1
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Douma C, Bowser MT. Assessing Surface Adsorption in Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Microfluidic Devices Using Two-Dimensional Nano Liquid Chromatography-Micro Free Flow Electrophoresis Separations. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18379-18387. [PMID: 38060457 PMCID: PMC10733905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface interactions are a concern in microscale separations, where analyte adsorption can decrease the speed, sensitivity, and resolution otherwise achieved by miniaturization. Here, we functionally characterize the surface adsorption of hot-embossed cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) micro free-flow electrophoresis (μFFE) devices using two-dimensional nLC × μFFE separations, which introduce a 3- to 5 s plug of analyte into the device and measure temporal broadening that arises from surface interactions. COC is an attractive material for microfluidic devices, but little is known about its potential for surface adsorption in applications with continuous fluid flow and temporal measurements. Adsorption was minimal for three small molecule dyes: positively charged rhodamine 123, negatively charged fluorescein, and neutral rhodamine 110. Temporal peak widths for the three dyes ranged from 3 to 7 s and did not change significantly with increasing transit distance. Moderate adsorption was observed for Chromeo P503-labeled myoglobin and cytochrome c with temporal peak widths around 20 s. Overall, the COC surface adsorption was low compared to traditional glass devices, where peak widths are on the order of minutes. Improvements in durability, long-term performance, and ease of fabrication, combined with low overall adsorption, make the COC μFFE devices a practical choice for applications involving time-resolved continuous detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia
C. Douma
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y, Liu L, Liang Y, He B, Hu L, Jiang G. Application of three-dimensional printing technology in environmental analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341742. [PMID: 38783729 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of environmental analysis devices with high performance is essential to assess the potential risks of environmental pollutants. However, it is still challenging to develop environmental analysis equipment with miniaturization, portability, and high sensitivity based on traditional processing techniques. In recent years, the popularity of 3D printing technology (3DP) with high precision, low cost, and unlimited design freedom has provided opportunities to solve the existing challenges of environmental analysis. 3D printing has brought solutions to promote the high performance and versatility of environmental analysis equipment by optimizing printing materials, enhancing equipment structure, and integrating multidisciplinary technology. In this paper, we comprehensively review the latest progress in 3D printing in various aspects of environmental analysis procedures, including but not limited to sample collection, pretreatment, separation, and detection. We highlight their advantages and challenges in determining various environmental contaminants through passive sampling, solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometry detection. The manufacturing of 3D-printed environmental analysis devices is also discussed. Finally, we look forward to their development prospects and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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3
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LeMon MB, Douma CC, Burke GS, Bowser MT. Fabrication of µFFE Devices in COC via Hot Embossing with a 3D-Printed Master Mold. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1728. [PMID: 37763891 PMCID: PMC10534651 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of high-performance microscale devices in substrates with optimal material properties while keeping costs low and maintaining the flexibility to rapidly prototype new designs remains an ongoing challenge in the microfluidics field. To this end, we have fabricated a micro free-flow electrophoresis (µFFE) device in cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) via hot embossing using a PolyJet 3D-printed master mold. A room-temperature cyclohexane vapor bath was used to clarify the device and facilitate solvent-assisted thermal bonding to fully enclose the channels. Device profiling showed 55 µm deep channels with no detectable feature degradation due to solvent exposure. Baseline separation of fluorescein, rhodamine 110, and rhodamine 123, was achieved at 150 V. Limits of detection for these fluorophores were 2 nM, 1 nM, and 10 nM, respectively, and were comparable to previously reported values for glass and 3D-printed devices. Using PolyJet 3D printing in conjunction with hot embossing, the full design cycle, from initial design to production of fully functional COC µFFE devices, could be completed in as little as 6 days without the need for specialized clean room facilities. Replicate COC µFFE devices could be produced from an existing embossing mold in as little as two hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael T. Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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4
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Sebechlebská T, Vaněčková E, Choińska-Młynarczyk MK, Navrátil T, Poltorak L, Bonini A, Vivaldi F, Kolivoška V. 3D Printed Platform for Impedimetric Sensing of Liquids and Microfluidic Channels. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14426-14433. [PMID: 36200526 PMCID: PMC9951178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling 3D printing (FDM-3DP) employing electrically conductive filaments has recently been recognized as an exceptionally attractive tool for the manufacture of sensing devices. However, capabilities of 3DP electrodes to measure electric properties of materials have not yet been explored. To bridge this gap, we employ bimaterial FDM-3DP combining electrically conductive and insulating filaments to build an integrated platform for sensing conductivity and permittivity of liquids by impedance measurements. The functionality of the device is demonstrated by measuring conductivity of aqueous potassium chloride solution and bottled water samples and permittivity of water, ethanol, and their mixtures. We further implement an original idea of applying impedance measurements to investigate dimensions of 3DP channels as base structures of microfluidic devices, complemented by their optical microscopic analysis. We demonstrate that FDM-3DP allows the manufacture of microchannels of width down to 80 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Táňa Sebechlebská
- Department
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 84215Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J.
Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, Dolejskova
3, 18223Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Navrátil
- J.
Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, Dolejskova
3, 18223Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Vivaldi
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy,
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J.
Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, Dolejskova
3, 18223Prague, Czech Republic,
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5
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Zhang A, Xu J, Li X, Lin Z, Song Y, Li X, Wang Z, Cheng Y. High-Throughput Continuous-Flow Separation in a Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis Glass Chip Based on Laser Microfabrication. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1124. [PMID: 35161869 PMCID: PMC8838507 DOI: 10.3390/s22031124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Micro free-flow electrophoresis (μFFE) provides a rapid and straightforward route for the high-performance online separation and purification of targeted liquid samples in a mild manner. However, the facile fabrication of a μFFE device with high throughput and high stability remains a challenge due to the technical barriers of electrode integration and structural design for the removal of bubbles for conventional methods. To address this, the design and fabrication of a high-throughput μFFE chip are proposed using laser-assisted chemical etching of glass followed by electrode integration and subsequent low-temperature bonding. The careful design of the height ratio of the separation chamber and electrode channels combined with a high flow rate of buffer solution allows the efficient removal of electrolysis-generated bubbles along the deep electrode channels during continuous-flow separation. The introduction of microchannel arrays further enhances the stability of on-chip high-throughput separation. As a proof-of-concept, high-performance purification of fluorescein sodium solution with a separation purity of ~97.9% at a voltage of 250 V from the mixture sample solution of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine 6G solution is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zijie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunpeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xin Li
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ya Cheng
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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6
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Microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis: a promising tool for protein purification and analysis in proteomics. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Liu MM, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Wu LN, Chen W, Lin XH, Lei Y, Liu AL. Electrochemical monitoring the effect of drug intervention on PC12 cell damage model cultured on paper-PLA 3D printed device. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1194:339409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Mohapatra S, Kar RK, Biswal PK, Bindhani S. Approaches of 3D printing in current drug delivery. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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9
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Heuer C, Preuß J, Habib T, Enders A, Bahnemann J. 3D printing in biotechnology-An insight into miniaturized and microfluidic systems for applications from cell culture to bioanalytics. Eng Life Sci 2021; 22:744-759. [PMID: 36514534 PMCID: PMC9731604 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its invention in the 1980s, 3D printing has evolved into a versatile technique for the additive manufacturing of diverse objects and tools, using various materials. The relative flexibility, straightforwardness, and ability to enable rapid prototyping are tremendous advantages offered by this technique compared to conventional methods for miniaturized and microfluidic systems fabrication (such as soft lithography). The development of 3D printers exhibiting high printer resolution has enabled the fabrication of accurate miniaturized and microfluidic systems-which have, in turn, substantially reduced both device sizes and required sample volumes. Moreover, the continuing development of translucent, heat resistant, and biocompatible materials will make 3D printing more and more useful for applications in biotechnology in the coming years. Today, a wide variety of 3D-printed objects in biotechnology-ranging from miniaturized cultivation chambers to microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices for diagnostics-are already being deployed in labs across the world. This review explains the 3D printing technologies that are currently used to fabricate such miniaturized microfluidic devices, and also seeks to offer some insight into recent developments demonstrating the use of these tools for biotechnological applications such as cell culture, separation techniques, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heuer
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | | | - Taieb Habib
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Anton Enders
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany,Cell Culture TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
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10
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Deshmane S, Kendre P, Mahajan H, Jain S. Stereolithography 3D printing technology in pharmaceuticals: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1362-1372. [PMID: 34663145 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1994990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is an innovative tool used in manufacturing medical devices, producing alloys, replacing biological tissues, producing customized dosage forms and so on. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technique, is very rapid and highly accurate and produces finished products of uniform quality. 3D formulations have been optimized with a perfect tool of artificial intelligence learning techniques. Complex designs/shapes can be fabricated through SLA using the photopolymerization principle. Different 3DP technologies are introduced and the most promising of these, SLA, and its commercial applications, are focused on. The high speed and effectiveness of SLA are highlighted. The working principle of SLA, the materials used and applications of the technique in a wide range of different sectors are highlighted in this review. An innovative idea of 3D printing customized pharmaceutical dosage forms is also presented. SLA compromises several advantages over other methods, such as cost effectiveness, controlled integrity of materials and greater speed. The development of SLA has allowed the development of printed pharmaceutical devices. Considering the present trends, it is expected that SLA will be used along with conventional methods of manufacturing of 3D model. This 3D printing technology may be utilized as a novel tool for delivering drugs on demand. This review will be useful for researchers working on 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Deshmane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Prakash Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Hitendra Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shirish Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
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11
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Alimi OA, Meijboom R. Current and future trends of additive manufacturing for chemistry applications: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:16824-16850. [PMID: 34413542 PMCID: PMC8363067 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, refers to a method used to generate a physical object by joining materials in a layer-by-layer process from a three-dimensional virtual model. 3-D printing technology has been traditionally employed in rapid prototyping, engineering, and industrial design. More recently, new applications continue to emerge; this is because of its exceptional advantage and flexibility over the traditional manufacturing process. Unlike other conventional manufacturing methods, which are fundamentally subtractive, 3-D printing is additive and, therefore, produces less waste. This review comprehensively summarises the application of additive manufacturing technologies in chemistry, chemical synthesis, and catalysis with particular attention to the production of general laboratory hardware, analytical facilities, reaction devices, and catalytically active substances. It also focuses on new and upcoming applications such as digital chemical synthesis, automation, and robotics in a synthetic environment. While discussing the contribution of this research area in the last decade, the current, future, and economic opportunities of additive manufacturing in chemical research and material development were fully covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyekunle Azeez Alimi
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| | - Reinout Meijboom
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
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12
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13
