1
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Jayamaha G, Maleki M, Bentley CL, Kang M. Practical guidelines for the use of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). Analyst 2024; 149:2542-2555. [PMID: 38632960 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) has emerged as a transformative technology for electrochemical materials characterisation and the study of single entities, garnering global adoption by numerous research groups. While details on the instrumentation and operational principles of SECCM are readily available, the growing need for practical guidelines, troubleshooting strategies, and a systematic overview of applications and trends has become increasingly evident. This tutorial review addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive guide to the practical application of SECCM. The review begins with a discussion of recent developments and trends in the application of SECCM, before providing systematic approaches to (and the associated troubleshooting associated with) instrumental set up, probe fabrication, substrate preparation and the deployment of environmental (e.g., atmosphere and humidity) control. Serving as an invaluable resource, this tutorial review aims to equip researchers and practitioners entering the field with a comprehensive guide to essential considerations for conducting successful SECCM experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunani Jayamaha
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Mahin Maleki
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Minkyung Kang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
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2
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Caniglia G, Tezcan G, Meloni GN, Unwin PR, Kranz C. Probing and Visualizing Interfacial Charge at Surfaces in Aqueous Solution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:247-267. [PMID: 35259914 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-121521-122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface charge density and distribution play an important role in almost all interfacial processes, influencing, for example, adsorption, colloidal stability, functional material activity, electrochemical processes, corrosion, nanoparticle toxicity, and cellular processes such as signaling, absorption, and adhesion. Understanding the heterogeneity in, and distribution of, surface and interfacial charge is key to elucidating the mechanisms underlying reactivity, the stability of materials, and biophysical processes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) are highly suitable for probing the material/electrolyte interface at the nanoscale through recent advances in probe design, significant instrumental (hardware and software) developments, and the evolution of multifunctional imaging protocols. Here, we assess the capability of AFM and SICM for surface charge mapping, covering the basic underpinning principles alongside experimental considerations. We illustrate and compare the use of AFM and SICM for visualizing surface and interfacial charge with examples from materials science, geochemistry, and the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Caniglia
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Gözde Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
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3
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Dorfi AE, Yan J, Wright J, Esposito DV. Compressed Sensing Image Reconstruction of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Measurements Carried Out at Ultrahigh Scan Speeds Using Continuous Line Probes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12574-12581. [PMID: 34496203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) imaging with nonlocal continuous line probes (CLPs) have demonstrated the ability to increase areal imaging rates by an order of magnitude compared to SECM based on conventional ultramicroelectrode (UME) disk electrodes. Increasing the linear scan speed of the CLP during imaging presents an opportunity to increase imaging rates even further but results in a significant deterioration in image quality due to transport processes in the liquid electrolyte. Here, we show that compressed sensing (CS) postprocessing can be successfully applied to CLP-based SECM measurements to reconstruct images with minimal distortion at probe scan rates greatly exceeding the conventional SECM ″speed limit″. By systematically evaluating the image quality of images generated by adaptable postprocessing CS methods for CLP-SECM data collected at varying scan rates, this work establishes a new upper bound for CLP scan rates. While conventional SECM imaging typically uses probe scan speeds characterized by Péclet numbers (Pe) < 1, this study shows that CS postprocessing methods can allow for an accurate image reconstruction for Pe approaching 5, corresponding to an order of magnitude increase in the maximum probe scan speed. This upper limit corresponds to the onset of chaotic convective flows within the electrolyte for the probes investigated in this work, highlighting the importance of considering hydrodynamics in the design of fast-scanning probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Dorfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, 500 W. 120th St., New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jingkai Yan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, 500 W. 120th St., New York, New York 10027, United States.,Data Science Institute, Columbia University in the City of New York, Northwest Corner, 550 W 120th St. #1401, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - John Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, 500 W. 120th St., New York, New York 10027, United States.,Data Science Institute, Columbia University in the City of New York, Northwest Corner, 550 W 120th St. #1401, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel V Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, 500 W. 120th St., New York, New York 10027, United States.,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University in the City of New York, 500 W. 120th St., New York, New York 10027, United States.,Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, 500 W. 120th St., New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Teahan J, Perry D, Chen B, McPherson IJ, Meloni GN, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy: Surface Charge Effects on Electroosmotic Flow Delivery from a Nanopipette. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12281-12288. [PMID: 34460243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a powerful and versatile technique that allows an increasingly wide range of interfacial properties and processes to be studied. SICM employs a nanopipette tip that contains electrolyte solution and a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE), to which a potential is applied with respect to a QRCE in a bathing solution, in which the tip is placed. The work herein considers the potential-controlled delivery of uncharged electroactive molecules (solute) from an SICM tip to a working electrode substrate to determine the effect of the substrate on electroosmotic flow (EOF). Specifically, the local delivery of hydroquinone from the tip to a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode (CF UME) provides a means of quantifying the rate of mass transport from the nanopipette and mapping electroactivity via the CF UME current response for hydroquinone oxidation to benzoquinone. EOF, and therefore species delivery, has a particularly strong dependence on the charge of the substrate surface at close nanopipette-substrate surface separations, with implications for retaining neutral solute within the tip predelivery and for the delivery process itself, both controlled via the applied tip potential. Finite element method (FEM) simulations of mass transport and reactivity are used to explain the experimental observations and identify the nature of EOF, including unusual flow patterns under certain conditions. The combination of experimental results with FEM simulations provides new insights on mass transport in SICM that will enhance quantitative applications and enable new possibilities for the use of nanopipettes for local delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Teahan
