifying the widespread use of this electrode in the field of nanoelectrochemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
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50
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Pandey P, Panday N, Chang S, Pang P, Garcia J, Wang X, Fu Q, He J. Probing Dynamic Events of Dielectric Nanoparticles by a Nanoelectrode‐Nanopore Nanopipette. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Popular Pandey
- Physics Department Florida International University Miami 33199 United States
| | - Namuna Panday
- Physics Department Florida International University Miami 33199 United States
| | - Shuai Chang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 China
| | - Pei Pang
- Biodesign Institute Arizona State University Phoenix 85004 United States
| | - Javier Garcia
- Physics Department Florida International University Miami 33199 United States
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Physics Department Florida International University Miami 33199 United States
| | - Qiang Fu
- JiangXi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou 344000 China
| | - Jin He
- Physics Department Florida International University Miami 33199 United States
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