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Wang Z, Zheng Q, Tscharke BJ, Li J, O'Brien JW, Patterson B, Zhao Z, Thomas KV, Mueller JF, Thai PK. High throughput and sensitive quantitation of tobacco-specific alkaloids and nitrosamines in wastewater. Talanta 2024; 277:126401. [PMID: 38876037 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific alkaloids and nitrosamines are important biomarkers for the estimation of tobacco use and human exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines that can be monitored by wastewater analysis. Thus far their analysis has used solid phase extraction, which is costly and time-consuming. In this study, we developed a direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of two tobacco-specific alkaloids and five nitrosamines in wastewater. The method achieved excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99) for all analytes, with calibration ranging from 0.10 to 800 ng/L. Method limits of detection and quantification were 0.17 ng/L (N-nitrosonornicotine, NNN) and 1.0 ng/L (N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and NNN), with acceptable accuracy (100 % ± 20 %) and precision (± 15 %). Analyte loss during filtration was < 15 %, and the relative matrix effect was < 10 %. The method was applied to 43 pooled wastewater samples collected from three wastewater treatment plants in Australia between 2017 and 2021. Anabasine and anatabine were detected in all samples at concentrations of 5.0 - 33 ng/L and 12 - 41 ng/L, respectively. Three of the five tobacco-specific nitrosamines (NAT, NNN, and (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol) (NNAL)) were detected, in < 50 % of the wastewater samples, with concentrations nearly ten times lower than the tobacco alkaloids (< 1.0 - 6.2 ng/L). In-sewer stability of the nitrosamines was also assessed in this study, with four (NAT, NNAL, NNN, and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB)) being stable (i.e. < 20 % transformation over 12 h in both control reactor (CR) and rising main reactor (RM) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) being moderately stable (< 40 % loss over 12 h in RM). This direct injection method provides a high-throughput approach in simultaneous investigation of tobacco use and assessment of public exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jinglong Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | | | - Zeyang Zhao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
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Ugolini V, Lai FY. Novel, alternative analytical methodology for determination of antimicrobial chemicals in aquatic environments and public use assessment: Extraction sorbent, microbiological sensitivity, stability, and applicability. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1286:342029. [PMID: 38049233 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing antimicrobial chemicals from wastewater source to recipient water systems is crucial in planning effective, policy-related interventions for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk mitigation. However, the capability of related analytical methods for AMR assessment has not been explored previously. There is also a lack of knowledge on the effectiveness of alternative extraction sorbents with ion-exchange functions, and little information on chemical stability from sampling to analysis as well as preservative options. Hence, our study aims to address the clear need for advanced, broad-range and microbiologically-sensitive methodologies, paired with thorough stability assessments. RESULTS Oasis® WCX ion-exchange was for the first time employed in solid-phase extraction (SPE) for antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals and human metabolites in various water matrices. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a biphenyl analytical column. The optimized and validated method provided satisfactory accuracy, precision, and recovery for 53 compounds via LC-MS/MS direct injection and for up to 35 compounds via SPE-LC-MS/MS. Method quantification limits (MQLs) were determined in groundwater (0.33-54 ng L-1), surface water (0.53-75 ng L-1), effluent wastewater (2.5-470 ng L-1), and influent wastewater (11-650 ng L-1). As a novel approach, MQLs were compared with minimum inhibitory concentrations, to confirm our method's microbiological sensitivity for studying AMR. Stability assessment revealed that most compounds remained stable in standard solution at -80 °C for six months, in various waters at -20 °C for eight weeks, and during 24-h sampling at 4 °C. Sodium azide was a better preservative than sodium metabisulfite. SIGNIFICANCE Our study is an added value to the analytical methodology for water measurements of antimicrobial chemicals, in which it provides a novel, alternative method that is robust and overall more sensitive than others using generic Oasis® HLB sorbents and C18 analytical columns in SPE-LC-MS/MS. Also, the comprehensive data on antimicrobial stability helps reduce methodological uncertainty for future studies. Our method shows sufficient microbiologically-sensitivity and thus is suitable for future (inter)national regulatory water monitoring of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ugolini
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden.
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden.
