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de Souza HMR, Pereira TTP, de Sá HC, Alves MA, Garrett R, Canuto GAB. Critical Factors in Sample Collection and Preparation for Clinical Metabolomics of Underexplored Biological Specimens. Metabolites 2024; 14:36. [PMID: 38248839 PMCID: PMC10819689 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article compiles critical pre-analytical factors for sample collection and extraction of eight uncommon or underexplored biological specimens (human breast milk, ocular fluids, sebum, seminal plasma, sweat, hair, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid) under the perspective of clinical metabolomics. These samples are interesting for metabolomics studies as they reflect the status of living organisms and can be applied for diagnostic purposes and biomarker discovery. Pre-collection and collection procedures are critical, requiring protocols to be standardized to avoid contamination and bias. Such procedures must consider cleaning the collection area, sample stimulation, diet, and food and drug intake, among other factors that impact the lack of homogeneity of the sample group. Precipitation of proteins and removal of salts and cell debris are the most used sample preparation procedures. This review intends to provide a global view of the practical aspects that most impact results, serving as a starting point for the designing of metabolomic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hygor M. R. de Souza
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabMeta—LADETEC, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
| | - Tássia T. P. Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolucao, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Hanna C. de Sá
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil;
| | - Marina A. Alves
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Garrett
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabMeta—LADETEC, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital—Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gisele A. B. Canuto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil;
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Abu Bakar NH, Chiu HY, Urban PL. Mass Specthoscope: A Hand-held Extendable Probe for Localized Noninvasive Sampling of Skin Volatome for Online Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17143-17150. [PMID: 37935619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Human skin emits a unique set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs can be probed in order to obtain physiological information about the individuals. However, extracting the VOCs that emanate from human skin for analysis is troublesome and time-consuming. Therefore, we have developed "Mass Specthoscope"─a convenient tool for rapid sampling and detecting VOCs emitted by human skin. The hand-held probe with a pressurized tip and wireless button enables sampling VOCs from surfaces and their transfer to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The system was characterized using chemical standards (acetone, benzaldehyde, sulcatone, α-pinene, and decanal). The limits of detection are in the range from 2.25 × 10-5 to 3.79 × 10-5 mol m-2. The system was initially tested by detecting VOCs emanating from porcine skin spiked with VOCs as well as unspiked fresh and spoiled ham. In the main test, the skin of nine healthy participants was probed with the Mass Specthoscope. The sampling regions included the armpit, forearm, and forehead. Numerous skin-related VOC signals were detected. In the final test, one participant ingested a fenugreek drink, and the participant's skin surface was probed using the Mass Specthoscope hourly during the 8 h period. The result revealed a gradual release of fenugreek-related VOCs from the skin. We believe that this analytical approach has the potential to be used in metabolomic studies and following further identification of disease biomarkers─also in noninvasive diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hidayat Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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Huang LL, Chua ZQ, Buchowiecki K, Raju CM, Urban PL. Hydrogel-enzyme micropatch array format for chemical mapping: A proof of concept. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115599. [PMID: 37611447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Conventional sensing methods report on concentrations of analytes in a single point of sampled medium or provide an average value. However, distributions of substances on surfaces of sampled objects often exhibit intricate inhomogeneities. In order to obtain snapshots of the chemical distributions on surfaces, we have developed enzyme-loaded hydrogel arrays (5 × 5 and 10 × 10). The acrylic 10 × 10 array base contains 100 holes, which are filled with agarose hydrogel containing assay enzymes and substrates. Such arrays can be exposed to the analyzed surfaces to collect minute amounts of analytes. Following a brief incubation, they are subsequently visualized in a custom-built array reader device. The reader incorporates a light-emitting diode-based light source, miniature camera, and Raspberry Pi single-board computer. Two Python programs capture and analyze the images of the array to extract pixel saturation values corresponding to individual hydrogel micropatches. The method has been thoroughly optimized for mapping of glucose and lactic acid. The optimized parameters were: contact time, agarose concentration, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration ratio, and enzyme concentration. The array biosensor was further tested by mapping glucose distribution in fruit/vegetable cross-sections (apple, guava, and cucumber) and lactic acid distribution in cheese. We think that this new hydrogel-based chemical mapping method can find applications in studies related to food science, plant physiology, clinical chemistry, and forensics; wherever the distributions of analytes on the tested surfaces need to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Zi Qing Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan.