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Berger J, Aydin MY, Stavins R, Heredia J, Mostafa A, Ganguli A, Valera E, Bashir R, King WP. Portable Pathogen Diagnostics Using Microfluidic Cartridges Made from Continuous Liquid Interface Production Additive Manufacturing. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10048-10055. [PMID: 34251790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical diagnostics based on microfluidic devices have the potential to significantly benefit human health; however, the manufacturing of microfluidic devices is a key limitation to their widespread adoption. Outbreaks of infectious disease continue to demonstrate the need for simple, sensitive, and translatable tests for point-of-care use. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive alternative to conventional approaches for microfluidic device manufacturing based on injection molding; however, there is a need for development and validation of new AM process capabilities and materials that are compatible with microfluidic diagnostics. In this paper, we demonstrate the development and characterization of AM cartridges using continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) and investigate process characteristics and capabilities of the AM microfluidic device manufacturing. We find that CLIP accurately produces microfluidic channels as small as 400 μm and that it is possible to routinely produce fluid channels as small as 100 μm with high repeatability. We also developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of E. coli from whole blood directly on the CLIP-based AM microfluidic cartridges, with a 50 cfu/μL limit of detection, validating the use of CLIP processes and materials for pathogen detection. The portable diagnostic platform presented in this paper could be used to investigate and validate other AM processes for microfluidic diagnostics and could be an important component of scaling up the diagnostics for current and future infectious diseases and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Berger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Holonyak Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mehmet Y Aydin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Robert Stavins
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John Heredia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Holonyak Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ariana Mostafa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Holonyak Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Anurup Ganguli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Holonyak Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Enrique Valera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Holonyak Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Holonyak Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William P King
- Holonyak Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Xun H, Clarke S, Baker N, Shallal C, Lee E, Fadavi D, Wong A, Brandacher G, Kang SH, Sacks JM. Method, Material, and Machine: A Review for the Surgeon Using Three-Dimensional Printing for Accelerated Device Production. J Am Coll Surg 2021; 232:726-737.e19. [PMID: 33896478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians are at the forefront of identifying innovative targets to address current medical needs. 3D printing technology has emerged as a state-of-the-art method of prototyping medical devices or producing patient-specific models that is more cost-efficient, with faster turnaround time, in comparison to traditional prototype manufacturing. However, initiating 3D printing projects can be daunting due to the engineering learning curve, including the number of methodologies, variables, and techniques for printing from which to choose. To help address these challenges, we sought to create a guide for physicians interested in venturing into 3D printing. STUDY DESIGN All commercially available, plug-and-play, material and stereolithography printers costing less than $15,000 were identified via web search. Companies were contacted to obtain quotes and information sheets for all printer models. The qualifying printers' manufacturer specification sheets were reviewed, and pertinent variables were extracted. RESULTS We reviewed 309 commercially available printers and materials and identified 118 printers appropriate for clinicians desiring plug-and-play models for accelerated device production. We synthesized this information into a decision-making tool to choose the appropriate parameters based on project goals. CONCLUSIONS There is a growing clinical need for medical devices to reduce costs of care and increase access to personalized treatments; however, the learning curve may be daunting for surgeons. In this review paper, we introduce the "3Ms of 3D printing" for medical professionals and provide tools and data sheets for selection of commercially available, affordable, plug-and-play 3D printers appropriate for surgeons interested in innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Xun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Scott Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nusaiba Baker
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher Shallal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Erica Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Darya Fadavi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alison Wong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Justin M Sacks
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
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15
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Can 3D Printing Bring Droplet Microfluidics to Every Lab?-A Systematic Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030339. [PMID: 33810056 PMCID: PMC8004812 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing has steadily gained attention in both research and industry. Applications range from prototyping to small-scale production, with 3D printing offering reduced logistics overheads, better design flexibility and ease of use compared with traditional fabrication methods. In addition, printer and material costs have also decreased rapidly. These advantages make 3D printing attractive for application in microfluidic chip fabrication. However, 3D printing microfluidics is still a new area. Is the technology mature enough to print complex microchannel geometries, such as droplet microfluidics? Can 3D-printed droplet microfluidic chips be used in biological or chemical applications? Is 3D printing mature enough to be used in every research lab? These are the questions we will seek answers to in our systematic review. We will analyze (1) the key performance metrics of 3D-printed droplet microfluidics and (2) existing biological or chemical application areas. In addition, we evaluate (3) the potential of large-scale application of 3D printing microfluidics. Finally, (4) we discuss how 3D printing and digital design automation could trivialize microfluidic chip fabrication in the long term. Based on our analysis, we can conclude that today, 3D printers could already be used in every research lab. Printing droplet microfluidics is also a possibility, albeit with some challenges discussed in this review.
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16
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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17
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Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Widely accessible 3D printing technologies in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutics: applications, materials and prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Study of Microchannels Fabricated Using Desktop Fused Deposition Modeling Systems. MICROMACHINES 2020; 12:mi12010014. [PMID: 33375727 PMCID: PMC7823880 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are used to transfer small quantities of liquid through micro-scale channels. Conventionally, these devices are fabricated using techniques such as soft-lithography, paper microfluidics, micromachining, injection moulding, etc. The advancement in modern additive manufacturing methods is making three dimensional printing (3DP) a promising platform for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Particularly, the availability of low-cost desktop 3D printers can produce inexpensive microfluidic devices in fast turnaround times. In this paper, we explore fused deposition modelling (FDM) to print non-transparent and closed internal micro features of in-plane microchannels (i.e., linear, curved and spiral channel profiles) and varying cross-section microchannels in the build direction (i.e., helical microchannel). The study provides a comparison of the minimum possible diameter size, the maximum possible fluid flow-rate without leakage, and absorption through the straight, curved, spiral and helical microchannels along with the printing accuracy of the FDM process for two low-cost desktop printers. Moreover, we highlight the geometry dependent printing issues of microchannels, pressure developed in the microchannels for complex geometry and establish that the profiles in which flowrate generates 4000 Pa are susceptible to leakages when no pre or post processing in the FDM printed parts is employed.