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Chen Y, Yu Y, Wang S, Han J, Fan M, Zhao Y, Qiu J, Yang X, Zhu F, Ouyang G. Molecularly imprinted polymer sheathed mesoporous silica tube as SPME fiber coating for determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167655. [PMID: 37806576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are probably carcinogenic disinfection byproducts eliciting health risk concerns. The determination and surveillance of TSNAs in water is still cumbersome due to the lack of advanced sample preparation methods. Herein, we prepared a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coated with the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sheathed mesoporous silica tube (MST) composite material, and developed a highly efficient, selective, and sensitive method for the determination of five TSNAs in water. Benefiting from the TSNAs-specific recognition of MIP and the increased specific surface area derived from MST, the MIP@MST fiber exhibited excellent extraction performance for TSNAs, which was much superior to the commercially available SPME fibers. By coupling to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), the outstanding analytical merits such as low method detection limits (ranging 0.1-6.7 ng L-1) and good reproducibility (intra-fiber and inter-fiber relative standard deviations ranging 4.1 %-11.6 % and 3.5 %-12.2 %, respectively) were achieved with the consumption of 8 mL water sample and 100 μL methanol solvent in 50 min. The feasibility of the SPME-HPLC-MS/MS method was demonstrated in tap water and chloraminated source water, with relative recoveries for the five TSNAs ranging from 85.2 % to 108.5 %. In result, none of the TSNAs were found in the tap water samples, while 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-Butanol (NNAL) were detected in the chloraminated source water samples. The rapid and convenient SPME-HPLC-MS/MS method developed in this study offers a powerful tool for monitoring TSNAs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaohan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiajia Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengge Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Sims N, Holton E, Jagadeesan K, Standerwick R, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Community infectious disease treatment with antimicrobial agents - A longitudinal one year study of antimicrobials in two cities via wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131461. [PMID: 37119569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most significant global health threats. Inappropriate and over-usage of antimicrobial agents (AAs) is a major driver for AMR. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising tool for monitoring AA usage in communities which is, for the first time, explored in this large scale, longitudinal study. Two contrasting urban catchment areas have been investigated: one city and one small town in the Southwest of the UK over a 13-month period in 2018-2019. Per capita daily intake of 17 AAs and metabolites has been estimated and obtained estimates were triangulated with catchment specific AA prescription data to understand AA usage patterns (both seasons driven prescription and AA prescription compliance). Results have demonstrated positive correlations for all quantifiable parent AAs and metabolites in wastewater, and spatial variability in AA usage was observed even in neighbouring urban areas. WBE and catchment specific prescription data showed similar seasonal trends but with low correlation in intake. The reasons might be variable prescribing patterns, prescription/intake outside the studied catchment, and/or lack of patient compliance. WBE proved useful in differentiating between consumption vs topical usage and/or direct disposal of unused AA. WBE is considered superior to prescription data as it provides information on AAs prescribed outside of the monitoring catchment, e.g. HIV antivirals and TB drugs. However, data triangulation, of both prescription data and wastewater data, provides the most comprehensive approach to understanding AA usage in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sims
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Institute for Sustainability, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Barden
- Wessex Water, Claverton Down Rd, Bath BA2 7WW, UK
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Institute for Sustainability, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water and Innovation Research Centre, Bath BA2 5RX, UK.
