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Yap SY, Butcher T, Spears RJ, McMahon C, Thanasi IA, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Chemo- and regio-selective differential modification of native cysteines on an antibody via the use of dehydroalanine forming reagents. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8557-8568. [PMID: 38846383 PMCID: PMC11151841 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein modification has garnered increasing interest over the past few decades and has become an important tool in many aspects of chemical biology. In recent years, much effort has focused on site-selective modification strategies that generate more homogenous bioconjugates, and this is particularly so in the antibody modification space. Modifying native antibodies by targeting solvent-accessible cysteines liberated by interchain disulfide reduction is, perhaps, the predominant strategy for achieving more site-selectivity on an antibody scaffold. This is evidenced by numerous approved antibody therapeutics that have utilised cysteine-directed conjugation reagents and the plethora of methods/strategies focused on antibody cysteine modification. However, all of these methods have a common feature in that after the reduction of native solvent-accessible cystines, the liberated cysteines are all reacted in the same manner. Herein, we report the discovery and application of dehydroalanine forming reagents (including novel reagents) capable of regio- and chemo-selectively modifying these cysteines (differentially) on a clinically relevant antibody fragment and a full antibody. We discovered that these reagents could enable differential reactivity between light chain C-terminal cysteines, heavy chain hinge region cysteines (cysteines with an adjacent proline residue, Cys-Pro), and other heavy chain internal cysteines. This differential reactivity was also showcased on small molecules and on the peptide somatostatin. The application of these dehydroalanine forming reagents was exemplified in the preparation of a dually modified antibody fragment and full antibody. Additionally, we discovered that readily available amide coupling agents can be repurposed as dehydroalanine forming reagents, which could be of interest to the broader field of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Y Yap
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Tobias Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Richard J Spears
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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MacAleese L, Chan B, Bouakil M, Dugourd P, O'Hair RAJ. Photo-control of bimolecular reactions: reactivity of the long-lived Rhodamine 6G triplet excited state with ˙NO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25038-25047. [PMID: 34605499 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02626g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photo-chemistry provides a non-intuitive but very powerful way to probe kinetically limited, sometimes thermodynamically non-favored reactions and, thus, access highly specific products. However, reactivity in the excited state is difficult to characterize directly, due to short lifetimes and challenges in controlling the reaction medium. Among photo-activatable reagents, rhodamine dyes find widespread uses due to a number of favorable properties including their high absorption coefficient. Their readily adaptable synthesis allows development of tailor-made dyes for specific applications. Remarkably, few studies have directly probed the chemical reactivity of their triplet excited state. Here we present a new conceptual approach to examine the specific chemistry of the triplet excited state. We have developed a pump (488 nm) - probe (600 nm) strategy to examine the gas-phase lifetime and reactivity of the triplet cation of Rhodamine 6G (3Rh6G+) in an ion trap mass spectrometer. The confounding effects of solvent, aggregation and formation of other reactive intermediates is thus avoided allowing fundamental reactivity to be explored. In the presence, in the ion trap, of helium seeded with 1% of nitric oxide (˙NO) (∼ 60 ion/˙NO collisions per second), the triplet lifetime is shortened from 1.9 s to 0.7 s. Simultaneously, the reaction products [Rh6G-H]˙+ and [Rh6G-H + NO]+ are observed. Reaction of 3Rh6G+ with ˙NO2 yields [Rh6G-H]˙+, [Rh6G-H + NO2]+ and [Rh6G-2H]+. None of these products are observed for the singlet, 1Rh6G+. DFT calculations suggest a stepwise mechanism only allowed from 3Rh6G+, in which H atom abstraction by ˙NOx (x = 1 or 2) yields [Rh6G-H]˙+ which, then, reacts with another ˙NOx molecule. This illustrates the power of light to initiate specific chemical reactions, and the relevance of gas-phase ion-molecule reaction approaches to understand stepwise reaction mechanism from specific excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke MacAleese
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS - Institut Lumière Matière (iLM), F-69622, LYON, France.
| | - Bun Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nagasaki University - 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mathilde Bouakil
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS - Institut Lumière Matière (iLM), F-69622, LYON, France.
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS - Institut Lumière Matière (iLM), F-69622, LYON, France.
