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Knežević S, Totoricaguena-Gorriño J, Gajjala RKR, Hermenegildo B, Ruiz-Rubio L, Vilas-Vilela JL, Lanceros-Méndez S, Sojic N, Del Campo FJ. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence at the Gas/Liquid Interface of Bubbles Propelled into Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39090816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is typically confined to a micrometric region from the electrode surface. This study demonstrates that ECL emission can extend up to several millimeters away from the electrode employing electrogenerated chlorine bubbles. The mechanism behind this bubble-enhanced ECL was investigated using an Au microelectrode in chloride-containing and chloride-free electrolyte solutions. We discovered that ECL emission at the gas/solution interface is driven by two parallel effects. First, the bubble corona effect facilitates the generation of hydroxyl radicals capable of oxidizing luminol while the bubble is attached to the surface. Second, hypochlorite generated from chlorine sustains luminol emission for over 200 s and extends the emission range up to 5 mm into the solution, following bubble detachment. The new approach can increase the emission intensity of luminol-based assays 5-fold compared to the conventional method. This is demonstrated through a glucose bioassay, using a midrange mobile phone camera for detection. These findings significantly expand the potential applications of ECL by extending its effective range in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Joseba Totoricaguena-Gorriño
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Rajendra Kumar Reddy Gajjala
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Bruno Hermenegildo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Francisco Javier Del Campo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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2
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Knežević S, Han D, Liu B, Jiang D, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407588. [PMID: 38742673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is rapidly evolving from an analytical method into an optical microscopy. The orthogonality of the electrochemical trigger and the optical readout distinguishes it from classic microscopy and electrochemical techniques, owing to its near-zero background, remarkable sensitivity, and absence of photobleaching and phototoxicity. In this minireview, we summarize the recent advances in ECL imaging technology, emphasizing original configurations which enable the imaging of biological entities and the improvement of the analytical properties by increasing the complexity and multiplexing of bioassays. Additionally, mapping the (electro)chemical reactivity in space provides valuable information on nanomaterials and facilitates deciphering ECL mechanisms for improving their performances in diagnostics and (electro)catalysis. Finally, we highlight the recent achievements in imaging at the ultimate limits of single molecules, single photons or single chemical reactions, and the current challenges to translate the ECL imaging advances to other fields such as material science, catalysis and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Dongni Han
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607, Pessac, France
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3
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Kondengadan SM, Wang B. Quantitative Factors Introduced in the Feasibility Analysis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Sensitive Triggers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403880. [PMID: 38630918 PMCID: PMC11192588 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for cellular signaling. Various pathophysiological conditions are also associated with elevated levels of ROS. Hence, ROS-sensitive triggers have been extensively used for selective payload delivery. Such applications are predicated on two key functions: (1) a sufficient magnitude of concentration difference for the interested ROS between normal tissue/cells and intended sites and (2) appropriate reaction kinetics to ensure a sufficient level of selectivity for payload release. Further, ROS refers to a group of species with varying reactivity, which should not be viewed as a uniform group. In this review, we critically analyze data on the concentrations of different ROS species under various pathophysiological conditions and examine how reaction kinetics affect the success of ROS-sensitive linker chemistry. Further, we discuss different ROS linker chemistry in the context of their applications in drug delivery and imaging. This review brings new insights into research in ROS-triggered delivery, highlights factors to consider in maximizing the chance for success and discusses pitfalls to avoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameer M. Kondengadan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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4
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Yan Y, Ding L, Ding J, Zhou P, Su B. Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Visual Biosensing and Bioimaging. Chembiochem 2024:e202400389. [PMID: 38899794 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is one of the most powerful techniques that meet the needs of analysis and detection in a variety of scenarios, because of its highly analytical sensitivity and excellent spatiotemporal controllability. ECL combined with microscopy (ECLM) offers a promising approach for quantifying and mapping a wide range of analytes. To date, ECLM has been widely used to image biological entities and processes, such as cells, subcellular structures, proteins and membrane transport properties. In this review, we first introduced the mechanisms of several classic ECL systems, then highlighted the progress of visual biosensing and bioimaging by ECLM in the last decade. Finally, the characteristics of ECLM were summarized, as well as some of the current challenges. The future research interests and potential directions for the application of ECLM were also outlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lurong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jialian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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5