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5
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Oloye FF, Xie Y, Challis JK, Femi-Oloye OP, Brinkmann M, McPhedran KN, Jones PD, Servos MR, Giesy JP. Understanding common population markers for SARS-CoV-2 RNA normalization in wastewater - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138682. [PMID: 37201600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater monitoring and epidemiology have seen renewed interest during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, there is an increasing need to normalize wastewater-derived viral loads in local populations. Chemical tracers, both exogenous and endogenous compounds, have proven to be more stable and reliable for normalization than biological indicators. However, differing instrumentation and extraction methods can make it difficult to compare results. This review examines current extraction and quantification methods for ten common population indicators: creatinine, coprostanol, nicotine, cotinine, sucralose, acesulfame, androstenedione 5-hydroindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), caffeine, and 1,7-dimethyluric acid. Some wastewater parameters such as ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and daily flowrate were also evaluated. The analytical methods included direct injection, dilute and shoot, liquid/liquid, and solid phase extraction (SPE). Creatine, acesulfame, nicotine, 5-HIAA and androstenedione have been analysed by direct injection into LC-MS; however, most authors prefer to include SPE steps to avoid matrix effects. Both LC-MS and GC-MS have been successfully used to quantify coprostanol in wastewater, and the other selected indicators have been quantified successfully with LC-MS. Acidification to stabilize the sample before freezing to maintain the integrity of samples has been reported to be beneficial. However, there are arguments both for and against working at acidic pHs. Wastewater parameters mentioned earlier are quick and easy to quantify, but the data does not always represent the human population effectively. A preference for population indicators originating solely from humans is apparent. This review summarises methods employed for chemical indicators in wastewater, provides a basis for choosing an appropriate extraction and analysis method, and highlights the utility of accurate chemical tracer data for wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi F Oloye
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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6
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Zheng Q, Gerber C, Steadman KJ, Lin CY, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Hobson P, Toms LM, Mueller JF, Thomas KV, Thai PK. Improving Wastewater-Based Tobacco Use Estimates Using Anabasine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7958-7965. [PMID: 37192131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), nicotine metabolites have been used as biomarkers for monitoring tobacco use. Recently, the minor tobacco alkaloids anabasine and anatabine have been suggested as more specific biomarkers for tobacco use since nicotine use can be from both tobacco and non-tobacco sources. This study aimed to provide an in-depth evaluation of the suitability of anabasine and anatabine as WBE biomarkers of tobacco and subsequently estimate their excretion factors for WBE applications. Pooled urine (n = 64) and wastewater samples (n = 277), collected between 2009 and 2019 in Queensland, Australia, were analyzed for nicotine and its metabolites (cotinine and hydroxycotinine), as well as anabasine and anatabine. Anabasine performed as the better biomarker, showing a similar per capita load in pooled urine (2.2 ± 0.3 μg/day/person) and wastewater samples (2.3 ± 0.3 μg/day/person), while the per capita load of anatabine in wastewater was 50% higher than its load in urine. It is estimated that 0.9 μg of anabasine was excreted per cigarette smoked. Triangulation of tobacco sales data and tobacco use estimated from either anabasine or cotinine showed that anabasine-based estimates were 5% higher than sales data, while cotinine-based estimates were between 2 and 28% higher. Our results provided concrete evidence to confirm the suitability of anabasine as a specific biomarker for monitoring tobacco use by WBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Steadman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Chun-Yin Lin
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake William O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, 24 Hurworth Street, Bowen Hills, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Gao Z, Li P, Lin H, Lin W, Ren Y. Biomarker selection strategies based on compound stability in wastewater-based epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:5516-5529. [PMID: 36418835 PMCID: PMC9684832 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The specific compositions of human excreta in sewage can be used as biomarkers to indicate the disease prevalence, health status, and lifestyle of the population living in the investigated catchment. It is important for guiding and evaluating public health policies as well as promoting human health development. Among several parameters of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), the decay of biomarkers during transportation in sewer and storage plays a crucial role in the back-calculation of population consumption. In this paper, we summarized the stability data of common biomarkers in storage at different temperatures and in-sewer transportation. Among them, cardiovascular drugs and antidiabetic drugs are very stable which can be used as biomarkers; most of the illicit drugs are stable except for cocaine, heroin, and tetrahydrocannabinol which could be substituted by their metabolites as biomarkers. There are some losses for part of antibiotics and antidepressants even in frozen storage. Rapid detection of contagious viruses is a new challenge for infectious disease control. With the deeper and broader study of biomarkers, it is expected that the reliable application of the WBE will be a useful addition to epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ping Li
- Datansha Branch of Guangzhou Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510163, China
| | - Han Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institution, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Research progress of N-nitrosamine detection methods: a review. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1123-1135. [PMID: 36125029 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines (nitrosamines) are attracting increased attention because of their high toxicity and wide distribution. They have been strictly restricted by regulations in many fields. Researchers around the world have conducted substantial work on nitrosamine detection. This paper reviews the progress of research on nitrosamine detection methods with emphasis on biological-matrix samples. After introducing the category, toxicity, regulatory limit and source of nitrosamines, the paper discusses the most commonly used sample-preparation techniques and instrumental-detection techniques for nitrosamine detection, including some typical application cases.
