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Bahuguna G, Patolsky F. Universal Approach to Direct Spatiotemporal Dynamic In Situ Optical Visualization of On-Catalyst Water Splitting Electrochemical Processes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401258. [PMID: 38650122 PMCID: PMC11199991 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions are the unrivaled backbone of next-generation energy storage, energy conversion, and healthcare devices. However, the real-time visualization of electrochemical reactions remains the bottleneck for fully exploiting their intrinsic potential. Herein, for the first time, a universal approach to direct spatiotemporal-dynamic in situ optical visualization of pH-based as well as specific byproduct-based electrochemical reactions is performed. As a highly relevant and impactful example, in-operando optical visualization of on-catalyst water splitting processes is performed in neutral water/seawater. HPTS (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonicacid), known for its exceptional optical capability of detecting even the tiniest pH changes allows the unprecedented "spatiotemporal" real-time visualization at the electrodes. As a result, it is unprecedentedly revealed that at a critical cathode-to-anode distance, the bulk-electrolyte "self-neutralization" phenomenon can be achieved during the water splitting process, leading to the practical realization of enhanced additive-free neutral water splitting. Furthermore, it is experimentally unveiled that at increasing electrolyte flow rates, a swift and severe inhibition of the concomitantly forming acidic and basic 'fronts', developed at anode and cathode compartments are observed, thus acting as a "buffering" mechanism. To demonstrate the universal applicability of this elegant strategy which is not limited to pH changes, the technique is extended to visualization of hypochlorite/ chlorine at the anode during electrolysis of sea water using N-(4-butanoic acid) dansylsulfonamide (BADS). Thus, a unique experimental tool that allows real-time spatiotemporal visualization and simultaneous mechanistic investigation of complex electrochemical processes is developed that can be universally extended to various fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bahuguna
- School of ChemistryFaculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- School of ChemistryFaculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineeringthe Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
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2
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Yao W, Kang L, Gao E, Fedin VP. An electrochemical sensor based on carbon composites derived from bisbenzimidazole biphenyl coordination polymers for dihydroxybenzene isomers detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:20. [PMID: 38091124 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Co-based coordination polymers (CoCP) based on 4,4'-bis(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BMB) ligand have been synthesized for the first time by the solvothermal method. The CoCP was carbonized at 700 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain carbide coordination polymer (C-CoCP) with a unique two-dimensional layered network structure. C-CoCP@GO was obtained by binding with GO and C-CoCP, its morphology and structure were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and TGA, which confirmed its two-dimensional stacked layered structure with high catalytic activity and large specific surface area. A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was constructed for the simultaneous detection of hydroquinone and catechol based on the prepared carbon-based composite. Under optimized conditions, the working potentials (vs. Ag/AgCl) of HQ and CC are at 0.097 V and 0.213 V, respectively. The sensor exhibited an extremely wide linear range of 3-600 μM and 3-1750 μM for hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC), respectively, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.46 μM and 0.27 μM. The electrode material demonstrated stability over 14 days without significant attenuation of the response signal. Impressively, the sensor shows high stability, reproducibility, and selectivity due to the stable carbon skeleton structure of the C-CoCP material. In addition, it can be applied to the detection of hydroquinone in real samples with high interference immunity and high recovery. Hence, the C-CoCP@GO composite proved to be a great prospect and highly sensitive sensing platform for the detection of phenolic isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- China-Russian Institute of Engineering Materials Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, 114051, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- China-Russian Institute of Engineering Materials Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, 114051, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yao
- China-Russian Institute of Engineering Materials Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, 114051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Le Kang
- China-Russian Institute of Engineering Materials Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, 114051, People's Republic of China
| | - Enjun Gao
- China-Russian Institute of Engineering Materials Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, 114051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Vladimir P Fedin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Lavrentiev Avenue 3, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