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Zhao Y, Léger Y, Descamps J, Sojic N, Loget G. Off-Grid Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence with Customized p-i-n Photodiodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308023. [PMID: 37988641 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the generation of light induced by an electrochemical reaction, driven by electricity. Here, an all-optical ECL (AO-ECL) system is developped, which triggers ECL by the illumination of electrically autonomous "integrated" photoelectrochemical devices immersed in the electrolyte. Because these systems are made using small and cheap devices, they can be easily prepared and readily used by any laboratories. They are based on commercially available p-i-n Si photodiodes (≈1 € unit-1), coupled with well-established ECL-active and catalytic materials, directly coated onto the component leads by simple and fast wet processes. Here, a Pt coating (known for its high activity for reduction reactions) and carbon paint (known for its optimal ECL emission properties) are deposited at cathode and anode leads, respectively. In addition to its optimized light absorption properties, using the commercial p-i-n Si photodiode eliminates the need for a complicated manufacturing process. It is shown that the device can emit AO-ECL by illumination with polychromatic (simulated sunlight) or monochromatic (near IR) light sources to produce visible photons (425 nm) that can be easily observed by the naked eye or recorded with a smartphone camera. These low-cost off-grid AO-ECL devices open broad opportunities for remote photodetection and portable bioanalytical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Yoan Léger
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux, 33607, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux, 33607, France
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Rennes, F-35000, France
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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6
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Huang K, Wang YH, Zhang H, Wang TY, Liu XH, Liu L, Jiang H, Wang XM. Application and outlook of electrochemical technology in single-cell analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115741. [PMID: 37816284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity, especially in some important diseased cells like tumor cells, acts as an invisible driver for disease development like cancer progression in the tumor ecosystem, contributing to differences in the macroscopic and microscopic detection of disease lesions like tumors. Traditional analysis techniques choose group information masked by the mean as the analysis sample, making it difficult to achieve precise diagnosis and target treatment, on which could be shed light via the single-cell level determination/bioanalysis. Hence, in this article we have reviewed the special characteristic differences among various kinds of typical single-cell bioanalysis strategies and electrochemical techniques, and then focused on the recent advance and special bio-applications of electrochemiluminescence and micro-nano electrochemical sensing mediated in single-cell bioimaging & bioanalysis. Especially, we have summarized the relevant research exploration of the possibility to establish the in-situ single-cell electrochemical methods to detect cell heterogeneity through determination of specific biomolecules and bioimaging of some important biological processes. Eventually, this review has explored some important advances of electrochemical single-cell detection techniques for the real-time cellular bioimaging and diagnostics of some disease lesions like tumors. It raises the possibility to provide the specific in-situ platform to exploit the versatile, sensitive, and high-resolution electrochemical single-cell analysis for the promising biomedical applications like rapid tracing of some disease lesions or in vivo bioimaging for precise cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yi Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ting Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiao Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Xue Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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7
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Li C, Zong C, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang KN, Yu X. Probing mitochondrial damage using a fluorescent probe with mitochondria-to-nucleolus translocation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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8
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Zhou P, Ding L, Yan Y, Wang Y, Su B. Recent advances in label-free imaging of cell-matrix adhesions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2341-2351. [PMID: 36744880 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell-matrix adhesions play an essential role in mediating and regulating many biological processes. The adhesion receptors, typically transmembrane integrins, provide dynamic correlations between intracellular environments and extracellular matrixes (ECMs) by bi-directional signaling. In-depth investigations of cell-matrix adhesion and integrin-mediated cell adhesive force are of great significance in biology and medicine. The emergence of advanced imaging techniques and principles has facilitated the understanding of the molecular composition and structure dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions, especially the label-free imaging methods that can be used to study living cell dynamics without immunofluorescence staining. This highlight article aims to give an overview of recent developments in imaging cell-matrix adhesions in a label-free manner. Electrochemiluminescence microscopy (ECLM) and surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) are briefly introduced and their applications in imaging analysis of cell-matrix adhesions are summarized. Then we highlight the advances in mapping cell-matrix adhesion force based on molecular tension probes and fluorescence microscopy (collectively termed as MTFM). The biomaterials including polyethylene glycol (PEG), peptides and DNA for constructing tension probes in MTFM are summarized. Finally, the outlook and perspectives on the further developments of cell-matrix adhesion imaging are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lurong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yajuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Jiao YT, Jiang H, Wu WT, Qi YT, Wen MY, Yang XK, Kang YR, Zhang XW, Amatore C, Huang WH. Dual-channel nanoelectrochemical sensor for monitoring intracellular ROS and NADH kinetic variations of their concentrations. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114928. [PMID: 36450163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are important intracellular redox-active molecules involved in various pathological processes including inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. However, the fast dynamic changes and mutual regulatory kinetic relationship between intracellular ROS and NADH in these biological processes are still hard to simultaneously investigate. A dual-channel nanowire electrode (DC-NWE) integrating two conductive nanowires, one functionalized with platinum nanoparticles and the other with conductive polymer, was nanofabricated for the selective and simultaneous real-time monitoring of intracellular ROS and NADH release by mitochondria in single living MCF-7 tumoral cells stimulated by resveratrol. The production of ROS was observed to occur tenths of a second before the release of NADH, a significant new piece of information suggesting a mechanism of action of resveratrol. Beyond the importance of the specific data gathered in this study, this work established the feasibility of simultaneously monitoring multiple species and analyzing their kinetics relationships over sub-second time scales thanks to dual-channel nanowire electrodes. It is believed that this concept and its associated nanoelectrochemical tools might benefit to a deeper understanding of mutual regulatory relationship between intracellular crucial molecular markers during physiological and pathological processes as well as for evaluating medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu-Ting Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming-Yong Wen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi-Ran Kang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Christian Amatore