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9
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Wang Z, Zheng Q, Gartner C, Chan GCK, Ren Y, Wang D, Thai PK. Comparison of tobacco use in a university town and a nearby urban area in China by intensive analysis of wastewater over one year period. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117733. [PMID: 34653796 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding smoking patterns in the population is essential for formulating public health and tobacco control policies. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a valuable complementary approach to conventional survey methods to measure tobacco use, providing non-invasive information in an objective and cost-effective manner. This study estimates tobacco use in an urban population at daily resolution and in a university town at weekly resolution in China. Wastewater samples were collected daily in an urban catchment (n = 279) and every week from a university town located within 13 km of the urban catchment (n = 43) in 2017-2018. The tobacco-related biomarkers, cotinine and hydroxycotinine, and nicotine were analyzed via direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Per capita daily tobacco use was back-estimated based on cotinine in wastewater. Over the year of sampling, we observed an increasing trend in tobacco use in the urban catchment that corroborated with sales statistics in 2017-2018. Tobacco use in the urban area was estimated to be 1.16 cigarettes/person aged 15+/day, while it was estimated to be 0.60 cigarettes/person aged 15+/day in the university town. The level of tobacco use in the university town remained stable over the year in contrast to the urban area. The difference of tobacco use in the two catchments may be attributed to their demographic differences. Furthermore, the Tobacco-Free Campus Policy would be a possible reason for the lower level of tobacco use in the university town.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
| | - Coral Gartner
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Gary C K Chan
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia
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10
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Boogaerts T, Quireyns M, Covaci A, De Loof H, van Nuijs AL. Analytical method for the simultaneous determination of a broad range of opioids in influent wastewater: Optimization, validation and applicability to monitor consumption patterns. Talanta 2021; 232:122443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Boogaerts T, Jurgelaitiene L, Dumitrascu C, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kannan A, Been F, Emke E, de Voogt P, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Application of wastewater-based epidemiology to investigate stimulant drug, alcohol and tobacco use in Lithuanian communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:145914. [PMID: 33677284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
WBE was applied to evaluate illicit drug (i.e. amphetamine, cocaine, MDMA and methamphetamine), alcohol and tobacco use in three Lithuanian cities in 2018 and 2019. Considerable concentrations of methamphetamine and MDMA were found in the three locations, suggesting a specific Lithuanian consumption pattern. Yet, unexpected high concentrations of amphetamine (>4 μg/L) were detected in two samples of Kaunas in 2018. Through the use of chiral analysis and non-target and suspect drug precursor compound screening, these extreme values were confirmed to be the result of direct disposal of amphetamine in the sewers. Furthermore, substantial alcohol use was measured in the three investigated catchment populations of Lithuania with almost 4 standard drinks/day/inhabitant aged 15+ on average in 2019. For tobacco, an average of 5.6 cigarettes/day/inhabitant aged 15+ in 2019 was reported with large discrepancies between WBE figures and sales data, potentially highlighting illegal trade of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Catalina Dumitrascu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Environmental Chemistry and Public Health research group, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kannan
- Environmental Chemistry and Public Health research group, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Haalck I, Löffler P, Baduel C, Wiberg K, Ahrens L, Lai FY. Mining chemical information in Swedish wastewaters for simultaneous assessment of population consumption, treatment efficiency and environmental discharge of illicit drugs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13510. [PMID: 34188128 PMCID: PMC8241857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of illicit drugs poses health risks to the public and environment. Knowledge on their usage helps better implementations of intervention strategies to reduce drug-related harms in the society and also policies to limit their releases as emerging contaminants to recipient environments. This study aimed to investigate from the daily consumption to treatment efficiency and subsequent discharge of illicit drugs by the Swedish urban populations based on simultaneous collection and analysis of influent and effluent wastewater. Two different weekly monitoring campaigns showed similar drug prevalence in Stockholm and Uppsala, with amphetamine as the most popular drug. Almost all target drug residues were still measurable in effluent wastewater. High removal efficiencies (> 94%) were observed for amphetamine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine, whereas ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), mephedrone and methamphetamine were the least removed substances (< 64%), with the highest discharge observed for MDMA in both catchments (~ 3.0 g/day in Uppsala; ~ 18 g/day in Stockholm). Our study provides new insights into short-term changes in the use and related discharge of illicit drugs by urban populations. Such wastewater monitoring can provide useful information to public health, forensic and environmental authorities in planning future intervention and regulation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Haalck
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Löffler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Baduel