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19
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Preuss JA, Nguyen GN, Berk V, Bahnemann J. Miniaturized free-flow electrophoresis: production, optimization, and application using 3D printing technology. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:305-314. [PMID: 33128392 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing resolution of three-dimensional (3D) printing offers simplified access to, and development of, microfluidic devices with complex 3D structures. Therefore, this technology is increasingly used for rapid prototyping in laboratories and industry. Microfluidic free flow electrophoresis (μFFE) is a versatile tool to separate and concentrate different samples (such as DNA, proteins, and cells) to different outlets in a time range measured in mere tens of seconds and offers great potential for use in downstream processing, for example. However, the production of μFFE devices is usually rather elaborate. Many designs are based on chemical pretreatment or manual alignment for the setup. Especially for the separation chamber of a μFFE device, this is a crucial step which should be automatized. We have developed a smart 3D design of a μFFE to pave the way for a simpler production. This study presents (1) a robust and reproducible way to build up critical parts of a μFFE device based on high-resolution MultiJet 3D printing; (2) a simplified insertion of commercial polycarbonate membranes to segregate separation and electrode chambers; and (3) integrated, 3D-printed wells that enable a defined sample fractionation (chip-to-world interface). In proof of concept experiments both a mixture of fluorescence dyes and a mixture of amino acids were successfully separated in our 3D-printed μFFE device.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Alexander Preuss
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Gia Nam Nguyen
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Virginia Berk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
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20
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Durga Prasad Reddy R, Sharma V. Additive manufacturing in drug delivery applications: A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Nice EC. The separation sciences, the front end to proteomics: An historical perspective. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4995. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
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22
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Abstract
The microfluidics field is at a critical crossroads. The vast majority of microfluidic devices are presently manufactured using micromolding processes that work very well for a reduced set of biocompatible materials, but the time, cost, and design constraints of micromolding hinder the commercialization of many devices. As a result, the dissemination of microfluidic technology-and its impact on society-is in jeopardy. Digital manufacturing (DM) refers to a family of computer-centered processes that integrate digital three-dimensional (3D) designs, automated (additive or subtractive) fabrication, and device testing in order to increase fabrication efficiency. Importantly, DM enables the inexpensive realization of 3D designs that are impossible or very difficult to mold. The adoption of DM by microfluidic engineers has been slow, likely due to concerns over the resolution of the printers and the biocompatibility of the resins. In this article, we review and discuss the various printer types, resolution, biocompatibility issues, DM microfluidic designs, and the bright future ahead for this promising, fertile field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Naderi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| | - Nirveek Bhattacharjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
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23
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Barbaresco F, Cocuzza M, Pirri CF, Marasso SL. Application of a Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis 3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip for Micro-Nanoparticles Analysis. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071277. [PMID: 32629794 PMCID: PMC7408601 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes a novel microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis device developed by applying three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to rapid prototype a low-cost chip for micro- and nanoparticle collection and analysis. Accurate reproducibility of the device design and the integration of the inlet and outlet ports with the proper tube interconnection was achieved by the additive manufacturing process. Test prints were performed to compare the glossy and the matte type of surface finish. Analyzing the surface topography of the 3D printed device, we demonstrated how the best reproducibility was obtained with the glossy device showing a 5% accuracy. The performance of the device was demonstrated by a free-flow zone electrophoresis application on micro- and nanoparticles with different dimensions, charge surfaces and fluorescent dyes by applying different separation voltages up to 55 V. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy (UV−Vis) analysis were performed on particles collected at the outlets. The percentage of particles observed at each outlet was determined in order to demonstrate the capability of the micro free-flow electrophoresis (µFFE) device to work properly in dependence of the applied electric field. In conclusion, we rapid prototyped a microfluidic device by 3D printing, which ensured micro- and nanoparticle deviation and concentration in a reduced operation volume and hence suitable for biomedical as well as pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbaresco
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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24
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Nielsen AV, Beauchamp MJ, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. 3D Printed Microfluidics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:45-65. [PMID: 31821017 PMCID: PMC7282950 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional microfabrication techniques suffer from several disadvantages, including the inability to create truly three-dimensional (3D) architectures, expensive and time-consuming processes when changing device designs, and difficulty in transitioning from prototyping fabrication to bulk manufacturing. 3D printing is an emerging technique that could overcome these disadvantages. While most 3D printed fluidic devices and features to date have been on the millifluidic size scale, some truly microfluidic devices have been shown. Currently, stereolithography is the most promising approach for routine creation of microfluidic structures, but several approaches under development also have potential. Microfluidic 3D printing is still in an early stage, similar to where polydimethylsiloxane was two decades ago. With additional work to advance printer hardware and software control, expand and improve resin and printing material selections, and realize additional applications for 3D printed devices, we foresee 3D printing becoming the dominant microfluidic fabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
| | - Michael J Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
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25
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Alkayyali T, Ahmadi A. Fabrication of microfluidic chips using controlled dissolution of
3D
printed scaffolds. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tartela Alkayyali
- Faculty of Sustainable Design EngineeringUniversity of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Faculty of Sustainable Design EngineeringUniversity of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada
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26
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Anciaux SK, Bowser MT. Reduced surface adsorption in 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene micro free-flow electrophoresis devices. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:225-234. [PMID: 31816114 PMCID: PMC7316087 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have 3D printed and fabricated micro free-flow electrophoresis (µFFE) devices in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) that exhibit minimal surface adsorption without requiring additional surface coatings or specialized buffer additives. 2D, nano LC-micro free flow electrophoresis (2D nLC × µFFE) separations were used to assess both spatial and temporal broadening as peaks eluted through the separation channel. Minimal broadening due to wall adsorption was observed in either the spatial or temporal dimensions during separations of rhodamine 110, rhodamine 123, and fluorescein. Surface adsorption was observed in separations of Chromeo P503 labeled myoglobin and cytochrome c but was significantly reduced compared to previously reported glass devices. Peak widths of < 30 s were observed for both proteins. For comparison, Chromeo P503 labeled myoglobin and cytochrome c adsorb strongly to the surface of glass µFFE devices resulting in peak widths >20 min. A 2D nLC × µFFE separation of a Chromeo P503 labeled tryptic digest of BSA was performed to demonstrate the high peak capacity possible due to the low surface adsorption in the 3D printed ABS devices, even in the absence of surface coatings or buffer additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Anciaux