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; PASTEUR, Départment de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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10
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Yang Q, Huang X, Gao B, Gao L, Yu F, Wang F. Advances in electrochemiluminescence for single-cell analysis. Analyst 2022; 148:9-25. [PMID: 36475529 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of innovative analytical methods with high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution that allowed qualitative and quantitative analysis to be carried out at single-cell and subcellular levels. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a unique chemiluminescence of high-energy electron transfer triggered by electrical excitation. The ingenious combination of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence results in the distinct advantages of high sensitivity, a wide dynamic range and good reproducibility. Specifically, single-cell ECL (SCECL) analysis with excellent spatiotemporal resolution has emerged as a promising toolbox in bioanalysis for revealing individual cells' heterogeneity and stochastic processes. This review focuses on advances in SCECL analysis and bioimaging. The history and recent advances in ECL probes and strategies for system design are briefly reviewed. Subsequently, the latest advances in representative SCECL analysis techniques for bioassays, bioimaging and therapeutics are also highlighted. Then, the current challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. .,Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Beibei Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Fu Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Sciurti E, Biscaglia F, Prontera C, Giampetruzzi L, Blasi L, Francioso L. Nanoelectrodes for Intracellular and Intercellular electrochemical detection: working principles, fabrication techniques and applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Li X, Qin X, Wang Z, Wu Y, Wang K, Xia X, Liu S. In Situ Imaging of Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Efflux from Living Cells via Bipolar Gold Nanoelectrode Array and Electrochemiluminescence Technology. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2446-2453. [PMID: 35875868 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The integration of a closed bipolar electrode (c-BPE) array and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection received a boost in applications in the detection of cell adhesion and disease-related biomarkers. This work proposed a gold nanorod array based c-BPE-ECL system to realize an in situ image of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) efflux from living cells and parallel analysis of endogenous H2O2 released from multiple cells by converting electrochemical signals into optical signals. The gold nanorod array with high density was prepared by a repeating chronopotentiometry procedure with anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane as a template. The c-BPE array was fabricated by assembling poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chips on both sides of the gold nanorod array. When an appropriate driving potential is applied, H2O2 generated from living cells at the sensing pole was reduced on the gold nanorod, triggering the oxidation of the ECL reagent at the reporting pole, which allowed the detection of H2O2 released from living cells. Under phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation, H2O2 released from living HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, and LO2 cells was determined to be 47, 32.4, 25.7, and 6.3 μM, respectively. This indicated that the amount of H2O2 released from PMA-stimulated cancer cells was significantly higher than that from the stimulated normal cells. This work presented a new approach for in situ imaging of H2O2 released from living cells and could also be used to detect other electrochemically active or non-electrochemically active molecules through simple cell surface modification, which may have potential applications in cell apoptosis study and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Wuxi Institute of Inspection, Testing and Certification, Wuxi 214125, China
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinghua Xia
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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13
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Cheng D, Li P, Xu Z, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu M, Yao S. Signal On-Off Electrochemical Sensor for Glutathione Based on a AuCu-Decorated Zr-Containing Metal-Organic Framework via Solid-State Electrochemistry of Cuprous Chloride. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2465-2474. [PMID: 35973222 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel signal on-off glutathione (GSH) electrochemical sensor was developed based on a AuCu bimetal-decorated Zr-containing metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF), in which a signal amplification strategy promoted by solid-state electrochemistry of cuprous chloride (CuCl) was used. The Zr-MOF with a large surface area can be effectively used as the substrate for the in situ growth of AuCu bimetals to obtain the Zr-MOF@AuCu nanocomposite. The interaction between Cu in Zr-MOF@AuCu and Cl- in the solution accompanied with the formation of CuCl displays an enlarged stable oxidation current, which greatly declines with the addition of GSH owing to the specific Cu-GSH interaction. The conversion of CuCl into Cu-GSH triggered the "crowding-out effect" and resulted in a sharp drop in the peak current of CuCl, which can realize the ultrasensitive and selective detection of GSH. The detection mechanism was investigated, and the detection range was 10 pM-1 mM with the detection limit as low as 2.67 pM. The special response mechanism for the detection of GSH allows the highly selective detection of GSH in various real samples with reliable results, endowing the proposed electroanalysis sensor with broad application prospects in biological and food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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14