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3
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Linfield S, Gawinkowski S, Nogala W. Toward the Detection Limit of Electrochemistry: Studying Anodic Processes with a Fluorogenic Reporting Reaction. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11227-11235. [PMID: 37461137 PMCID: PMC10398625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, shot noise has been shown to be an inherent part of all charge-transfer processes, leading to a practical limit of quantification of 2100 electrons (≈0.34 fC) [ Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2020, 22, 170-177]. Attainable limits of quantification are made much larger by greater background currents and insufficient instrumentation, which restricts progress in sensing and single-entity applications. This limitation can be overcome by converting electrochemical charges into photons, which can be detected with much greater sensitivity, even down to a single-photon level. In this work, we demonstrate the use of fluorescence, induced through a closed bipolar setup, to monitor charge-transfer processes below the detection limit of electrochemical workstations. During this process, the oxidation of ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) in one cell is used to concurrently drive the oxidation of Amplex Red (AR), a fluorogenic redox molecule, in another cell. The spectroelectrochemistry of AR is investigated and new insights on the commonplace practice of using deprotonated glucose to limit AR photooxidation are presented. The closed bipolar setup is used to produce fluorescence signals corresponding to the steady-state voltammetry of FcMeOH on a microelectrode. Chronopotentiometry is then used to show a linear relationship between the charge passed through FcMeOH oxidation and the integrated AR fluorescence signal. The sensitivity of the measurements obtained at different timescales varies between 2200 and 500 electrons per detected photon. The electrochemical detection limit is approached using a diluted FcMeOH solution in which no faradaic current signal is observed. Nevertheless, a fluorescence signal corresponding to FcMeOH oxidation is still seen, and the detection of charges down to 300 fC is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Linfield
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Wong R, Batchelor-McAuley C, Yang M, Compton RG. Electrochemical Heterogeneity at the Nanoscale: Diffusion to Partially Active Nanocubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7689-7693. [PMID: 35960147 PMCID: PMC9421898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How does heterogeneity in activity affect the response of nanoparticles? This problem is key to studying the structure-activity relationship of new electrocatalytic materials. However, addressing this problem theoretically and to a high degree of accuracy requires the use of three-dimensional electrochemical simulations that have, until recently, been challenging to undertake. To start to probe this question, we investigate how the diffusion-limited flux to a cube changes as a function of the number of active faces. Importantly, it is clearly demonstrated how the flux is not linearly proportional to the active surface area of the material due to the faces of the cube not having diffusional independence, meaning that the flux to each face reflects the activity or not of nearby faces. These results have clear and important implications for experimental work that uses a correlation-based approach to evidence changes in activity at the nanoscale.
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5
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Bollella P, Melman A, Katz E. Operando
Local pH Mapping of Electrochemical and Bioelectrochemical Reactions Occurring at an Electrode Surface: Effect of the Buffer Concentration. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari A. Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
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6
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Djoumer R, Chovin A, Demaille C, Dejous C, Hallil H. Real‐time Conversion of Electrochemical Currents into Fluorescence Signals Using 8‐Hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic Acid (HPTS) and Amplex Red as Fluorogenic Reporters. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Djoumer
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris CNRS UMR 7591 75006 Paris France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris CNRS UMR 7591 75006 Paris France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris CNRS UMR 7591 75006 Paris France
| | - Corinne Dejous
- Laboratoire IMS Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux INP CNRS UMR5218 33405 Talence France
| | - Hamida Hallil
- Laboratoire IMS Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux INP CNRS UMR5218 33405 Talence France
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7