- MAS Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Baoping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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6
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Jiao Y, Zhuang J, Zhang T, He L. Research on the Adaptive Sensitivity Scanning Method for Ion Conductance Microscopy with High Efficiency and Reliability. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12296-12304. [PMID: 34347443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a type of in situ measurement technology for noncontact detection of samples in electrolytes with nanoscale resolution and has been used increasingly in biomedical and electrochemical fields in recent years. However, there is an inherent contradiction in the technique that makes SICM's sensitivity and accuracy difficult to balance. Higher sensitivity allows for faster probe speeds and higher scanning reliability but leads to lower accuracy, and vice versa. To resolve this problem, an adaptive sensitivity scanning method is proposed here that is designed to increase SICM's imaging efficiency without reducing its scanning reliability and accuracy. In the proposed scanning method, the sensitivity is automatically switched via the bias voltage based on the probe-sample distance. When the probe is located far away from the sample, the probe then predetects the sample position rapidly with high sensitivity. When the sample has been sensed in the high-sensitivity phase, the probe then detects the sample with low sensitivity. The basic theory and the feasibility of the alterable sensitivity detection strategy is also studied using the finite element method (FEM) and by performing experiments in this work. Finally, through testing of the standard silicon and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples, the proposed method is shown to increase SICM imaging efficiency significantly by up to 5 times relative to the conventional hopping mode without sacrificing the scanning accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbohan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Langchong He
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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7
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Ida H, Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Murayama T, Hirose H, Futaki S, Matsue T. Nanoscale Visualization of Morphological Alteration of Live-Cell Membranes by the Interaction with Oligoarginine Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5383-5393. [PMID: 33769789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between the cell membrane and biomolecules remain poorly understood. For example, arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), including octaarginines (R8), are internalized by interactions with cell membranes. However, during the internalization process, the exact membrane dynamics introduced by these CPPs are still unknown. Here, we visualize arginine-rich CPPs and cell-membrane interaction-induced morphological changes using a system that combines scanning ion-conductance microscopy and spinning-disk confocal microscopy, using fluorescently labeled R8. This system allows time-dependent, nanoscale visualization of structural dynamics in live-cell membranes. Various types of membrane remodeling caused by arginine-rich CPPs are thus observed. The induction of membrane ruffling and the cup closure are observed as a process of endocytic uptake of the peptide. Alternatively suggested is the concave structural formation accompanied by direct peptide translocation through cell membranes. Studies using R8 without fluorescent labeling also demonstrate a non-negligible effect of the fluorescent moiety on membrane structural alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ida
- The Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics (CSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomo Murayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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8
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Analysis and improvement of positioning reliability and accuracy of theta pipette configuration for scanning ion conductance microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 224:113240. [PMID: 33689886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) as an emerging non-contact scanning probe microscopy technique and featuring its strong in-situ detectability for soft and viscous samples, is increasingly used in biomedical and materials related studies. In SICM measurements, employing theta pipette as SICM probe to scan sample is an effective method to extend the applications of SICM for multi-parameter measurement. There are two crucial but still unclear issues that influence the reliability and accuracy of the usage of theta pipette in the SICM measurements, which are the safe feedback threshold and the horizontal measurement offset. In this work, aiming at the theta pipette configuration of SICM, we systematically investigated the two issues of the theta pipette by both finite element method (FEM) simulation and SICM experiments. The FEM analysis results show that the safe feedback threshold of the one side barrel of the theta pipette is above 99.5%, and the horizontal measurement offset is ~0.53 times of the inner radius of the probe tip. Based on this, we proposed an improved scanning method used by the theta pipette to solve the reliability and accuracy problems caused by the feedback threshold too close to the reference current (100%) and the measurement offset error at the tip radius level. Then through testing the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples with different embossed patterns with the improved method of SICM, we can conclude that the improved method can enhance the scanning reliability by adding the double barrels approaching process and increase the positioning accuracy by compensating an offset distance. The theoretical analysis and the improved scanning method in this work demonstrate more property and usage details of the theta pipette, and further improve the reliability and accuracy of the diversified multifunctional applications of the theta pipette for SICM to meet the increasingly complex and precise research needs.