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Ding H, Su B, Jiang D. Recent Advances in Single Cell Analysis by Electrochemiluminescence. Chemistry 2022; 12:e202200113. [PMID: 35880657 PMCID: PMC10152889 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding biological mechanisms operating in cells is one of the major goals of biology. Since heterogeneity is the fundamental property of cellular systems, single cell measurements can provide more accurate information about the composition, dynamics, and regulatory circuits of cells than population-averaged assays. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), the light emission triggered by electrochemical reactions, is an emerging approach for single cell analysis. Numerous analytes, ranging from small biomolecules such as glucose and cholesterol, proteins and nucleic acids to subcellular structures, have been determined in single cells by ECL, which yields new insights into cellular functions. This review aims to provide an overview of research progress on ECL principles and systems for single cell analysis in recent years. The ECL reaction mechanisms are briefly introduced, and then the advances and representative works in ECL single cell analysis are summarized. Finally, outlooks and challenges in this field are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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15
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Ding L, Ding H, Zhou P, Xi L, Su B. Surface-Sensitive Imaging Analysis of Cell-Microenvironment Interactions by Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10885-10892. [PMID: 35876242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A complex and heterogeneous cell microenvironment offers not only structural support for cells but also myriad biochemical and biophysical cues. These outside-in signals transmit into cells primarily through integrins, which are the important components of cell-matrix adhesions to direct and maintain cell behaviors and fate. In this work, we report a surface-sensitive imaging methodology for evaluating the difference in cell-matrix adhesions at the single cell level to dissect the impact of the chemical microenvironment on cell behaviors. Cells were cultured on silica nanochannel membrane (SNM) modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes (SNM/ITO) with different terminal surfaces and imaged by electrochemiluminescence microscopy (ECLM). The results show that the surface tethered with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) groups can mediate robust cell-microenvironment interaction and those coated with silanol and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) groups transmit an intermediate adhesion, while oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) coated surface conveys the weakest cell-matrix adhesion. Specific recognition of integrins to different surfaces was further explored in conjunction with selective immunoblocking of different subunits. α6, α5, and α1 integrin subunits were found to recognize SNM, RGD/OEG, and APTES surfaces, respectively. The work provides not only insights into cell-microenvironment interaction but also guideline in the design and development of functional and biomimetic surface materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lingling Xi
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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16
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Xiao J, Tian M, Su L, Bao Y, Niu L, Zhang X. Detection of the effect of polydopamine (PDA)-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates on the release of H 2O 2 from a single HeLa cell. Analyst 2021; 146:6445-6449. [PMID: 34585688 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous H2O2 generated by a single HeLa cell that was adhered on the PDA-coated PDMS substrates under 25 mM glucose culture conditions was detected using a home-built photoelectric dual detection platform. With PMA as the stimulus, the cell released a small amount of H2O2 and its mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease was smaller, compared with that on the PDMS substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Meng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lei Su
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518037, P.R. China, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518037, P.R. China, P. R. China.
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17
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Yang L, Liu X, Yin B, Deng X, Lin X, Song J, Wu S. High-Throughput and Real-Time Monitoring of Single-Cell Extracellular pH Based on Polyaniline Microarrays. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13852-13860. [PMID: 34612621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of extracellular pH (pHe) at the single-cell level is critical for elucidating the mechanisms of disease development and investigating drug effects, with particular importance in cancer cells. However, there are still some challenges for analyzing and measuring pHe due to the strong heterogeneity of cancer cells. Thus, it is necessary to develop a reliable method with good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability for achieving the pHe heterogeneity of cancer cells. In this paper, we report a high-throughput, real-time measuring technique based on polyaniline (PANI) microelectrode arrays for monitoring single-cell pHe. The PANI microelectrode array not only has a high sensitivity (57.22 mV/pH) ranging from pH 6.0 to 7.6 but also exhibits a high reliability (after washing, the PANI film was still smooth, dense, and with a sensitivity of 55.9 mV/pH). Our results demonstrated that the pHe of the cancer cell region is lower than that of the surrounding blank region, and pHe changes of different cancer cells exhibit significant cellular heterogeneity during cellular respiration and drug stimulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Bing Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xunxun Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Shuo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China
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18