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
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27
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Stastna M. Continuous flow electrophoretic separation - Recent developments and applications to biological sample analysis. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:36-55. [PMID: 31650578 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow electrophoretic separation with continuous sample loading provides the advantage of processing volumes of any sizes, as well as the benefit of a real-time monitoring and optimization of the separation process. In addition, the spatial separation of the sample enables collecting multiple separated components simultaneously and in a continuous manner. The separation is usually performed in mild buffers without organic solvents and detergents (sample biological activity is retained) and it is carried out without usage of a solid support in the separation space preventing the interaction of the sample with it (high sample recovery). The method is used for the separation of proteins/peptides in proteomic applications, and its great applicability is to the separation of the cells, cellular organelles, vesicles, membrane fragments, and DNA. This review focuses on the electrophoretic separation performed in a continuous flow and it describes various electrophoretic modes and instrumental setups. Recent developments in methodology and instrumentation, the integration with other techniques, and the application to the biological sample analysis are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Grösche M, Zoheir AE, Stegmaier J, Mikut R, Mager D, Korvink JG, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Microfluidic Chips for Life Sciences-A Comparison of Low Entry Manufacturing Technologies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901956. [PMID: 31305015 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic water-in-oil droplets are a versatile tool for biological and biochemical applications due to the advantages of extremely small monodisperse reaction vessels in the pL-nL range. A key factor for the successful dissemination of this technology to life science laboratory users is the ability to produce microfluidic droplet generators and related accessories by low-entry barrier methods, which enable rapid prototyping and manufacturing of devices with low instrument and material costs. The direct, experimental side-by-side comparison of three commonly used additive manufacturing (AM) methods, namely fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing (InkJ), and stereolithography (SLA), is reported. As a benchmark, micromilling (MM) is used as an established method. To demonstrate which of these methods can be easily applied by the non-expert to realize applications in topical fields of biochemistry and microbiology, the methods are evaluated with regard to their limits for the minimum structure resolution in all three spatial directions. The suitability of functional SLA and MM chips to replace classic SU-8 prototypes is demonstrated on the basis of representative application cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Grösche
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ahmed E Zoheir
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, Kopernikusstraße 16, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Mikut
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dario Mager
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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29
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Loo JFC, Ho AHP, Turner APF, Mak WC. Integrated Printed Microfluidic Biosensors. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1104-1120. [PMID: 30992149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrated printed microfluidic biosensors are one of the most recent point-of-care (POC) sensor developments. Fast turnaround time for production and ease of customization, enabled by the integration of recognition elements and transducers, are key for on-site biosensing for both healthcare and industry and for speeding up translation to real-life applications. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in printed microfluidics, from the 2D to the 4D level, accompanied by novel sensing element integration. We also explore the latest trends in integrated printed microfluidics for healthcare, especially POC diagnostics, and food safety applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky F C Loo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Aaron H P Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | | | - Wing Cheung Mak
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
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30
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Zhou W, Xia L, Xiao X, Li G, Pu Q. A microchip device to enhance free flow electrophoresis using controllable pinched sample injections. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2165-2171. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhou
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Xiao
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu P. R. China
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31
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Neumaier JM, Madani A, Klein T, Ziegler T. Low-budget 3D-printed equipment for continuous flow reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:558-566. [PMID: 30873240 PMCID: PMC6404462 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the development and manufacturing of lab equipment, which is needed for the use in flow chemistry. We developed a rack of four syringe pumps controlled by one Arduino computer, which can be manufactured with a commonly available 3D printer and readily available parts. Also, we printed various flow reactor cells, which are fully customizable for each individual reaction. With this equipment we performed some multistep glycosylation reactions, where multiple 3D-printed flow reactors were used in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen M Neumaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amiera Madani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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33
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Opportunities for 3D printed millifluidic platforms incorporating on-line sample handling and separation. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Parker EK, Nielsen AV, Beauchamp MJ, Almughamsi HM, Nielsen JB, Sonker M, Gong H, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. 3D printed microfluidic devices with immunoaffinity monoliths for extraction of preterm birth biomarkers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:5405-5413. [PMID: 30382326 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is defined as birth before the 37th week of pregnancy and results in 15 million early deliveries worldwide every year. Presently, there is no clinical test to determine PTB risk; however, a panel of nine biomarkers found in maternal blood serum has predictive power for a subsequent PTB. A significant step in creating a clinical diagnostic for PTB is designing an automated method to extract and purify these biomarkers from blood serum. Here, microfluidic devices with 45 μm × 50 μm cross-section channels were 3D printed with a built-in polymerization window to allow a glycidyl methacrylate monolith to be site-specifically polymerized within the channel. This monolith was then used as a solid support to attach antibodies for PTB biomarker extraction. Using these functionalized monoliths, it was possible to selectively extract a PTB biomarker, ferritin, from buffer and a human blood serum matrix. This is the first demonstration of monolith formation in a 3D printed microfluidic device for immunoaffinity extraction. Notably, this work is a crucial first step toward developing a 3D printed microfluidic clinical diagnostic for PTB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Anna V Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Michael J Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Haifa M Almughamsi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Jacob B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 450G EB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 450G EB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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35
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Rossi S, Puglisi A, Benaglia M. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing in Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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36
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Abstract