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne - Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Soorkia S, Jouvet C, Grégoire G. UV Photoinduced Dynamics of Conformer-Resolved Aromatic Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 120:3296-3327. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satchin Soorkia
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Jouvet
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, PIIM UMR 7345, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Grégoire
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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Choi CM, Kulesza A, Daly S, MacAleese L, Antoine R, Dugourd P, Chirot F. Ion mobility resolved photo-fragmentation to discriminate protomers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 1:28-34. [PMID: 29885203 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Among the sources of structural diversity in biomolecular ions, the co-existence of protomers is particularly difficult to take into account, which in turn complicates structural interpretation of gas-phase data. METHODS We investigated the sensitivity of gas-phase photo-fragmentation measurements and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to the protonation state of a model peptide derivatized with chromophores. Accessible interconversion pathways between the different identified conformers were probed by tandem ion mobility measurement. Furthermore, the excitation coupling between the chromophores has been probed through photo-fragmentation measurements on mobility-selected ions. All results were interpreted based on molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS We show that protonation can significantly affect the photo-fragmentation yields. Especially, conformers with very close collision cross sections (CCSs) may display dramatically different photo-fragmentation yields in relation with different protonation patterns. CONCLUSIONS We show that, even if precise structure assignment based on molecular modeling is in principle difficult for large biomolecular assemblies, the combination of photo-fragmentation and IMS can help to identify the signature of protomer co-existence for a population of biomolecular ions in the gas phase. Such spectroscopic data are particularly suitable to follow conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Min Choi
- Mass Spectrometry and Advanced Instrumentation Research Group, Div. of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Kulesza
- CNRS, UMR5306 Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Steven Daly
- CNRS, UMR5306 Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Luke MacAleese
- CNRS, UMR5306 Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- CNRS, UMR5306 Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- CNRS, UMR5306 Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Fabien Chirot
- CNRS, Ens de Lyon, UMR5280 Institut Sciences Analytiques, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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Guo Y, Cao F, Qiu P, Wang Z. Studies of the effect of halide ions on the fluorescence of quinine sulfate. LUMINESCENCE 2019; 34:450-455. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, School of Environmental Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Fengpu Cao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Pengxiang Qiu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, School of Environmental Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Kjaer C, Lissau H, Gravesen Salinas NK, Østergaard Madsen A, Stockett MH, Storm FE, Holm Hansen T, Andersen JU, Laursen BW, Mikkelsen KV, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Brøndsted Nielsen S. Luminescence Spectroscopy of Rhodamine Homodimer Dications in Vacuo
Reveals Strong Dye-Dye Interactions. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:533-537. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kjaer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Freja E. Storm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | | | | | - Bo W. Laursen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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Kulesza A, Marklund EG, MacAleese L, Chirot F, Dugourd P. Bringing Molecular Dynamics and Ion-Mobility Spectrometry Closer Together: Shape Correlations, Structure-Based Predictors, and Dissociation. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8317-8329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kulesza
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- CNRS et
Université
Lyon 1, UMR5306, Institut Lumière Matière, France
| | - Erik G. Marklund
- Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- CNRS et
Université
Lyon 1, UMR5306, Institut Lumière Matière, France
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS,
Institut des Sciences Analytiques UMR 5280, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- CNRS et
Université
Lyon 1, UMR5306, Institut Lumière Matière, France
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Majuta SN, Maleki H, Kiani Karanji A, Attanyake K, Loch E, Valentine SJ. Magnifying ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry measurements for biomolecular structure studies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 42:101-110. [PMID: 29241076 PMCID: PMC6500794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) provides information about the structures of gas-phase ions in the form of a collision cross section (CCS) with a neutral buffer gas. Indicating relative ion size, a CCS value alone is of limited utility. Although such information can be used to propose different conformer types, finer details of structure are not captured. The increased accessibility of IMS-MS measurements with commercial instrumentation in recent years has ballooned its usage in combination with separate measurements to provide enhanced data from which greater structural inferences can be drawn. This short review presents recent outstanding developments in scientific research that employs complementary measurements that when combined with IMS-MS data are used to characterize the structures of a wide range of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, WV 26506, United States
| | - Hossein Maleki
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, WV 26506, United States
| | - Ahmad Kiani Karanji
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, WV 26506, United States
| | - Kushani Attanyake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, WV 26506, United States
| | - Elinore Loch
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, WV 26506, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, WV 26506, United States.
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Daly S, MacAleese L, Dugourd P, Chirot F. Combining Structural Probes in the Gas Phase - Ion Mobility-Resolved Action-FRET. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:133-139. [PMID: 29038996 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the context of native mass spectrometry, the development of gas-phase structural probes sensitive to the different levels of structuration of biomolecular assemblies is necessary to push forward conformational studies. In this paper, we provide the first example of the combination of ion mobility (IM) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements within the same experimental setup. The possibility to obtain mass- and mobility-resolved FRET measurements is demonstrated on a model peptide and applied to monitor the collision-induced unfolding of ubiquitin. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Daly
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA Laboratory, IECB, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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