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9
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Nakatsuka N, Faillétaz A, Eggemann D, Forró C, Vörös J, Momotenko D. Aptamer Conformational Change Enables Serotonin Biosensing with Nanopipettes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4033-4041. [PMID: 33596063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report artificial nanopores in the form of quartz nanopipettes with ca. 10 nm orifices functionalized with molecular recognition elements termed aptamers that reversibly recognize serotonin with high specificity and selectivity. Nanoscale confinement of ion fluxes, analyte-specific aptamer conformational changes, and related surface charge variations enable serotonin sensing. We demonstrate detection of physiologically relevant serotonin amounts in complex environments such as neurobasal media, in which neurons are cultured in vitro. In addition to sensing in physiologically relevant matrices with high sensitivity (picomolar detection limits), we interrogate the detection mechanism via complementary techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Moreover, we provide a novel theoretical model for structure-switching aptamer-modified nanopipette systems that supports experimental findings. Validation of specific and selective small-molecule detection, in parallel with mechanistic investigations, demonstrates the potential of conformationally changing aptamer-modified nanopipettes as rapid, label-free, and translatable nanotools for diverse biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nako Nakatsuka
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Alix Faillétaz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Eggemann
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Forró
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
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10
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Cremin K, Jones BA, Teahan J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Zerfass C, Asally M, Soyer OS, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Reveals Differences in the Ionic Environments of Gram-Positive and Negative Bacteria. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16024-16032. [PMID: 33241929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the use of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to locally map the ionic properties and charge environment of two live bacterial strains: the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. SICM results find heterogeneities across the bacterial surface and significant differences among the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bioelectrical environment of the B. subtilis was found to be considerably more negatively charged compared to E. coli. SICM measurements, fitted to a simplified finite element method (FEM) model, revealed surface charge values of -80 to -140 mC m-2 for the Gram-negative E. coli. The Gram-positive B. subtilis show a much higher conductivity around the cell wall, and surface charge values between -350 and -450 mC m-2 were found using the same simplified model. SICM was also able to detect regions of high negative charge near B. subtilis, not detected in the topographical SICM response and attributed to the extracellular polymeric substance. To further explore how the B. subtilis cell wall structure can influence the SICM current response, a more comprehensive FEM model, accounting for the physical properties of the Gram-positive cell wall, was developed. The new model provides a more realistic description of the cell wall and allows investigation of the relation between its key properties and SICM currents, building foundations to further investigate and improve understanding of the Gram-positive cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Cremin
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS CDT), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Bryn A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - James Teahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS CDT), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Christian Zerfass
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Munehiro Asally
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Orkun S Soyer
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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11
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Limani N, Boudet A, Blanchard N, Jousselme B, Cornut R. Local probe investigation of electrocatalytic activity. Chem Sci 2020; 12:71-98. [PMID: 34163583 PMCID: PMC8178752 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04319b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world energy crisis remains a long-term challenge, development and access to renewable energy sources are crucial for a sustainable modern society. Electrochemical energy conversion devices are a promising option for green energy supply, although the challenge associated with electrocatalysis have caused increasing complexity in the materials and systems, demanding further research and insights. In this field, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) represents a specific source of knowledge and understanding. Thus, our aim is to present recent findings on electrocatalysts for electrolysers and fuel cells, acquired mainly through scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and other related scanning probe techniques. This review begins with an introduction to the principles of several SPM techniques and then proceeds to the research done on various energy-related reactions, by emphasizing the progress on non-noble electrocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Limani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - A Boudet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - N Blanchard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - B Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - R Cornut
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
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12
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Chen F, Panday N, Li X, Ma T, Guo J, Wang X, Kos L, Hu K, Gu N, He J. Simultaneous mapping of nanoscale topography and surface potential of charged surfaces by scanning ion conductance microscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20737-20748. [PMID: 33030171 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) offers the ability to obtain nanoscale resolution images of the membranes of living cells. Here, we show that a dual-barrel nanopipette probe based potentiometric SICM (P-SICM) can simultaneously map the topography and surface potential of soft, rough and heterogeneously charged surfaces under physiological conditions. This technique was validated and tested by systematic studies on model samples, and the finite element method (FEM) based simulations confirmed its surface potential sensing capability. Using the P-SICM method, we compared both the topography and extracellular potential distributions of the membranes of normal (Mela-A) and cancerous (B16) skin cells. We further monitored the structural and electrical changes of the membranes of both types of cells after exposing them to the elevated potassium ion concentration in extracellular solution, known to depolarize and damage the cell. From surface potential imaging, we revealed the dynamic appearance of heterogeneity of the surface potential of the individual cell membrane. This P-SICM method provides new opportunities to study the structural and electrical properties of cell membrane at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China and Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Namuna Panday