Micro free-flow electrophoresis (μFFE) is a continuous separation technique in which analytes are streamed through a perpendicularly applied electric field in a planar separation channel. Analyte streams are deflected laterally based on their electrophoretic mobilities as they flow through the separation channel. A number of μFFE separation modes have been demonstrated, including free zone (FZ), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), isoelectric focusing (IEF) and isotachophoresis (ITP). Approximately 60 articles have been published since the first μFFE device was fabricated in 1994. We anticipate that recent advances in device design, detection, and fabrication, will allow μFFE to be applied to a much wider range of applications. Applications particularly well suited for μFFE analysis include continuous, real time monitoring and microscale purifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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37
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Tyssebotn IMB, Fittschen A, Fittschen UEA. CE-XRF-initial steps toward a non-invasive elemental sensitive detector for liquid separations. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:816-823. [PMID: 29193186 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity, bioavailability, and mobilization of elements within the biosphere is dependent on its species. CE has emerged as a strong separation technique for elemental speciation. Conventionally, CE has been coupled with UV-vis, C4 D, PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission), and ICP-MS. UV-vis and C4 D are not elemental sensitive detection methods, PIXE requires the etching of the detection window resulting in a very brittle capillary, and ICP-MS is an expensive large footprint instrument. Here, we aim to develop an elemental specific detector, XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), for use with CE. A custom-built micro-XRF was tested and static LODs were determined for 19 elements (Ca-U) with both unmodified (20-926 ppm) and modified capillaries (20-291 ppm). A custom-built CE was combined with the micro-XRF and separation of Ca2+ and Co2+ was obtained. Sr2+ coeluted with Ca2+ in the mixture, but because of the elemental sensitivity of XRF, the Sr and Ca signals could be separated. After successful testing of the micro-XRF, the feasibility of using a low-cost X-ray source and detector was tested. Even lower LODs were obtained for Ga and Rb, showing the feasibility of a smaller, low-cost XRF unit as an elemental specific detector. However, the buffer selection that can be conveniently used with XRF is currently limited due to capillary corrosion, likely correlated to radiolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Marie Bergø Tyssebotn
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Fittschen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Ursula Elisabeth Adriane Fittschen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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38
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Li F, Macdonald NP, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. Using Printing Orientation for Tuning Fluidic Behavior in Microfluidic Chips Made by Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12805-12811. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Centre
for Rural and Regional Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Private Bag
20000, 3220 Geelong, Australia
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39
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Continuous purification of reaction products by micro free-flow electrophoresis enabled by large area deep-UV fluorescence imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:853-862. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Novo P, Janasek D. Current advances and challenges in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:9-29. [PMID: 29031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The research field on microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has developed vast amounts of devices, methods, applications and raised new questions, often in analogy to conventional techniques from which it derives. Most efforts have been employed on device development and a myriad of architectures and fabrication techniques have been reported using simple proof-of-principle separations. As technological aspects reach a quite mature state, researchers' new challenges include the development of protocols for the separation of complex mixtures, as required in the fields of application. The success of this effort is extremely dependent on the capability to transfer the device's fabrication to an industrial setting as well as to ensure interfacing simplicity, namely at the solutions' supply and collection, and actuation such as electric potential application and temperature control. Other advanced applications such as direct interfacing to downstream systems such as mass spectrometry, integration of sensing and feedback controls will require further development in the laboratory. In this review we provide an overview on the field, from basic concepts, through advanced developments both in the theoretical and experimental arenas, and addressing the above details. A comprehensive survey of designs, materials and applications is presented with particular highlights to most recent developments, namely the integration of electrodes, flow control and hyphenation of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany.
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41
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Chan HN, Tan MJA, Wu H. Point-of-care testing: applications of 3D printing. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2713-2739. [PMID: 28702608 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00397h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices fulfil a critical need in the modern healthcare ecosystem, enabling the decentralized delivery of imperative clinical strategies in both developed and developing worlds. To achieve diagnostic utility and clinical impact, POCT technologies are immensely dependent on effective translation from academic laboratories out to real-world deployment. However, the current research and development pipeline is highly bottlenecked owing to multiple restraints in material, cost, and complexity of conventionally available fabrication techniques. Recently, 3D printing technology has emerged as a revolutionary, industry-compatible method enabling cost-effective, facile, and rapid manufacturing of objects. This has allowed iterative design-build-test cycles of various things, from microfluidic chips to smartphone interfaces, that are geared towards point-of-care applications. In this review, we focus on highlighting recent works that exploit 3D printing in developing POCT devices, underscoring its utility in all analytical steps. Moreover, we also discuss key advantages of adopting 3D printing in the device development pipeline and identify promising opportunities in 3D printing technology that can benefit global health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Nam Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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42
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3D printed device including disk-based solid-phase extraction for the automated speciation of iron using the multisyringe flow injection analysis technique. Talanta 2017; 175:463-469. [PMID: 28842018 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of advanced manufacturing techniques is crucial for the design of novel analytical tools with unprecedented features. Advanced manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has been explored for the first time to fabricate modular devices with integrated features for disk-based automated solid-phase extraction (SPE). A modular device integrating analyte oxidation, disk-based SPE and analyte complexation has been fabricated using stereolithographic 3D printing. The 3D printed device is directly connected to flow-based analytical instrumentation, replacing typical flow networks based on discrete elements. As proof of concept, the 3D printed device was implemented in a multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) system, and applied to the fully automated speciation, SPE and spectrophotometric quantification of Fe in water samples. The obtained limit of detection for total Fe determination was 7ng, with a dynamic linear range from 22ng to 2400ng Fe (3mL sample). An intra-day RSD of 4% (n = 12) and an inter-day RSD of 4.3% (n = 5, 3mL sample, different day with a different disk), were obtained. Incorporation of integrated 3D printed devices with automated flow-based techniques showed improved sensitivity (85% increase on the measured peak height for the determination of total Fe) in comparison with analogous flow manifolds built from conventional tubing and connectors. Our work represents a step forward towards the improved reproducibility in the fabrication of manifolds for flow-based automated methods of analysis, which is especially relevant in the implementation of interlaboratory analysis.