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
- University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Zheng Q, Gartner C, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Gao J, Ahmed F, Thomas KV, Mueller JF, Thai PK. Long-term trends in tobacco use assessed by wastewater-based epidemiology and its relationship with consumption of nicotine containing products. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106088. [PMID: 32911244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of population tobacco use via wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) provides objective data to evaluate the efficacy of tobacco control strategies. However, current WBE tobacco-use estimates based on nicotine metabolites (cotinine and hydroxycotinine) can be masked by use of non-tobacco nicotine-containing products. To better understand nicotine and tobacco use, we analysed tobacco-specific biomarkers, anabasine and anatabine, as well as nicotine metabolites, cotinine and hydroxycotinine, in wastewater samples collected for 6 weeks per year over 6 years (2012-2017) from an Australian wastewater treatment plant serving approximately 100,000 people. Population-normalised mass loads were used to estimate tobacco and nicotine use trends and were compared with surveys and taxation statistics. Significant annual declines were observed for anabasine, anatabine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine of -3.0%, -2.7%, -2.4%, and -2.1%, respectively. The results corresponded with the annual declining trends reported from surveys (-5%) and taxation statistics (-4%). Significant annual decreases in the ratios of anabasine to cotinine (-1.2%) and anatabine to cotinine (-1.0%) suggested a relative increase in the use of non-tobacco nicotine products at the same time that tobacco use was declining. Monitoring tobacco use with anabasine and anatabine removed influence from nicotine-containing products, showing larger reductions in this Australian city than via nicotine biomarkers, whilst also demonstrating their suitability for monitoring long-term trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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14
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Zheng Q, Eaglesham G, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Li J, Thompson J, Shimko KM, Reeks T, Gerber C, Thomas KV, Thai PK. Determination of anabasine, anatabine, and nicotine biomarkers in wastewater by enhanced direct injection LC-MS/MS and evaluation of their in-sewer stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140551. [PMID: 32653706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used to estimate tobacco use in the population. However, the increased use of nicotine replacement therapies and e-cigarettes contributes to the load of nicotine metabolites in wastewater, causing over-estimation of tobacco use if nicotine metabolites were used in WBE back-estimation. This study aims to develop a rapid method for determining the tobacco-specific biomarkers, anabasine and anatabine, in wastewater and to evaluate their in-sewer stability for better estimation of tobacco use by WBE. An enhanced direct injection LC-MS/MS was developed to quantify anabasine and anatabine as well as nicotine biomarkers (nicotine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine). The method was optimal when wastewater was filtered through 0.2 μm RC syringe filters and a pre-conditioned SPE cartridge (Oasis HLB 1 cc, 30 mg) before 50 μL was injected into the LC-MS/MS system. Limits of quantification varied between 2.7 and 54.9 ng/L with recoveries from 76% to 103% for all five compounds. In sewer reactors, anabasine and anatabine were less stable than cotinine and hydroxycotinine. They were more stable in the gravity sewer reactor with <20% loss in 12 h than in the rising main sewer reactor with ~30% loss in the same period. We then applied the new method to 42 daily wastewater influent samples collected from an Australian wastewater treatment plant. The five biomarkers were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging from 9.2 to 7430 ng/L. All five compounds were positively correlated with one another. Our results suggested a high throughput analytical method for feasible application in anabasine and anatabine as biomarkers of tobacco use in routine wastewater monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Center, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jack Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tim Reeks
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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15
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Xiao Y, Chen S, Zhang G, Li Z, Xiao H, Chen C, He C, Zhang R, Yang X. Simple and rapid nicotine analysis using a disposable silica nanochannel-assisted electrochemiluminescence sensor. Analyst 2020; 145:4806-4814. [PMID: 32588848 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00588f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine analysis is essential to medicine, toxicology and the tobacco industry. However, no simple, portable and disposable method was developed to meet their demands. Here, we report a simple, rapid and disposable silica nanochannel (SAN)-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for nicotine analysis by simply assembling a SAN electrode with a paper cover. The sensing principle of the disposable sensor is based on the size exclusion effect and charge selectivity, which obviously prolong the sensor service time. We find that the sensor exhibits good specificity to nicotine, and most of the complex matrices are unlikely to impact the detection. The performance of the disposable sensor in cigarettes, e-cigarettes, nicotine gums, and lozenges is fully validated, showing satisfactory linearity, sensitivity (a limit of detection of 27.82 nM), and accuracy (a recovery between 96.00% and 106.51%). The disposable sensor can be potentially applied for on-site nicotine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Hunan Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Suhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China. and Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Guocan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhimao Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Han Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Chunlian He