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Fiorani A, Han D, Jiang D, Fang D, Paolucci F, Sojic N, Valenti G. Spatially resolved electrochemiluminescence through a chemical lens. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10496-10500. [PMID: 34123186 PMCID: PMC8162283 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy is an emerging technique with a wide range of imaging applications and unique properties in terms of high spatial resolution, surface confinement and favourable signal-to-noise ratio. Despite its successful analytical applications, tuning the depth of field (i.e., thickness of the ECL-emitting layer) is a crucial issue. Indeed, the control of the thickness of this ECL region, which can be considered as an "evanescent" reaction layer, limits the development of cell microscopy as well as bioassays. Here we report an original strategy based on chemical lens effects to tune the ECL-emitting layer in the model [Ru(bpy)3]2+/tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system. It consists of microbeads decorated with [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels, classically used in bioassays, and TPrA as the sacrificial coreactant. In particular we exploit the buffer capacity of the solution to modify the rate of the reactions involved in the ECL generation. For the first time, a precise control of the ECL light distribution is demonstrated by mapping the luminescence reactivity at the level of single micrometric bead. The resulting ECL image is the luminescent signature of the concentration profiles of diffusing TPrA radicals, which define the ECL layer. Therefore, our findings provide insights into the ECL mechanism and open new avenues for ECL microscopy and bioassays. Indeed, the reported approach based on a chemical lens controls the spatial extension of the "evanescent" ECL-emitting layer and is conceptually similar to evanescent wave microscopy. Thus, it should allow the exploration and imaging of different heights in substrates or in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Dongni Han
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211126 China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211126 China
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
- Department of Chemistry, South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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8
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Bollella P, Melman A, Katz E. Electrochemically Generated Interfacial pH Change: Application to Signal‐Triggered Molecule Release. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
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9
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Ma J, Yang M, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Visualising electrochemical reaction layers: mediated vs. direct oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12422-12433. [PMID: 32459226 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01904f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical treatments are widely used for 'clean up' in which toxic metals and organic compounds are removed using direct or mediated electrolysis. Herein we report novel studies offering proof of concept that spectrofluorometric electrochemistry can provide important mechanistic detail into these processes. A thin layer opto-electrochemical cell, with a carbon fibre (radius 3.5 μm) working electrode, is used to visualise the optical responses of the oxidative destruction of a fluorophore either directly, on an electrode, or via the indirect reaction of the analyte with an electrochemically formed species which 'mediates' the destruction. The optical responses of these two reaction mechanisms are first predicted by numerical simulation followed by experimental validation of each using two fluorescent probes, a redox inactive (in the electrochemical window) 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid and the redox-active derivative 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid. In the vicinity of a carbon electrode held at different oxidative potentials, the contrast between indirect electro-destruction, chlorination, and direct oxidation is very obvious. Excellent agreement is seen between the numerically predicted fluorescence intensity profiles and experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Minjun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
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10
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Tassy B, Dauphin AL, Man HM, Le Guenno H, Lojou E, Bouffier L, de Poulpiquet A. In Situ Fluorescence Tomography Enables a 3D Mapping of Enzymatic O 2 Reduction at the Electrochemical Interface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7249-7256. [PMID: 32298094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Getting information about the fate of immobilized enzymes and the evolution of their environment during turnover is a mandatory step toward bioelectrode optimization for effective use in biodevices. We demonstrate here the proof-of-principle visual characterization of the reactivity at an enzymatic electrode thanks to fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (FCLSM) implemented in situ during the electrochemical experiment. The enzymatic O2 reduction involves proton-coupled electron transfers. Therefore, fluorescence variation of a pH-dependent fluorescent dye in the electrode vicinity enables reaction visualization. Simultaneous collection of electrochemical and fluorescence signals gives valuable space- and time-resolved information. Once the technical challenges of such a coupling are overcome, in situ FCLSM affords a unique way to explore reactivity at the electrode surface and in the electrolyte volume. Unexpected features are observed, especially the pH evolution of the enzyme environment, which is also indicated by a characteristic concentration profile within the diffusion layer. This coupled approach also gives access to a cartography of the electrode surface response (i.e., heterogeneity), which cannot be obtained solely by an electrochemical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Tassy