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Elpa DP, Raju CM, Chiu HY, Wu SP, Urban PL. Rapid skin biomarker discovery using hydrogel-phase sampling followed by semi-automated liquid-phase re-extraction high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341028. [PMID: 36935144 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A facile and rapid skin metabolomics protocol is proposed. The liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe system has been partly automated, and used in conjunction with hydrogel probes for skin metabolite analysis. A control device was built to precisely control the segmented solvent flow and analyte re-extraction into the liquid microjunction. This mode provides rapid online re-extraction of the analytes from hydrogel probes. Humectant was added to the hydrogel, and moist heat treatment was used to make the hydrogel probes rugged for sampling in the clinical setting. The developed method was validated for the analysis of choline - a putative biomarker of psoriasis. A linear relationship over six calibration levels from 3.18 × 10-5 to 3.18 × 10-4 mol m-2 has been obtained. The limit of detection was 6.6 × 10-6 mol m-2, while the recoveries range from 92 to 109%. The within-run and between-run precision were evaluated and the coefficients of variation range from 1.84 to 7.13%. Furthermore, the developed method has been used to screen patients (n = 10) and healthy participants (control group; n = 10) for psoriasis-related skin metabolites. Metabolomic profiling of the skin excretion-related signals identified potential biomarkers of psoriasis: choline, pipecolic acid, ornithine, urocanic acid, and methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan.
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Sandhu A, Bhatia T. Hydrogels: From Design to Applications in Forensic Investigations. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Sandhu
- Department of Forensic science School of Bioengineering and Biosciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India 144411
| | - Tejasvi Bhatia
- Department of Forensic science School of Bioengineering and Biosciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India 144411
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Abstract
Skin metabolites show huge potential for use in clinical diagnostics. However, skin sampling and analysis workflows are tedious and time-consuming. Here, we demonstrate a vending-machine-style skin excretion sensing platform based on hydrogel-assisted sampling of skin metabolites. In this sensing platform, a sampling probe with hydrogel is held by a robotic arm. The robotic arm manoeuvres the probe to press it onto the forearm of a human subject. Due to the highly hydrophilic nature of the hydrogel, water-soluble metabolites─released by skin─are collected into the hydrogel, leaving behind the nonpolar metabolites. The probe is then inserted into a custom-made open port sampling interface coupled to an electrospray ion source of a high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Metabolites in the hydrogel are immediately extracted by a solvent liquid junction in the interface and analyzed using the mass spectrometer. The ion current of the target analyte is displayed on a customized graphical user interface, which can also be used to control the key components of the analytical platform. The automated sampling and analysis workflow starts after the user inserts coins or presents an insurance card, presses a button, and extends an arm on the sampling area. The platform relies on low-cost mechanical and electronic modules (a robotic arm, a single-board computer, and two microcontroller boards). The limits of detection for standard analytes─arginine, citrulline, and histidine─embedded in agarose gel beds were 148, 205, and 199 nM, respectively. Various low-molecular-weight metabolites from human skin have been identified with the high-resolution mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu300, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu300, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei100, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei100, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
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Ni HT, Prabhu GRD, Elpa DP, Chiu HY, Urban PL. Flat Disc-Shaped Sampling Probe and Online Re-extraction Apparatus for Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Skin Metabolites: A Proof of Concept. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2803-2811. [PMID: 34739241 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sweat analysis provides an alternative and noninvasive way of clinical diagnostics. However, sampling and transferring sweat-derived samples to analytical instruments is challenging. In this report, we demonstrate a method utilizing a flat disc-shaped sampling probe, and a compatible re-extraction apparatus coupled online with extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) mass spectrometry (MS). The probe enables sampling of metabolites from a skin area of ∼2.2 cm2. The subsequent online re-extraction and analysis by EESI-MS further mitigates matrix effects caused by sweat components, thus eliminating sample preparation steps. The total analysis time is only 6 min. We have optimized the key parameters of the system, including flow rate of the nebulizing gas in ESI, pressure of the nebulizing gas in pneumatic sample nebulizer, flow rate of the solvent in ESI, and composition of extractant. The standard solutions (0.1 mL) were supplemented with 0.04 M sodium chloride to mimic the matrix effect normally observed in sweat samples. The method has been characterized with four chemical standards (positive-ion mode of histidine, leucine, urocanic acid; negative-ion mode of lactic acid). The limits of detection range from 1.09 to 95.9 nmol. We have further demonstrated the suitability of the method for analysis of sweat. An attempt was made to identify some of the recorded signals by product-ion scan and accurate/exact mass matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ting Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Enhanced Access to the Health-Related Skin Metabolome by Fast, Reproducible and Non-Invasive WET PREP Sampling. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070415. [PMID: 34202850 PMCID: PMC8304125 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our skin influences our physical and mental health, and its chemical composition can reflect environmental and disease conditions. Therefore, through sampling the skin metabolome, we can provide a promising window into the mechanisms of the body. However, the broad application of skin metabolomics has recently been hampered by a lack of easy and widely applicable sampling methods. Here, we present a novel rapid, simple, and, most importantly, painless and non-invasive sampling technique suitable for clinical studies of fragile or weakened skin. The method is called WET PREP and is simply a lavage of the skin which focuses on capturing the metabolome. We systematically evaluate WET PREPs in comparison with the non-invasive method of choice in skin metabolomics, swab collection, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS2) on two complementary chromatographic columns (C18 reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography). We also integrate targeted analyses of key metabolites of skin relevance. Overall, WET PREP provides a strikingly more stable shared metabolome across sampled individuals, while also being able to capture unique individual metabolites with a high consistency in intra-individual reproducibility. With the exception of (phospho-)lipidomic studies, we recommend WET PREPs as the preferred skin metabolome sampling technique due to the quick preparation time, low cost, and gentleness for the patient.