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Jian X, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhao C, Gao Z, Song YY. Deployment of MIL-88B(Fe)/TiO 2 Nanotube-Supported Ti Wires as Reusable Electrochemiluminescence Microelectrodes for Noninvasive Sensing of H 2O 2 from Single Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11312-11320. [PMID: 34355899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As one of the significant intracellular signaling molecules, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) regulates some vital biological processes. However, it remains a challenge to develop noninvasive electrodes that can be used for sensing trace H2O2 at the cellular level. Here, we evaluated a high-performance solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) H2O2 sensor based on MIL-88B(Fe) nanocrystal-anchored Ti microwires. Semiconducting TiO2 nanotubes (TiNTs) vertically grown around a Ti wire via an anodization technique act as an intrinsic ECL luminophore. By integrating with MIL-88B(Fe), the synergistic effect of the TiO2 luminophore and the remarkable peroxidase-like activity of MIL-88B(Fe) enable the resulting H2O2 sensor an ultrahigh sensitivity featuring a minimum detection limit of 0.1 nM (S/N = 3), long-term stability, high durativity, and wide-range linear response to a concentration of up to 10 mM. To demonstrate the concept of a MIL-88B(Fe)@TiO2 microelectrode for single-cell sensing, the electrode was used to detect intracellular H2O2 in a single cell. Moreover, benefiting from the heterojunction of MIL-88B(Fe)/TiO2, the microelectrode was found to exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity in the visible-light range, that is, the sensor surface can be self-cleaning after a short visible-light treatment. These advanced sensor characteristics involving easy reusability reveal that the MIL-88B(Fe)@TiO2 microelectrode is a new platform for cytosensing. This study provides a new strategy to design semiconductor materials with arbitrary shape and size, allowing for profound applications in biomedical and clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jian
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhida Gao
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yan-Yan Song
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
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19
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Zhou J, Zhang S, Liu Y. Electrochemiluminescence Single‐cell Analysis on Nanostructured Interface. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanhua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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20
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Ding H, Zhou P, Fu W, Ding L, Guo W, Su B. Spatially Selective Imaging of Cell-Matrix and Cell-Cell Junctions by Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11769-11773. [PMID: 33709454 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell junctions are protein structures located at specific cell membrane domains that determine key processes in multicellular development. Here we report spatially selective imaging of cell junctions by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. By regulating the concentrations of luminophore and/or co-reactant, the thickness of ECL layer can be controlled to match with the spatial location of different cell junctions. At a low concentration of luminophore, ECL generation is confined to the electrode surface, thus revealing only cell-matrix adhesions at the bottom of cells. While at a high concentration of luminophore, the ECL layer can be remarkably extended by decreasing the co-reactant concentration, thus allowing the sequential imaging of cell-matrix and cell-cell junctions at the bottom and near the apical surface of cells, respectively. This strategy not only provides new insights into the ECL mechanisms but also promises wide applications of ECL microscopy in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenxuan Fu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lurong Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiliang Guo
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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21
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Real-time monitoring of ROS secreted by Ana-1 mouse Macrophages by nanomaterial sensitized Electrochemiluminescence. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Ding H, Zhou P, Fu W, Ding L, Guo W, Su B. Spatially Selective Imaging of Cell–Matrix and Cell–Cell Junctions by Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Wenxuan Fu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lurong Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Weiliang Guo
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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23
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Wang M, Liu J, Liang X, Gao R, Zhou Y, Nie X, Shao Y, Guan Y, Fu L, Zhang J, Shao Y. Electrochemiluminescence Based on a Dual Carbon Ultramicroelectrode with Confined Steady-State Annihilation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4528-4535. [PMID: 33657320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel microelectronic devices for electrochemical measurements and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) study is of great importance. Herein, we fabricated a submicrometer-sized dual carbon electrode (DCE) and investigated its annihilation ECL behavior under steady-state conditions for the first time. The oxidation and reduction of the model luminophore, [Ru(bpy)3]2+, occurred separately at the two sides of the DCE, and the electrogenerated ions then diffused to the gap between the two electrodes to generate the excited-state intermediate [Ru(bpy)3]2+* and ECL emission. Compared with other types of two-electrode systems, the prepared DCE possesses a smaller total size and an ultrasmall interelectrode distance of 60 nm or less, which could result in a shorter diffusion time and an amplified ECL signal without the purification of the solvent and supporting electrolytes. On the basis of the constructed ECL microscopic platform, we successfully obtained a stable and confined ECL signal in the vicinity of the electrode tip. Furthermore, a two-dimensional finite element method simulation of this model system was performed to quantitively analyze the concentration profiles of the electrogenerated species around the tip of the DCE and predict the concentrations of [Ru(bpy)3]2+* with various gap distances. The simulation results also proved that the higher concentrations of [Ru(bpy)3]2+* could be achieved with a smaller distance with a possible amplification factor of 6 (compared with the concentration when the gap distance is greater than 300 nm). This work provides an experimental model for further improvement of ECL efficiency and broadens the availability for annihilation ECL applications in small confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rongyao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xin Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Limin Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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24
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Gouda M, Chen K, Li X, Liu Y, He Y. Detection of microalgae single-cell antioxidant and electrochemical potentials by gold microelectrode and Raman micro-spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL 2021; 329:129229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.129229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