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Alice L Dauphin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5255, Institute of Molecular Sciences, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Hiu Mun Man
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Hugo Le Guenno
- Microscopy Facility, CNRS, FR 3479, Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Lojou
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5255, Institute of Molecular Sciences, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Anne de Poulpiquet
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
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11
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Anderson TJ, Defnet PA, Zhang B. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-Based Electrochemical Imaging Using a Massive Array of Bipolar Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6748-6755. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Peter A. Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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12
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Djoumer R, Anne A, Chovin A, Demaille C, Dejous C, Hallil H, Lachaud JL. Converting Any Faradaic Current Generated at an Electrode under Potentiostatic Control into a Remote Fluorescence Signal. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6775-6782. [PMID: 31034205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of an original faradaic current-to-fluorescence conversion scheme. The proposed instrumental strategy consists of coupling the electrochemical reaction of any species at an electrode under potentiostatic control with the fluorescence emission of a species produced at the counter electrode. In order to experimentally validate this scheme, the fluorogenic species resazurin is chosen as a fluorescent reporter molecule, and its complex reduction mechanism is first studied in unprecedented detail. This kinetic study is carried out by recording simultaneous cyclic voltammograms and voltfluorograms at the same electrode. Numerical simulations are used to account for the experimental current and fluorescence signals, to analyze their degree of correlation, and to decipher their relation to resazurin reduction kinetics. It is then shown that, provided that the reduction of resazurin takes place at a micrometer-sized electrode, the fluorescence emission perfectly tracks the faradaic current. By implementing this ideal configuration at the counter electrode of a potentiostatic setup, it is finally demonstrated that the oxidation reaction of a nonfluorescent species at the working electrode can be quantitatively transduced into simultaneous emission of fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Djoumer
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Agnès Anne
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Corinne Dejous
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS , Talence F-33405 , France
| | - Hamida Hallil
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS , Talence F-33405 , France
| | - Jean-Luc Lachaud
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS , Talence F-33405 , France
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13
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Zhang Y, Xu W, Fan J, Zhang L, Pang J, Wang J. New cathodic peak of quinone caused by the ultrafast diffusion of protons in unbuffered aqueous solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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de Poulpiquet A, Goudeau B, Garrigue P, Sojic N, Arbault S, Doneux T, Bouffier L. A snapshot of the electrochemical reaction layer by using 3 dimensionally resolved fluorescence mapping. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6622-6628. [PMID: 30310594 PMCID: PMC6115633 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy under electrochemical control allows imaging of various reaction layers revealing heterogeneous versus homogeneous reactions.
The coupling between electrochemistry and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (FCLSM) allows deciphering the electrochemical and/or redox reactivity of electroactive fluorophores. This is demonstrated with phenoxazine electrofluorogenic species frequently used in bioassays by mapping the variation of fluorescence intensity with respect to the distance from the electrode. The electrochemical conversion of resorufin dye (RF) to non-fluorescent dihydroresorufin (DH) leads to a sharp decrease of the fluorescence signal in the vicinity of the electrode. In contrast, the direct reduction of resazurin (RZ) to DH leads to an unexpected maximum fluorescence intensity localized further away from the surface. This observation indicates that the initial electron transfer (heterogeneous) is followed by a chemical comproportionation step (homogeneous), leading to the formation of RF within the diffusion layer with a characteristic concentration profile. Therefore, in situ FCLSM affords a direct way to monitor such chemical reactivity in space and to decipher a new redox pathway that cannot be resolved solely by electrochemical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne de Poulpiquet
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Thomas Doneux
- CHANI , Faculté des Sciences , Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , CP 255 , B-1050 Bruxelles , Belgium .