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Elpa DP, Chiu HY, Wu SP, Urban PL. Skin Metabolomics. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:66-75. [PMID: 33353809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin retains numerous low-molecular-weight compounds (metabolites). Some of these compounds fulfill specific physiological roles, while others are by-products of metabolism. The skin surface can be sampled to detect and quantify skin metabolites related to diseases. Miniature probes have been developed to detect selected high-abundance metabolites secreted with sweat. To characterize a broad spectrum of skin metabolites, specimens are collected with one of several available methods, and the processed specimens are analyzed by chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), or other techniques. Diseases for which skin-related biomarkers have been found include cystic fibrosis (CF), psoriasis, Parkinson's disease (PD), and lung cancer. To increase the clinical significance of skin metabolomics, it is desirable to verify correlations between metabolite levels in skin and other biological tissues/matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Nagamine K, Nomura A, Ichimura Y, Izawa R, Sasaki S, Furusawa H, Matsui H, Tokito S. Printed Organic Transistor-based Biosensors for Non-invasive Sweat Analysis. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:291-302. [PMID: 31904007 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19r007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in biosensors for non-invasive human healthcare applications, especially focusing on sweat analysis, along with approaches for fabricating these biosensors based on printed electronics technology. Human sweat contains various kinds of biomarkers. The relationship between a trace amount of sweat biomarkers partially partitioned from blood and diseases has been investigated by omic analysis. Recent progress in wearable or portable biosensors has enabled periodic or continuous monitoring of some sweat biomarkers while supporting the results of the omic analysis. In this review, we particularly focused on a transistor-based biosensor that is highly sensitive in quantitatively detecting the low level of sweat biomarkers. Furthermore, we showed a new approach of flexible hybrid electronics that has been applied to advanced sweat biosensors to realize fully integrated biosensing systems wirelessly connected to a networked IoT system. These technologies are based on uniquely advanced printing techniques that will facilitate mass fabrication of high-performance biosensors at low cost for future smart healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Nagamine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nomura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ichimura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ryota Izawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shiori Sasaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furusawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
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Swiner DJ, Jackson S, Burris BJ, Badu-Tawiah AK. Applications of Mass Spectrometry for Clinical Diagnostics: The Influence of Turnaround Time. Anal Chem 2020; 92:183-202. [PMID: 31671262 PMCID: PMC7896279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This critical review discusses how the need for reduced clinical turnaround times has influenced chemical instrumentation. We focus on the development of modern mass spectrometry (MS) and its application in clinical diagnosis. With increased functionality that takes advantage of novel front-end modifications and computational capabilities, MS can now be used for non-traditional clinical analyses, including applications in clinical microbiology for bacteria differentiation and in surgical operation rooms. We summarize here recent developments in the field that have enabled such capabilities, which include miniaturization for point-of-care testing, direct complex mixture analysis via ambient ionization, chemical imaging and profiling, and systems integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J. Swiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sierra Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Benjamin J. Burris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Liao PH, Urban PL. Agarose-Based Gel-Phase Microextraction Technique for Quick Sampling of Polar Analytes Adsorbed on Surfaces. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19063-19070. [PMID: 31763529 PMCID: PMC6868603 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sampling and extraction of chemical residues present on flat or curved surfaces as well as touch-sensitive objects are challenging. Hydrogels are characterized by high mechanical flexibility and water content. Thus, they are an ideal medium for transferring water-soluble analytes from a sampled surface to the next stage of an analytical workflow. Here, we demonstrate gel-phase microextraction (GPME), in which disks of blended hydrogels are utilized to lift traces of water-soluble substances adsorbed on surfaces. The protocol has been optimized in a series of tests involving fluorometric and mass spectrometric measurements. Compared with the pure agarose hydrogel, most of the tested blended hydrogels provide a higher efficiency for the sampling/extraction of a model analyte, fluorescein. The blended hydrogel disks are incorporated into three-dimensional (3D)-printed acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene chips to create easy-to-use sampling probes. We exemplify the suitability of this improved GPME approach in sampling chemical residues present on the skin, glass, and daily use objects. In these tests, the extracts were analyzed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer fitted with an electrospray ion source operated in the positive- and negative-ion modes. The method enabled the detection of diclofenac on excised porcine skin fragments exposed to a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and sweat residues (lactic acid) left on surfaces touched by humans. The limits of detection for diclofenac and lactic acid in hydrogel extract were 6.4 × 10-6 and 2.1 × 10-5 M, respectively. In a model experiment, conducted using the presented approach, the amount of lactic acid on a glass slide with fingerprints was estimated to be ∼1.4 × 10-7 mol cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and
Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing
Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung
University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department
of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and
Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing
Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Delgado-Povedano MM, Castillo-Peinado LS, Calderón-Santiago M, Luque de Castro MD, Priego-Capote F. Dry sweat as sample for metabolomics analysis. Talanta 2019; 208:120428. [PMID: 31816748 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sweat is gaining popularity in clinical metabolomics as this biofluid is non-invasively sampled and its composition is modified by several pathologies. There is a lack of standardized strategies for collection of human sweat. Most studies have been carried out with fresh sweat collected after stimulation. A promising and simple alternative is sampling dry sweat by a solid support impregnated with a suited solvent. This research was aimed at comparing the metabolomics coverage provided by dry sweat collected by two solid supports (gauzes and filter papers) impregnated with different solvents. The dissolved dry sweat was analyzed by a dual approach: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among the tested sampling strategies, filter paper impregnated with 1:1 (v/v) ethanol‒phosphate buffer resulted the combination providing the highest metabolomics coverage (tentative identification of one hundred seventy-five compounds). Dry and fresh sweat were compared by using pools from the same individuals to evaluate compositional differences. Families of metabolites such as carnitines, sphingolipids and N-acyl-amino acids, among others, were exclusively identified in dry sweat. Comparison of both samples allowed concluding that dry sweat is better for analysis of low polar metabolites and fresh sweat is more suited for polar compounds. As most of the identified metabolites are involved in key biochemical pathways, this study opens interesting possibilities to the use of dry sweat as a source of metabolite markers for specific disorders. Sampling of dry sweat could provide a standardized approach for collection of this biofluid, thus overcoming the variability limitations of fresh sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Delgado-Povedano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - L S Castillo-Peinado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - M Calderón-Santiago
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - M D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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14
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McBain AJ, O'Neill CA, Amezquita A, Price LJ, Faust K, Tett A, Segata N, Swann JR, Smith AM, Murphy B, Hoptroff M, James G, Reddy Y, Dasgupta A, Ross T, Chapple IL, Wade WG, Fernandez-Piquer J. Consumer Safety Considerations of Skin and Oral Microbiome Perturbation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00051-19. [PMID: 31366612 PMCID: PMC6750131 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00051-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes associated with human skin and the oral cavity are uniquely exposed to personal care regimes. Changes in the composition and activities of the microbial communities in these environments can be utilized to promote consumer health benefits, for example, by reducing the numbers, composition, or activities of microbes implicated in conditions such as acne, axillary odor, dandruff, and oral diseases. It is, however, important to ensure that innovative approaches for microbiome manipulation do not unsafely disrupt the microbiome or compromise health, and where major changes in the composition or activities of the microbiome may occur, these require evaluation to ensure that critical biological functions are unaffected. This article is based on a 2-day workshop held at SEAC Unilever, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom, involving 31 specialists in microbial risk assessment, skin and oral microbiome research, microbial ecology, bioinformatics, mathematical modeling, and immunology. The first day focused on understanding the potential implications of skin and oral microbiome perturbation, while approaches to characterize those perturbations were discussed during the second day. This article discusses the factors that the panel recommends be considered for personal care products that target the microbiomes of the skin and the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A O'Neill
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Amezquita
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Price
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline Faust
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Tett
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Ross
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Iain L Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - William G Wade
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Nagamine K, Mano T, Nomura A, Ichimura Y, Izawa R, Furusawa H, Matsui H, Kumaki D, Tokito S. Noninvasive Sweat-Lactate Biosensor Emplsoying a Hydrogel-Based Touch Pad. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10102. [PMID: 31300711 PMCID: PMC6626002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first report demonstrating proof-of-concept for a hydrogel-based touch sensor pad used for the non-invasive extraction and detection of sweat components. The sensor device was composed of an electrochemical L-lactate biosensor covered with an agarose gel in a phosphate buffer saline. When human skin contacts the agarose gel, L-lactate in sweat was continuously extracted into the gel, followed by in-situ potentiometric detection without controlled conditions. This novel type of sweat sensor is expected to enable the simple, non-invasive daily periodic monitoring of sweat biomarkers for advanced personal healthcare methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Nagamine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Taisei Mano