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25
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Ma C, Wu S, Zhou Y, Wei H, Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhu J, Lin Y, Zhu W. Bio‐Coreactant‐Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Intracellular Structure and Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Hui‐Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
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26
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Ma C, Wu S, Zhou Y, Wei HF, Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhu JJ, Lin Y, Zhu W. Bio-Coreactant-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Intracellular Structure and Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4907-4914. [PMID: 33188721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A bio-coreactant-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy realizes the ECL imaging of intracellular structure and dynamic transport. This microscopy uses Ru(bpy)3 2+ as the electrochemical molecular antenna connecting extracellular and intracellular environments, and uses intracellular biomolecules as the coreactants of ECL reactions via a "catalytic route". Accordingly, intracellular structures are identified without using multiple labels, and autophagy involving DNA oxidative damage is detected using nuclear ECL signals. A time-resolved image sequence discloses the universal edge effect of cellular electroporation due to the influence of the geometric properties of cell membranes on the induced transmembrane voltage. The dynamic transport of Ru(bpy)3 3+ in the different cellular compartments unveils the heterogeneous intracellular diffusivity correlating with the actin cytoskeleton. In addition to single-cell studies, the bio-coreactant-enhanced ECL microscopy is used to image a slice of a mouse liver and a colony of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Hui-Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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27
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Ma C, Wang MX, Wei HF, Wu S, Zhang JR, Zhu JJ, Chen Z. Catalytic route electrochemiluminescence microscopy of cell membranes with nitrogen-doped carbon dots as nano-coreactants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2168-2171. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic route electrochemiluminescence microscopy enables us to image upper cell membranes with a vertical resolution mode by using nitrogen-doped carbon dots as nano-coreactants and labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Min-Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Hui-Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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28
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Wang L, Song J, Wang X, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. Monitoring casein kinase II at subcellular level via bio-bar-code-based electrochemiluminescence biosensing method. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Vaneev AN, Gorelkin PV, Garanina AS, Lopatukhina HV, Vodopyanov SS, Alova AV, Ryabaya OO, Akasov RA, Zhang Y, Novak P, Salikhov SV, Abakumov MA, Takahashi Y, Edwards CRW, Klyachko NL, Majouga AG, Korchev YE, Erofeev AS. In Vitro and In Vivo Electrochemical Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species After Treatment with Anticancer Drugs. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8010-8014. [PMID: 32441506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vivo monitoring of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumors during treatment with anticancer therapy is important for understanding the mechanism of action and in the design of new anticancer drugs. In this work, a platinized nanoelectrode is placed into a single cell for detection of the ROS signal, and drug-induced ROS production is then recorded. The main advantages of this method are the short incubation time with the drug and its high sensitivity which allows the detection of low intracellular ROS concentrations. We have shown that our new method can measure the ROS response to chemotherapy in tumor-bearing mice in real-time. ROS levels were measured in vivo inside the tumor at different depths in response to doxorubicin. This work provides an effective new approach for the measurement of intracellular ROS by platinized nanoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Vaneev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr V Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Helena V Lopatukhina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Stepan S Vodopyanov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna V Alova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oxana O Ryabaya
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Roman A Akasov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Novak
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey V Salikhov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1/7, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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30
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Electrochemiluminescence in Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel Films with Tunable Thickness. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Electrochemiluminescence Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide Using L012 Modified Electrodes. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence-Based Systems for Mammalian Cell Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050530. [PMID: 32456040 PMCID: PMC7281524 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell analysis is essential in the context of both fundamental studies and clinical applications. Among the various techniques available for cell analysis, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted significant attention due to its integration of both electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the ECL-based systems developed for mammalian cell analysis. The review begins with a summary of the developments in luminophores that opened the door to ECL applications for biological samples. Secondly, ECL-based imaging systems are introduced as an emerging technique to visualize single-cell morphologies and intracellular molecules. In the subsequent section, the ECL sensors developed in the past decade are summarized, the use of which made the highly sensitive detection of cell-derived molecules possible. Although ECL immunoassays are well developed in terms of commercial use, the sensing of biomolecules at a single-cell level remains a challenge. Emphasis is therefore placed on ECL sensors that directly detect cellular molecules from small portions of cells or even single cells. Finally, the development of bipolar electrode devices for ECL cell assays is introduced. To conclude, the direction of research in this field and its application prospects are described.