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Lidia Kos
- Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA and Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ke Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin He
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. and Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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13
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Shkirskiy V, Kang M, McPherson IJ, Bentley CL, Wahab OJ, Daviddi E, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Electrochemical Impedance Measurements in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12509-12517. [PMID: 32786472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a versatile tool for electrochemistry, particularly when applied locally to reveal the properties and dynamics of heterogeneous interfaces. A new method to generate local electrochemical impedance spectra is outlined, by applying a harmonic bias between a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE) placed in a nanopipet tip of a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) and a conductive (working electrode) substrate (two-electrode setup). The AC frequency can be tuned so that the magnitude of the impedance is sensitive to the tip-to-substrate distance, whereas the phase angle is broadly defined by the local capacitive response of the electrical double layer (EDL) of the working electrode. This development enables the surface topography and the local capacitance to be sensed reliably, and separately, in a single measurement. Further, self-referencing the probe impedance near the surface to that in the bulk solution allows the local capacitive response of the working electrode substrate in the overall AC signal to be determined, establishing a quantitative footing for the methodology. The spatial resolution of AC-SICM is an order of magnitude larger than the tip size (100 nm radius), for the studies herein, due to frequency dispersion. Comprehensive finite element method (FEM) modeling is undertaken to optimize the experimental conditions and minimize the experimental artifacts originating from the frequency dispersion phenomenon, and provides an avenue to explore the means by which the spatial resolution could be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Shkirskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwasegun J Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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14
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Holub M, Adobes-Vidal M, Frutiger A, Gschwend PM, Pratsinis SE, Momotenko D. Single-Nanoparticle Thermometry with a Nanopipette. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7358-7369. [PMID: 32426962 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal measurements at the nanoscale are key for designing technologies in many areas, including drug delivery systems, photothermal therapies, and nanoscale motion devices. Herein, we present a nanothermometry technique that operates in electrolyte solutions and, therefore, is applicable for many in vitro measurements, capable of measuring and mapping temperature with nanoscale spatial resolution and sensitive to detect temperature changes down to 30 mK with 43 μs temporal resolution. The methodology is based on local measurements of ionic conductivity confined at the tip of a pulled glass capillary, a nanopipettete, with opening diameters as small as 6 nm. When scanned above a specimen, the measured ion flux is converted into temperature using an extensive theoretical support given by numerical and analytical modeling. This allows quantitative thermal measurements with a variety of capillary dimensions and is applicable to a range of substrates. We demonstrate the capabilities of this nanothermometry technique by simultaneous mapping of temperature and topography on sub-micrometer-sized aggregates of thermoplasmonic nanoparticles heated by a laser and observe the formation of micro- and nanobubbles upon plasmonic heating. Furthermore, we perform quantitative thermometry on a single-nanoparticle level, demonstrating that the temperature at an individual nanoheater of 25 nm in diameter can reach an increase of about 3 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holub
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Frutiger
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Pascal M Gschwend
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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15
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Dorfi AE, Zhou S, West AC, Wright J, Esposito DV. Probing the Speed Limits of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with In situ Colorimetric Imaging. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Dorfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Alan C. West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - John Wright
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Daniel V. Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
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16