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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16
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Sims N, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: Monitoring infectious disease spread and resistance to the community level. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105689. [PMID: 32283358 PMCID: PMC7128895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are acknowledged as one of the most critical threats to global public health today. Climate change, unprecedented population growth with accelerated rates of antimicrobial resistance, have resulted in both the emergence of novel pathogenic organisms and the re-emergence of infections that were once controlled. The consequences have led to an increased vulnerability to infectious diseases globally. The ability to rapidly monitor the spread of diseases is key for prevention, intervention and control, however several limitations exist for current surveillance systems and the capacity to cope with the rapid population growth and environmental changes. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) is a new epidemiology tool that has potential to act as a complementary approach for current infectious disease surveillance systems and an early warning system for disease outbreaks. WBE postulates that through the analysis of population pooled wastewater, infectious disease and resistance spread, the emergence of new disease outbreak to the community level can be monitored comprehensively and in real-time. This manuscript provides critical overview of current infectious disease surveillance status, as well as it introduces WBE and its recent advancements. It also provides recommendations for further development required for WBE application as an effective tool for infectious disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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17
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A new paradigm in public health assessment: Water fingerprinting for protein markers of public health using mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Mackie RS, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Choi PM, Gartner CE, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Trends in nicotine consumption between 2010 and 2017 in an Australian city using the wastewater-based epidemiology approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:184-190. [PMID: 30716578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring smoking prevalence is key to assessing responses to tobacco control measures, and evaluating associated health and economic costs. Estimates of tobacco consumed in Australia are based on various data sources - tax excise clearances, sales, and self-report surveys. There are limitations with each of these data sources which makes triangulation of cigarette use estimates by multiple methods important. Wastewater-based epidemiology, the systematic sampling and analysis of wastewater, is now a routine method to measure and monitor human exposure to a range of chemicals. This study provides a high frequency long-term temporal assessment of exposure to nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, using this approach. 291 archived wastewater samples collected from a regional city catchment from 2010 to 2017 were analysed for human-specific nicotine metabolites (cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine), to estimate per capita nicotine use. Temporal trends in nicotine use determined by wastewater-based epidemiology were compared with national sales and survey data. Wastewater analysis showed a 25% reduction in the mean number of cigarette equivalents consumed from 2010 to 2017, representing a 3% annual decline. These findings are in good agreement with estimates based on surveys and sales data, indicating annual declines of 5% and 4%, respectively. Findings of this study demonstrate WBE to be a relatively cost-effective and objective approach to reporting long-term data on nicotine consumption. When combined with alternative data sources, and valuable sociodemographic information of surveys, wastewater-based epidemiology helps to refine our estimates and understanding of the total impacts of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Mackie
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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19
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Wu F, Yang S, Wang L, Wei W, Ding CF. Simultaneous enrichment and analysis of tobacco alkaloids by microextraction coupled with mass spectrometry using a poly (N-isopropyl-acrylamide-co-divinyl-benzene-co-N, N'-methylene diacrylamide) monolithic column. Talanta 2019; 198:118-127. [PMID: 30876539 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we realized the simultaneous online detection of six tobacco alkaloids (TAs) by in-tube solid-phase microextraction (In-tube SPME) coupled with mass spectrometry by a rapid, sensitive, and matrix effect-free method requiring no chromatographic separation and only minimal sample pre-treatment. A poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-divinylbenzene-co-N, N'-methylenediacrylamide) [Poly (NIPAAm-co-DVB-co-MBAA)] monolithic column was designed according to the chemical structures of selected TAs and used as an extraction medium engaging in hydrophobic, π-π, and hydrogen bonding interactions with analytes, allowing them to be effectively extracted. A number of important parameters were systematically optimized to achieve maximal extraction efficiency. The ion intensity of the TAs signals obtained by in-tube SPME-MS were higher than the direct MS mode by about 400 folds with the signal-to-noise ratio improved by 2-7 folds. The detection limits of the six TAs were determined as 1.99-4.06 ng g-1, with good linearity with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99 obtained under optimal extraction conditions. Besides, TA recoveries in cigarette tobacco spiked at three concentration levels were in the range of 76.4-100.2%, and the corresponding RSDs (n = 5) were obtained as 4.32-7.16%. The extraction performance of the poly (NIPAAm-co-DVB-co-MBAA) monolithic column was well reproducible, with intra- or inter-day precision RSDs determined not to exceed 7.38%. Finally, no marked matrix effects were observed when the developed method was applied to the analysis of both high-abundance and trace-level TAs in practical samples, and the above technique was therefore concluded to be well suited for the detection of TAs in cigarette tobacco or other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shutong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wanghui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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20