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
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15
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Yang M, Compton RG. A New Composite Electrode Applied for Studying the Electrochemistry of Insoluble Particles: α-HgS. Chemistry 2018; 24:10208-10215. [PMID: 29786909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The redox chemistry of solid α-HgS particles is revealed using a carbon/PVDF composite containing α-HgS, carbon black, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The electrochemical behaviour of the carbon/PVDF composite is first characterised with three water insoluble organic solids. Then the reduction of solid α-HgS particles is investigated and found to occur at a high negative potential, -1.82 V versus saturated mercury sulphate reference electrode, to form metallic mercury and sulphide ions. The subsequent oxidation of metallic mercury and sulphide occurs at +0.24 and -0.49 V versus MSE respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
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16
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Little CA, Batchelor‐McAuley C, Ngamchuea K, Lin C, Young NP, Compton RG. Coupled Optical and Electrochemical Probing of Silver Nanoparticle Destruction in a Reaction Layer. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:370-380. [PMID: 29872612 PMCID: PMC5974555 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of silver nanoparticles is induced to occur near to, but not at, an electrode surface. This reaction at a distance from the electrode is studied through the use of dark-field microscopy, allowing individual nanoparticles and their reaction with the electrode product to be visualized. The oxidation product diffuses away from the electrode and oxidizes the nanoparticles in a reaction layer, resulting in their destruction. The kinetics of the silver nanoparticle solution-phase reaction is shown to control the length scale over which the nanoparticles react. In general, the new methodology offers a route by which nanoparticle reactivity can be studied close to an electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Little
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUnited Kingdom
| | - Chuhong Lin
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil P. Young
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUnited Kingdom
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17
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Pruchyathamkorn J, Yang M, Amin HMA, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Imaging Electrode Heterogeneity Using Chemically Confined Fluorescence Electrochemical Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:6124-6127. [PMID: 29210579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By varying the total and the relative concentrations of a strong acid (HClO4) and a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate), this work demonstrates that both the hydrogen evolution reaction or the oxygen reduction reaction can be selectively and optically studied at an electrochemical interface. The local pH shift driven by the redox reaction can be visualized through fluorescence imaging of the interface. The use of finite strong acid concentrations further serves to constrain the pH change to a thin layer adjacent to the surface. This chemical confinement of the fluorophore improves the system's resolution and enables micrometer scale heterogeneity on the electrode surface to be readily visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiratheep Pruchyathamkorn
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Minjun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hatem M A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Martín-Yerga D, Pérez-Junquera A, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. Time-Resolved Luminescence Spectroelectrochemistry at Screen-Printed Electrodes: Following the Redox-Dependent Fluorescence of [Ru(bpy) 3] 2. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10649-10654. [PMID: 28892373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a compact instrument for time-resolved luminescence spectroelectrochemistry using low-cost disposable electrodes is reported. This instrument can be coupled with screen-printed electrodes via a specific cell and a reflection probe, which allows one to observe changes occurring at the electrode/solution interface. This approach allowed one to follow the fluorescence variation of electrofluorochromic species such as [Ru(bpy)3]2+ at screen-printed carbon electrodes. A strong correlation between the electrochemical processes and the fluorescence was found during potentiostatic or multipulsed amperometric measurements. A decrease of the fluorescence was observed when the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ was oxidized to [Ru(bpy)3]3+ and part of this fluorescence is recovered when [Ru(bpy)3]3+ was reduced to the initial species. Moreover, a significant increment of the fluorescence was found when the oxygen reduction reaction takes place, which also confirms its quenching effect. Finally, multipulsed amperometric detection was employed in order to obtain more information about the redox-dependent luminescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ finding a continuous quenching over time attributed to bleaching chlorine-based species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín-Yerga
- DropSens, S.L. , Edificio CEEI, Parque Tecnológico de Asturias, 33428 Llanera, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - David Hernández-Santos
- DropSens, S.L. , Edificio CEEI, Parque Tecnológico de Asturias, 33428 Llanera, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Fanjul-Bolado
- DropSens, S.L. , Edificio CEEI, Parque Tecnológico de Asturias, 33428 Llanera, Asturias, Spain
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