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Jiao Y, Zhuang J, Zheng Q, Liao X. A High Accuracy Ion Conductance Imaging Method Based on the Approach Curve Spectrum. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 215:113025. [PMID: 32485394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), as an emerging non-contact in situ topography measurement tool with nano resolution, has been increasingly used in recent years in biomedicine, electrochemistry and materials science. In the conventional measurement method of SICM, the sample topography is constructed according to the position of the probe at the feedback threshold of the ion current. Nevertheless, for different structures, a constant threshold cannot maintain a constant probe-sample distance. This phenomenon makes the measurement topography inconsistent with the real sample surface. In order to solve this problem and improve the measurement accuracy of SICM, a new ion conductance imaging method based on the approach curve spectrum is proposed in this work. In the new method, the local feature around the measurement point is firstly evaluated according to the change rate of ion current. Secondly, based on the local feature, the corresponding approach curve is searched from the prior approach curve spectrum to accurately evaluate the distance between the probe and the sample. Finally, the sample topography is constructed by the probe position subtracting the probe-sample distance. In this paper, we verify the feasibility of the new imaging method by combining finite element theory and experiments. To examine the measurement accuracy, the standard strip silicon and cylindrical polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples are tested, and the improved imaging method can obtain the topography closer to the real samples and reduce the volumetric measurement error by 5.4%. The implementation of the new imaging method will further promote SICM application in related research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbohan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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17
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Bae JH, Nepomnyashchii AB, Wang X, Potapenko DV, Mirkin MV. Photo-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy on the Nanoscale with Through-Tip Illumination. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12601-12605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | | | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Denis V. Potapenko
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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18
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Zhuang J, Wang Z, Liao X, Gao B, Cheng L. Hierarchical spiral-scan trajectory for efficient scanning ion conductance microscopy. Micron 2019; 123:102683. [PMID: 31129536 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is an emerging technique for non-contact, high-resolution topography imaging, especially suitable for live cells investigation in a physiological environment. Despite its rapid development, the extended acquisition time issues of its typical hopping/backstep scanning mode still restrict its application for more fields. Herein, we propose a novel SICM scanning approach to effectively reduce the retract distance of existing hopping/backstep mode. In this approach, the SICM probe first gradually descends in the z-direction. Then by using Archimedes spiral trajectory, which has the advantage of higher angular velocity due to its continuous and smooth trajectory, the probe rapidly detects the highest point of the sample in the xy-plane in a layer-by-layer way. Further, the maximum height that decides the retrace distance of pipet in the detected region can be quickly achieved, avoiding a huge retrace distance usually adopted in the existing methods without any prior knowledge (sample height and steepness in the scanning region). Therefore, this new scanning method can greatly reduce the imaging time by minimizing the retrace height of each measurement point. Theoretical analysis is conducted to compare the imaging time of traditional and new method. And various factors in the new method that affect the imaging speed are analyzed. In addition, PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) and biological samples (C2C12 cells) were imaged by SICM that was operated in the hopping mode, raster-based detecting and developed method with a single-barrel pipet, respectively. The experimental results suggest that the new method has a faster imaging speed than conventional scanning modes but does not sacrifice the imaging quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Bingli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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19
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20
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Bentley CL, Kang M, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Surface Structure–Activity in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:2179-2193. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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22
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Wang Z, Zhuang J, Gao Z, Liao X. A fast scanning ion conductance microscopy imaging method using compressive sensing and low-discrepancy sequences. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113709. [PMID: 30501305 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) is a multifunctional, high-resolution imaging technique whose non-contact nature makes it very suitable for imaging of biological samples such as living cells in a physiological environment. However, a drawback of hopping/backstep mode of SICM is its relatively slow imaging speed, which seriously restricts the study on the dynamic process of biological samples. This paper presents a new undersampled scanning method based on Compressed Sensing (CS-based scanning mode) theory to solve extended acquisition time issues in the hopping/backstep mode. Compressive sensing can break through the limit of the Nyquist sampling theorem and sample the original sparse/compressible signal at a rate lower than the Nyquist frequency. In the CS-based scanning mode, three sampling patterns, including the random sampling pattern and two kinds of sampling patterns produced by low-discrepancy sequences, were employed as the measurement locations to obtain the undersampled data with different undersampling ratios. Also TVAL3 (Total Variation Augmented Lagrangian ALternating-direction ALgorithm) was then utilized as a reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the undersampled data. Compared with the nonuniform sampling points of random patterns at a low undersampling ratio, low-discrepancy sequences can produce a more uniform distribution point. Three types of samples with different complexity of topography were scanned by SICM using the conventional hopping/backstep mode and CS-based undersampled scanning mode. The comparisons of the imaging speed and quality with two scanning modes illustrate that the CS-based scanning mode can effectively speed up SICM imaging speed while not sacrificing the image quality. Also low-discrepancy sampling patterns can achieve a better reconstruction performance than that of the random sampling pattern under the same undersampling ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zijun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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23
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Botz A, Clausmeyer J, Öhl D, Tarnev T, Franzen D, Turek T, Schuhmann W. Die lokalen Aktivitäten von Hydroxidionen und Wasser bestimmen die Funktionsweise von auf Silber basierenden Sauerstoffverzehrkathoden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - David Franzen