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43
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Amin R, Knowlton S, Dupont J, Bergholz JS, Joshi A, Hart A, Yenilmez B, Yu CH, Wentworth A, Zhao JJ, Tasoglu S. 3D-printed smartphone-based device for label-free cell separation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2016-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To assess several fabrication metrics of a 3D-printed smartphone-attachable continuous-flow magnetic focusing device for real-time separation and detection of different cell types based on their volumetric mass density in high-volume samples. Method: The smartphone apparatus has been designed and fabricated using three different 3D printing method. Several 3D printing metrics including cost, printing time, and resolution have been evaluated to propose a cost-efficient and high-performance platform for low-resource settings. Results: To apply the magnetic focusing technique on large sample volumes, a heterogeneous mixture of sample (e.g., containing blood cells and cancer cells) suspended in paramagnetic medium is pumped through a magnetic field at an optimum flow rate. The performance of the 3D-printed device has been investigated by demonstrating separation of microspheres, breast, lung, ovarian and prostate cancer cells mixed with blood cells. The separation distance of cancer and blood cells is around 100 μm, allowing the two cell types to be easily distinguished. Conclusion: This device could be useful for clinical centers in low-income countries where expensive infrastructure, equipment (e.g., FACS) and technical expertise are lacking. This device could ultimately be applied to rare cell separation and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Amin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Stephanie Knowlton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Joshua Dupont
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Johann S Bergholz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashwini Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alexander Hart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Bekir Yenilmez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Chu Hsiang Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Adam Wentworth
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, & Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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44
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Beauchamp MJ, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. Moving from millifluidic to truly microfluidic sub-100-μm cross-section 3D printed devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4311-4319. [PMID: 28612085 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has generated considerable excitement in recent years regarding the extensive possibilities of this enabling technology. One area in which 3D printing has potential, not only for positive impact but also for substantial improvement, is microfluidics. To date many researchers have used 3D printers to make fluidic channels directed at point-of-care or lab-on-a-chip applications. Here, we look critically at the cross-sectional sizes of these 3D printed fluidic structures, classifying them as millifluidic (larger than 1 mm), sub-millifluidic (0.5-1.0 mm), large microfluidic (100-500 μm), or truly microfluidic (smaller than 100 μm). Additionally, we provide our prognosis for making 10-100-μm cross-section microfluidic features with custom-formulated resins and stereolithographic printers. Such 3D printed microfluidic devices for bioanalysis will accelerate research through designs that can be easily created and modified, allowing improved assays to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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45
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Amin R, Ghaderinezhad F, Li L, Lepowsky E, Yenilmez B, Knowlton S, Tasoglu S. Continuous-Ink, Multiplexed Pen-Plotter Approach for Low-Cost, High-Throughput Fabrication of Paper-Based Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6351-6357. [PMID: 28598152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for high-throughput fabrication techniques for paper-based microanalytical devices, especially in limited resource areas. Fabrication of these devices requires precise and repeatable deposition of hydrophobic materials in a defined pattern to delineate the hydrophilic reaction zones. In this study, we demonstrated a cost- and time-effective method for high-throughput, easily accessible fabrication of paper-based microfluidics using a desktop pen plotter integrated with a custom-designed multipen holder. This approach enabled simultaneous printing with multiple printing heads and, thus, multiplexed fabrication. Moreover, we proposed an ink supply system connected to commercial technical pens to allow continuous flow of the ink, thereby increasing the printing capacity of the system. We tested the use of either hot- or cold-laminating layers to improve (i) the durability, stability, and mechanical strength of the paper-based devices and (ii) the seal on the back face of the chromatography paper to prevent wetting of the sample beyond the hydrophilic testing region. To demonstrate a potential application of the paper-based microfluidic devices fabricated by the proposed method, colorimetric urine assays were implemented and tested: nitrite, urobilinogen, protein, blood, and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Amin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Fariba Ghaderinezhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut , 337 Mansfield Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Eric Lepowsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Bekir Yenilmez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Stephanie Knowlton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut , 337 Mansfield Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute of Materials Science (IMS), University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut , 2006 Hillside Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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46
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Macdonald NP, Cabot JM, Smejkal P, Guijt RM, Paull B, Breadmore MC. Comparing Microfluidic Performance of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Platforms. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3858-3866. [PMID: 28281349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a potential revolutionary technology for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. A direct experimental comparison of the three 3D printing technologies dominating microfluidics was conducted using a Y-junction microfluidic device, the design of which was optimized for each printer: fused deposition molding (FDM), Polyjet, and digital light processing stereolithography (DLP-SLA). Printer performance was evaluated in terms of feature size, accuracy, and suitability for mass manufacturing; laminar flow was studied to assess their suitability for microfluidics. FDM was suitable for microfabrication with minimum features of 321 ± 5 μm, and rough surfaces of 10.97 μm. Microfluidic devices >500 μm, rapid mixing (71% ± 12% after 5 mm, 100 μL/min) was observed, indicating a strength in fabricating micromixers. Polyjet fabricated channels with a minimum size of 205 ± 13 μm, and a surface roughness of 0.99 μm. Compared with FDM, mixing decreased (27% ± 10%), but Polyjet printing is more suited for microfluidic applications where flow splitting is not required, such as cell culture or droplet generators. DLP-SLA fabricated a minimum channel size of 154 ± 10 μm, and 94 ± 7 μm for positive structures such as soft lithography templates, with a roughness of 0.35 μm. These results, in addition to low mixing (8% ± 1%), showed suitability for microfabrication, and microfluidic applications requiring precise control of flow. Through further discussion of the capabilities (and limitations) of these printers, we intend to provide guidance toward the selection of the 3D printing technology most suitable for specific microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall P Macdonald