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33
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Ding H, Guo W, Su B. Electrochemiluminescence Single‐Cell Analysis: Intensity‐ and Imaging‐Based Methods. Chempluschem 2020; 85:725-733. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Guo
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
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34
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Abstract
This Feature simply introduces the history and mechanism of classical electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) systems for the detection of biomolecules, highlights new advances and emerging fields of the ECL biosensing with recent illustrative examples, and presents the challenges and perspectives of ECL biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710062 , P.R. China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710062 , P.R. China
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35
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Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule within the human body, but many of its roles in physiology and pathophysiology are not well understood. To better understand the importance of H2O2 in biological systems, it is essential that researchers are able to quantify this reactive species in various settings, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo systems. This review covers a broad range of H2O2 sensors that have been used in biological systems, highlighting advancements that have taken place since 2015.
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36
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Ma C, Cao Y, Gou X, Zhu JJ. Recent Progress in Electrochemiluminescence Sensing and Imaging. Anal Chem 2019; 92:431-454. [PMID: 31679341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
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37
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Zhang H, Gao W, Liu Y, Sun Y, Jiang Y, Zhang S. Electrochemiluminescence-Microscopy for microRNA Imaging in Single Cancer Cell Combined with Chemotherapy-Photothermal Therapy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12581-12586. [PMID: 31539224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new technology using ECL as a microscopy to parallel image miRNA-21 in single cancer cell was built. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) loaded gold nanocages (Au NCs) was closed with DNA gate which could be recognized and opened by miRNA-21 in HeLa cell. PMA was then released and further induced HeLa cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS; including O2-•, •OH and H2O2 etc.). With H2O2 as coreactant and luminol as ECL active material, ECL imaging of intracellular miRNA-21 in single HeLa cell was obtained by EMCCD. Moreover, ROS therapy and photothermal therapy (PPT) of Au NCs@PMA probe were also motivated by in situ miRNA-21 marker instead of the external source. The combined therapy leads to dramatically enhanced ability for cancer cell killing. Au NCs@PMA probe alone could not only achieve a high sensitivity and high resolution ECL-microscopy for imaging of intracellular miRNA-21 for the first time, but also realize the integrated diagnosis like ROS induced tumor damage and photothermal-induced intelligent therapy. This multifunctional platform is believed to be capable of playing an important role in future oncotherapy by the synergistic effects between chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huairong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , 276005 , China
| | - Wanxia Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , 276005 , China.,Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qingdao University , Qingdao , Shandong 266071 , China
| | - Yong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , 276005 , China
| | - Yingnan Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , 276005 , China
| | - Yanxialei Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , 276005 , China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , 276005 , China
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38
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Peng M, Zhao Y, Chen D, Tan Y. Free‐Standing 3D Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Peng
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Dechao Chen
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yongwen Tan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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39
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Zhang J, Arbault S, Sojic N, Jiang D. Electrochemiluminescence Imaging for Bioanalysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:275-295. [PMID: 30939032 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a widely used analytical technique with the advantages of high sensitivity and low background signal. The recent and rapid development of electrochemical materials, luminophores, and optical elements significantly increases the ECL signals and, thus, ECL imaging with enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions is realized. Currently, ECL imaging is successfully applied to high-throughput bioanalysis and to visualize the distribution of molecules at single cells. Compared with other optical bioassays, no optical excitation is involved in imaging, so the approach avoids a background signal from illumination and increases the detection sensitivity. This review highlights some of the most exciting developments in this field, including the mechanisms, electrode designs, and the applications of ECL imaging in bioanalysis and at single cells and particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China;
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Dechen Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China;
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40
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Zhang X, Oleinick A, Jiang H, Liao Q, Qiu Q, Svir I, Liu Y, Amatore C, Huang W. Electrochemical Monitoring of ROS/RNS Homeostasis Within Individual Phagolysosomes Inside Single Macrophages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7753-7756. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- PASTEUR, Départment de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL, Research UniversitySorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ. Paris 06 France
- CNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Quan‐Lan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Quan‐Fa Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Irina Svir
- PASTEUR, Départment de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL, Research UniversitySorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ. Paris 06 France
- CNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Yan‐Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Christian Amatore
- PASTEUR, Départment de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL, Research UniversitySorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ. Paris 06 France
- CNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wei‐Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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41
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Zhang X, Oleinick A, Jiang H, Liao Q, Qiu Q, Svir I, Liu Y, Amatore C, Huang W. Electrochemical Monitoring of ROS/RNS Homeostasis Within Individual Phagolysosomes Inside Single Macrophages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- PASTEUR, Départment de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL, Research UniversitySorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ. Paris 06 France
- CNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Quan‐Lan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Quan‐Fa Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Irina Svir