- Institut für Chemische und Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik; Technische Universität Clausthal; Leibnizstraße 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institut für Chemische und Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik; Technische Universität Clausthal; Leibnizstraße 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
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25
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Botz A, Clausmeyer J, Öhl D, Tarnev T, Franzen D, Turek T, Schuhmann W. Local Activities of Hydroxide and Water Determine the Operation of Silver-Based Oxygen Depolarized Cathodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12285-12289. [PMID: 30073732 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Local ion activity changes in close proximity to the surface of an oxygen depolarized cathode (ODC) were measured by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). While the operating ODC produces OH- ions and consumes O2 and H2 O through the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), local changes in the activity of OH- ions and H2 O are detected by means of a positioned Pt microelectrode serving as an SECM tip. Sensing at the Pt tip is based on the pH-dependent reduction of PtO and obviates the need for prior electrode modification steps. It can be used to evaluate the coordination numbers of OH- ions and H2 O, and the method was exploited as a novel approach of catalyst activity assessment. We show that the electrochemical reaction on highly active catalysts can have a drastic influence on the reaction environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Franzen
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 17, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 17, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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26
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Dorwling-Carter L, Aramesh M, Han H, Zambelli T, Momotenko D. Combined Ion Conductance and Atomic Force Microscope for Fast Simultaneous Topographical and Surface Charge Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11453-11460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livie Dorwling-Carter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Hana Han
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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27
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Zhang S, Li M, Su B, Shao Y. Fabrication and Use of Nanopipettes in Chemical Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:265-286. [PMID: 29894227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes progress in the fabrication, modification, characterization, and applications of nanopipettes since 2010. A brief history of nanopipettes is introduced, and the details of fabrication, modification, and characterization of nanopipettes are provided. Applications of nanopipettes in chemical analysis are the focus in several cases, including recent progress in imaging; in the study of single molecules, single nanoparticles, and single cells; in fundamental investigations of charge transfer (ion and electron) reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces; and as hyphenated techniques combined with other methods to study the mechanisms of complicated electrochemical reactions and to conduct bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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28
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Bentley CL, Perry D, Unwin PR. Stability and Placement of Ag/AgCl Quasi-Reference Counter Electrodes in Confined Electrochemical Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7700-7707. [PMID: 29808685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry is an important and growing branch of electrochemistry that encompasses a number of key research areas, including (electro)catalysis, energy storage, biomedical/environmental sensing, and electrochemical imaging. Nanoscale electrochemical measurements are often performed in confined environments over prolonged experimental time scales with nonisolated quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs) in a simplified two-electrode format. Herein, we consider the stability of commonly used Ag/AgCl QRCEs, comprising an AgCl-coated wire, in a nanopipet configuration, which simulates the confined electrochemical cell arrangement commonly encountered in nanoelectrochemical systems. Ag/AgCl QRCEs possess a very stable reference potential even when used immediately after preparation and, when deployed in Cl- free electrolyte media (e.g., 0.1 M HClO4) in the scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) format, drift by only ca. 1 mV h-1 on the several hours time scale. Furthermore, contrary to some previous reports, when employed in a scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) format (meniscus contact with a working electrode surface), Ag/AgCl QRCEs do not cause fouling of the surface (i.e., with soluble redox byproducts, such as Ag+) on at least the 6 h time scale, as long as suitable precautions with respect to electrode handling and placement within the nanopipet are observed. These experimental observations are validated through finite element method (FEM) simulations, which consider Ag+ transport within a nanopipet probe in the SECCM and SICM configurations. These results confirm that Ag/AgCl is a stable and robust QRCE in confined electrochemical environments, such as in nanopipets used in SICM, for nanopore measurements, for printing and patterning, and in SECCM, justifying the widespread use of this electrode in the field of nanoelectrochemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
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29
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Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Schierbaum N, Hack M, Betz O, Schäffer TE. Macro-SICM: A Scanning Ion Conductance Microscope for Large-Range Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5048-5054. [PMID: 29569436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that uses an electrolyte-filled nanopipet as a probe. Its noncontact imaging principle makes the SICM uniquely suited for the investigation of soft and delicate surface structures in a liquid environment. The SICM has found an ever-increasing number of applications in chemistry, physics, and biology. However, a drawback of conventional SICMs is their relatively small scan range (typically 100 μm × 100 μm in the lateral and 10 μm in the vertical direction). We have developed a Macro-SICM with an exceedingly large scan range of 25 mm × 25 mm in the lateral and 0.25 mm in the vertical direction. We demonstrate the high versatility of the Macro-SICM by imaging at different length scales: from centimeters (fingerprint, coin) to millimeters (bovine tongue tissue, insect wing) to micrometers (cellular extensions). We applied the Macro-SICM to the study of collective cell migration in epithelial wound healing.