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joan M Cabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Petr Smejkal
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Pharmacy School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
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47
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Kataoka ÉM, Murer RC, Santos JM, Carvalho RM, Eberlin MN, Augusto F, Poppi RJ, Gobbi AL, Hantao LW. Simple, Expendable, 3D-Printed Microfluidic Systems for Sample Preparation of Petroleum. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3460-3467. [PMID: 28230979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a simple protocol to manufacture disposable, 3D-printed microfluidic systems for sample preparation of petroleum. This platform is produced with a consumer-grade 3D-printer, using fused deposition modeling. Successful incorporation of solid-phase extraction (SPE) to microchip was ensured by facile 3D element integration using proposed approach. This 3D-printed μSPE device was applied to challenging matrices in oil and gas industry, such as crude oil and oil-brine emulsions. Case studies investigated important limitations of nonsilicon and nonglass microchips, namely, resistance to nonpolar solvents and conservation of sample integrity. Microfluidic features remained fully functional even after prolonged exposure to nonpolar solvents (20 min). Also, 3D-printed μSPE devices enabled fast emulsion breaking and solvent deasphalting of petroleum, yielding high recovery values (98%) without compromising maltene integrity. Such finding was ascertained by high-resolution molecular analyses using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry by monitoring important biomarker classes, such as C10 demethylated terpanes, ααα-steranes, and monoaromatic steroids. 3D-Printed chips enabled faster and reliable preparation of maltenes by exhibiting a 10-fold reduction in sample processing time, compared to the reference method. Furthermore, polar (oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing) analytes found in low-concentrations were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Analysis results demonstrated that accurate characterization may be accomplished for most classes of polar compounds, except for asphaltenes, which exhibited lower recoveries (82%) due to irreversible adsorption to sorbent phase. Therefore, 3D-printing is a compelling alternative to existing microfabrication solutions, as robust devices were easy to prepare and operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica M Kataoka
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Rui C Murer
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rogério M Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Américo Miguez de Mello, Petrobras , Rio de Janeiro, 20031-912 Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ronei J Poppi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Leandro W Hantao
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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48
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Scotti G, Nilsson SME, Haapala M, Pöhö P, Boije af Gennäs G, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Kotiaho T. A miniaturised 3D printed polypropylene reactor for online reaction analysis by mass spectrometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first miniaturised 3D printed polypropylene reactor with an integrated nanoelectrospray ionisation capillary and a stir bar for mass spectrometric online reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmario Scotti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Sofia M. E. Nilsson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Päivi Pöhö
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Gustav Boije af Gennäs
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
- Department of Chemistry
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49
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Holt AW, Howard WE, Ables ET, George SM, Kukoly CA, Rabidou JE, Francisco JT, Chukwu AN, Tulis DA. Making the cut: Innovative methods for optimizing perfusion-based migration assays. Cytometry A 2016; 91:270-280. [PMID: 27984679 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Application of fluid shear stress to adherent cells dramatically influences their cytoskeletal makeup and differentially regulates their migratory phenotype. Because cytoskeletal rearrangements are necessary for cell motility and migration, preserving these adaptations under in vitro conditions and in the presence of fluid flow are physiologically essential. With this in mind, parallel plate flow chambers and microchannels are often used to conduct in vitro perfusion experiments. However, both of these systems currently lack capacity to accurately study cell migration in the same location where cells were perfused. The most common perfusion/migration assays involve cell perfusion followed by trypsinization which can compromise adaptive cytoskeletal geometry and lead to misleading phenotypic conclusions. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively highlight some limitations commonly found with currently used cell migration approaches and to introduce two new advances which use additive manufacturing (3D printing) or laser capture microdissection (LCM) technology. The residue-free 3D printed insert allows accurate cell seeding within defined areas, increases cell yield for downstream analyses, and more closely resembles the reported levels of fluid shear stress calculated with computational fluid dynamics as compared to other residue-free cell seeding techniques. The LCM approach uses an ultraviolet laser for "touchless technology" to rapidly and accurately introduce a custom-sized wound area in otherwise inaccessible perfusion microchannels. The wound area introduced by LCM elicits comparable migration characteristics compared to traditional pipette tip-induced injuries. When used in perfusion experiments, both of these newly characterized tools were effective in yielding similar results yet without the limitations of the traditional modalities. These innovative methods provide valuable tools for exploring mechanisms of clinically important aspects of cell migration fundamental to the pathogenesis of many flow-mediated disorders and are applicable to other perfusion-based models where migration is of central importance. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Holt
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - William E Howard
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie M George
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Cindy A Kukoly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jake E Rabidou
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jake T Francisco
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Angel N Chukwu
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - David A Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sarah Y. Lockwood
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Dana M. Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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