- PASTEUR, Départment de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL, Research UniversitySorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ. Paris 06 France
- CNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Yan‐Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Christian Amatore
- PASTEUR, Départment de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL, Research UniversitySorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ. Paris 06 France
- CNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wei‐Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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42
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Liu G, Jin BK, Ma C, Chen Z, Zhu JJ. Potential-Resolved Electrochemiluminescence Nanoprobes for Visual Apoptosis Evaluation at Single-Cell Level. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6363-6370. [PMID: 30964659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a potential-resolved electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method is developed and used for the apoptosis diagnosis at the single-cell level. The apoptosis of cells usually induces the decreasing expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promotes phosphatidylserine (PS) eversion on the cell membrane. Here, Au@L012 and g-C3N4 as ECL probes are functionalized with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and peptide (PSBP) to recognize the EGFR and PS on the cell surface, respectively, showing two well-separated ECL signals during a potential scanning. Experimental results reveal that the relative ECL change of g-C3N4 and Au@L012 correlates with the degree of apoptosis, which provides an accurate way to investigate apoptosis without interference that solely changes EGFR or PS. With a homemade ECL microscopy, we simultaneously evaluate the EGFR and PS expression of abundant individual cells and, therefore, achieve the visualization analysis of the apoptosis rate for normal and cancer cell samples. This strategy contributes to visually studying tumor markers and pushing the application of ECL imaging for the disease diagnosis at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Bao-Kang Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , China
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43
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Liang S, Wang Y, Wu X, Chen M, Mu L, She G, Shi W. An ultrasensitive ratiometric fluorescent thermometer based on frustrated static excimers in the physiological temperature range. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3509-3512. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here an ultrasensitive ratiometric fluorescent thermometer (RFT) based on the frustrated static excimers (FSEs) of DEH-PDI (N,N′-di(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide) in the physiological temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xueke Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lixuan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Guangwei She
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wensheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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44
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Liu W, Chen A, Li S, Peng K, Chai Y, Yuan R. Perylene Derivative/Luminol Nanocomposite as a Strong Electrochemiluminescence Emitter for Construction of an Ultrasensitive MicroRNA Biosensor. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1516-1523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Anyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shengkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kanfu Peng
- Department of Kidney, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter E. Oomen
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Mohaddeseh A. Aref
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim Kaya
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- University of Göttingen Medical Center, Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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46
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Xu M, Pan R, Zhu Y, Jiang D, Chen HY. Resistive Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide in One Axon of Single Neuron with Nanopipets. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10117-10121. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Xu
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Noriko Taira
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Javier Ramon Azcon
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10-12 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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48
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Zhang Q, Hu Y, Wu D, Ma S, Wang J, Rao J, Xu L, Xu H, Shao H, Guo Z, Wang S. Protein-mimicking nanowire-inspired electro-catalytic biosensor for probing acetylcholinesterase activity and its inhibitors. Talanta 2018; 183:258-267. [PMID: 29567174 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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49
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Zhang H, Ruan J, Liu W, Jiang X, Du T, Jiang H, Alberto P, Gottschalk KE, Wang X. Monitoring dynamic release of intracellular hydrogen peroxide through a microelectrode based enzymatic biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4509-4517. [PMID: 29796900 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A high sensitive and selective hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor was fabricated on the basis of reduced hemoglobin (Hb) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for detecting the release of H2O2 from living HepG2 cancer cells in the process of the in situ biosynthesis of ZnO quantum. The modification of carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) was carried out by physical adsorption. By the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the dense cover of surface and successful immobilization were characterized. Electrochemical investigation demonstrates that the as-prepared modified microelectrode showed a quasi-reversible process toward the reduction of H2O2, which exhibited a linear range from 0.51 to 10.6 μM, with a limit of detection of 0.23 μM. This microelectrode biosensor was applied for the quantification of the change of H2O2 concentration released from HepG2 cells through the in situ biosynthesis of ZnO quantum dots, which was further confirmed by the fluorescence staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xuerui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tianyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Pasquarelli Alberto
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 45, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay-Eberhard Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 45, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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50
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Li SK, Chen AY, Niu XX, Liu ZT, Du M, Chai YQ, Yuan R, Zhuo Y. In situ generation of electrochemiluminescent DNA nanoflowers as a signal tag for mucin 1 detection based on a strategy of target and mimic target synchronous cycling amplification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:9624-9627. [PMID: 28809974 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) aptasensor consisting of a novel ECL signal tag of DNA nanoflowers (DNA NFs) and a highly efficient target conversion strategy for the MUC1 assay was developed, which not only increased the stability for luminophore loading, but also greatly improved the detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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