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31
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Bentley CL, Unwin PR. Nanoscale electrochemical movies and synchronous topographical mapping of electrocatalytic materials. Faraday Discuss 2018; 210:365-379. [PMID: 29999075 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Techniques in the scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) family have shown great promise for resolving nanoscale structure-function (e.g., catalytic activity) at complex (electro)chemical interfaces, which is a long-term aspiration in (electro)materials science. In this work, we explore how a simple meniscus imaging probe, based on an easily-fabricated, single-channeled nanopipette (inner diameter ≈ 30 nm) can be deployed in the scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) platform as a fast, versatile and robust method for the direct, synchronous electrochemical/topographical imaging of electrocatalytic materials at the nanoscale. Topographical and voltammetric data are acquired synchronously at a spatial resolution of 50 nm to construct maps that resolve particular surface features on the sub-10 nm scale and create electrochemical activity movies composed of hundreds of potential-resolved images on the minutes timescale. Using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at molybdenite (MoS2) as an exemplar system, the experimental parameters critical to achieving a robust scanning protocol (e.g., approach voltage, reference potential calibration) with high resolution (e.g., hopping distance) and optimal scan times (e.g., voltammetric scan rate, approach rate etc.) are considered and discussed. Furthermore, sub-nanoentity reactivity mapping is demonstrated with glassy carbon (GC) supported single-crystalline {111}-oriented two-dimensional Au nanocrystals (AuNCs), which exhibit uniform catalytic activity at the single-entity and sub-single entity level. The approach outlined herein signposts a future in (electro)materials science in which the activity of electroactive nanomaterials can be viewed directly and related to structure through electrochemical movies, revealing active sites unambiguously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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32
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Perry D, Page A, Chen B, Frenguelli BG, Unwin PR. Differential-Concentration Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12458-12465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Baoping Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno G. Frenguelli
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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33
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Kang M, Perry D, Bentley CL, West G, Page A, Unwin PR. Simultaneous Topography and Reaction Flux Mapping at and around Electrocatalytic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9525-9535. [PMID: 28862831 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of electrocatalytic reactions at individual nanoparticles (NPs) is presently of considerable interest but very challenging. Herein, we demonstrate how simple-to-fabricate nanopipette probes with diameters of approximately 30 nm can be deployed in a scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) platform to simultaneously visualize electrochemical reactivity and topography with high spatial resolution at electrochemical interfaces. By employing a self-referencing hopping mode protocol, whereby the probe is brought from bulk solution to the near-surface at each pixel, and with potential-time control applied at the substrate, current measurements at the nanopipette can be made with high precision and resolution (30 nm resolution, 2600 pixels μm-2, <0.3 s pixel-1) to reveal a wealth of information on the substrate physicochemical properties. This methodology has been applied to image the electrocatalytic oxidation of borohydride at ensembles of AuNPs on a carbon fiber support in alkaline media, whereby the depletion of hydroxide ions and release of water during the reaction results in a detectable change in the ionic composition around the NPs. Through the use of finite element method simulations, these observations are validated and analyzed to reveal important information on heterogeneities in ion flux between the top of a NP and the gap at the NP-support contact, diffusional overlap and competition for reactant between neighboring NPs, and differences in NP activity. These studies highlight key issues that influence the behavior of NP assemblies at the single NP level and provide a platform for the use of SICM as an important tool for electrocatalysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff West
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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34
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Meloni GN. 3D Printed and Microcontrolled: The One Hundred Dollars Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8643-8649. [PMID: 28741350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of a versatile and low-cost electrochemical-scanning probe microscope (EC-SPM) is presented. The proposed equipment relies on the use of modern prototyping tools such as 3D printers and microcontroller boards and only a few "off-the-shelf" parts to deliver a simple yet powerful EC-SPM equipment capable of performing simple space-resolved electrochemical measurements. The equipment was able to perform space-resolved electrochemical measurements using a platinum ultramicroelectrode (UME) as the working electrode on a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) configuration and was used to record approach curves, line scans, and array scans over an insulating substrate. The performance of the proposed equipment was found to be adequate for simple SECM measurements under hindered diffusion conditions. Because of its flexible design (software and hardware), more complex array scan patterns, only found on high-end EC-SPM setups such as hopping mode scan, were easily implemented on the built equipment. Despite its simplicity, the versatility and low cost of the proposed design make it an attractive alternative as a teaching platform as well as a platform for developing more elaborate EC-SPM setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Meloni
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Profesor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508-000
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35
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Measurement of ion fluxes across epithelia. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 127:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Ida H, Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Matsue T. High Speed Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Nanoscale Dynamics of Microvilli. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6015-6020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ida