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ayako Nomura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ichimura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ryota Izawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furusawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kumaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
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16
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Jarmusch AK, Elijah EO, Vargas F, Bouslimani A, da Silva RR, Ernst M, Wang M, del Rosario KK, Dorrestein PC, Tsunoda SM. Initial Development toward Non-Invasive Drug Monitoring via Untargeted Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Human Skin. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8062-8069. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan K. Jarmusch
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emmanuel O. Elijah
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amina Bouslimani
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ricardo R. da Silva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- NPPNS, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Madeleine Ernst
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Krizia K. del Rosario
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shirley M. Tsunoda
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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17
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Wu PC, Dutkiewicz EP, Liao PH, Chiu HY, Urban PL. Blotting paper as a disposable tool for sampling chemical residues from skin surface. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:610-613. [PMID: 30987733 PMCID: PMC9296200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
| | - Ewelina P. Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
| | - Pei-Han Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, 25 Jingguo Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan South Rd., Taipei, 100,
Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 1, Jen Ai Rd., Taipei, 100,
Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. E-mail address: (P.L. Urban)
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18
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Oh DY, Na H, Song SW, Kim J, In H, Lee AC, Jeong Y, Lee D, Jang J, Kwon S. ELIPatch, a thumbnail-size patch with immunospot array for multiplexed protein detection from human skin surface. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:031101. [PMID: 30867857 PMCID: PMC6404946 DOI: 10.1063/1.5032170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteins secreted by skin have great potential as biomarkers for interpreting skin conditions. However, inconvenience in handling and bulky size of existing methods are existing limitations. Here, we describe a thumb-nail sized patch with the array of microdisks which captures multiple proteins from the skin surface. Microdisks with antibody on the surface enable multiplexed immunoassay. By self-assembly, microdisks are placed into 2-dimensional arrays on adhesive tape. The proposed Enzyme-Linked Immunospot array on a Patch shows sufficient sensitivity for IL-1α, IL1RA, IL-17A, IFN-g, and TNF-α, while IL-6 and IL-1β are non-detectable in some cases. As demonstrations, we quantified cytokines from different skin regions and volunteers in a high-spatial-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyunsoo In
- QuantaMatrix, Inc., Seoul 03122, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jisung Jang
- QuantaMatrix, Inc., Seoul 03122, South Korea
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19
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Hooton K, Li L. Nonocclusive Sweat Collection Combined with Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS for Human Sweat Metabolomics and Mapping the Sweat Metabolomes at Different Skin Locations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7847-7851. [PMID: 28679039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human sweat is an excellent biofluid candidate for metabolomics due to its noninvasive sample collection and relatively simple matrix. We report a simple and inexpensive method for sweat collection over a defined period (e.g., 24 h) based on the use of a nonocclusive style sweat patch adhered to a skin. This method was combined with differential chemical isotope labeling (CIL) LC-MS for mapping the metabolome profiles of sweat samples collected from skins of the left forearm, lower back, and neck of 20 healthy volunteers. Three 24-h sweat samples were collected at three different days from each subject for examining day-to-day metabolome variations. A total of 342 LC-MS runs were carried out (two runs were discarded due to instrumental issue), resulting in the detection and relative quantification of 3140 sweat metabolites with 84 metabolites identified and 2716 metabolites mass-matched to metabolome databases. Multivariate and univariate analyses of the metabolome data revealed a location-dependence characteristic of the sweat metabolome, offering a possibility of mapping the sweat metabolic differences according to skin locations. Significant differences in male and female sweat metabolomes could be detected, demonstrating the possibility of using the sweat metabolome to reveal biological variations among different comparative groups. Thus, the combination of noninvasive sweat collection and CIL LC-MS is a robust analytical tool for sweat metabolomics with potential applications including daily monitoring of the sweat metabolome as health indicators, discovering sweat-based disease biomarkers, and metabolomic mapping of sweat collected from different areas of skin with and without injuries or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hooton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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