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
- Advanced
Institute for Material Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
- Advanced
Institute for Material Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
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37
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Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alicia K. Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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39
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Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Matsue T. Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:342-357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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40
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Page A, Perry D, Young P, Mitchell D, Frenguelli BG, Unwin PR. Fast Nanoscale Surface Charge Mapping with Pulsed-Potential Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10854-10859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, and ∥Warwick Medical
School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, and ∥Warwick Medical
School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Young
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, and ∥Warwick Medical
School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, and ∥Warwick Medical
School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno G. Frenguelli
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, and ∥Warwick Medical
School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, and ∥Warwick Medical
School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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41
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Momotenko D, Page A, Adobes-Vidal M, Unwin PR. Write-Read 3D Patterning with a Dual-Channel Nanopipette. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8871-8. [PMID: 27569272 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanopipettes are becoming extremely versatile and powerful tools in nanoscience for a wide variety of applications from imaging to nanoscale sensing. Herein, the capabilities of nanopipettes to build complex free-standing three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures are demonstrated using a simple double-barrel nanopipette device. Electrochemical control of ionic fluxes enables highly localized delivery of precursor species from one channel and simultaneous (dynamic and responsive) ion conductance probe-to-substrate distance feedback with the other for reliable high-quality patterning. Nanopipettes with 30-50 nm tip opening dimensions of each channel allowed confinement of ionic fluxes for the fabrication of high aspect ratio copper pillar, zigzag, and Γ-like structures, as well as permitted the subsequent topographical mapping of the patterned features with the same nanopipette probe as used for nanostructure engineering. This approach offers versatility and robustness for high-resolution 3D "printing" (writing) and read-out at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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42
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Kang M, Momotenko D, Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Frontiers in Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging: Faster, Multifunctional, and Ultrasensitive. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7993-8008. [PMID: 27396415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of interfacial physicochemical processes, from electrochemistry to the functioning of living cells, involve spatially localized chemical fluxes that are associated with specific features of the interface. Scanning electrochemical probe microscopes (SEPMs) represent a powerful means of visualizing interfacial fluxes, and this Feature Article highlights recent developments that have radically advanced the speed, spatial resolution, functionality, and sensitivity of SEPMs. A major trend has been a coming together of SEPMs that developed independently and the use of established SEPMs in completely new ways, greatly expanding their scope and impact. The focus is on nanopipette-based SEPMs, including scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and hybrid techniques thereof, particularly with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Nanopipette-based probes are made easily, quickly, and cheaply with tunable characteristics. They are reproducible and can be fully characterized. Their response can be modeled in considerable detail so that quantitative maps of chemical fluxes and other properties (e.g., local charge) can be obtained and analyzed. This article provides an overview of the use of these probes for high-speed imaging, to create movies of electrochemical processes in action, to carry out multifunctional mapping such as simultaneous topography-charge and topography-activity, and to create nanoscale electrochemical cells for the detection, trapping, and analysis of single entities, particularly individual molecules and nanoparticles (NPs). These studies provide a platform for the further application and diversification of SEPMs across a wide range of interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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43
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Fan Y, Han C, Zhang B. Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2016; 141:5474-87. [PMID: 27510555 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes have key advantages compared to electrodes of conventional size and are the tool of choice for numerous applications in both fundamental electrochemistry research and bioelectrochemical analysis. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in the development, characterization, and use of nanoelectrodes in nanoscale electroanalytical chemistry. Methods of nanoelectrode preparation include laser-pulled glass-sealed metal nanoelectrodes, mass-produced nanoelectrodes, carbon nanotube based and carbon-filled nanopipettes, and tunneling nanoelectrodes. Several new topics of their recent application are covered, which include the use of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical imaging at ultrahigh spatial resolution, imaging with nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes, electrochemical analysis of single cells, single enzymes, and single nanoparticles, and the use of nanoelectrodes to understand single nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA.
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