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Lin H, Wang Y, Wang T, Wu D, Li G, Deng C. Combined analysis of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and cotinine in urine by heart cutting two-dimensional LC-MS/MS. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Lin
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yangzhong Wang
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Da Wu
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
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21
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Lai FY, Lympousi K, Been F, Benaglia L, Udrisard R, Delémont O, Esseiva P, Thomaidis NS, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in raw wastewater as an innovative perspective for investigating population-wide exposure to third-hand smoke. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13254. [PMID: 30185880 PMCID: PMC6125383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the major cause of many chronic diseases, especially lung cancer. Knowledge about population-wide tobacco use and exposure is essential to characterise its burden on public health and evaluate policy efficacy. Obtaining such knowledge remains challenging with current methods (e.g., surveys, biomonitoring) but can be achievable with wastewater analysis, a promising tool of retrieving epidemiology information. This study examined population-wide exposure to tobacco toxicants and carcinogens through wastewater analysis and explored relationships among these chemicals. Cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anabasine, anatabine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were analysed in samples from Greece, Switzerland and Belgium, where tobacco control policies are different. Measured per-capita mass loads were ranked as: nicotine biomarkers ≫ tobacco markers > carcinogens. Relationships between nicotine biomarkers and tobacco markers implied substantial use of non-tobacco nicotine items besides tobacco products. Geographic profiles of tobacco markers revealed higher levels in Geneva and Athens than Geraardsbergen and Ninove. Environmental third-hand smoke led to NNK detection, with elevated levels observed in Athens where indoor smoking is widespread, posing potential health risks to the population. Our novel outcomes are relevant for public health authorities as they provide indications about external exposure and can thus be used to plan and evaluate tobacco control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katerina Lympousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Been F, O'Brien J, Lai FY, Morelato M, Vallely P, McGowan J, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A, Mueller JF. Analysis of N,N-dimethylamphetamine in wastewater - a pyrolysis marker and synthesis impurity of methamphetamine. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1590-1598. [PMID: 29877063 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The increased availability of high purity crystalline methamphetamine (MA) in Australia raised concerns because of high dosages and its potential consumption through inhalation. The present work investigates the possibility of using wastewater levels of N,N-dimethylamphetamine (DMA), a pyrolysis by-product, as an indirect indicator of MA smoking. A dedicated liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method was set up to detect and quantify DMA in wastewater samples. Wastewater samples were collected from 8 locations across Australia during the period 2011-2016. Data about the abundance of DMA in MA seizures as well as in residues from drug paraphernalia were obtained from forensic laboratories in Australia. DMA/MA ratios measured in wastewater ranged from 0.0001 to 0.09 (median 0.007). DMA/MA ratios in bulk seizures are generally below 0.0025, with a median value of 0.0004, whilst residues in paraphernalia ranged from 0.031 to 3.37. DMA/MA ratios in wastewater decreased between 2011 and 2016, in parallel to an increase in MA loads. Furthermore, wastewater analyses highlighted a strong positive correlation between DMA/MA ratios and per capita MA use (Pearson's correlation ρ= 0.61, p-value <0.001). Nonetheless, geographical specificities could be highlighted between the investigated locations. The obtained data could help authorities detect hot spots of drug use as well as to plan specific intervention campaigns to tackle the issue. In future, simultaneous analysis of DMA and MA in both wastewater and seizures could improve our understanding about MA use and its consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie Morelato
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Vallely
- Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jenny McGowan
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
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23
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Gao J, Li J, Jiang G, Yuan Z, Eaglesham G, Covaci A, Mueller JF, Thai PK. Stability of alcohol and tobacco consumption biomarkers in a real rising main sewer. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:19-26. [PMID: 29571085 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since alcohol and tobacco consumption are among the leading causes of population health harm, it is very important to understand the consumption behaviour to develop effective harm reduction strategies. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a potential tool for estimating their consumption, but there are several uncertainties that need to be determined, including the stability of biomarkers in the sewer. Utilizing a real rising main sewer, this study investigated the stability of alcohol and tobacco consumption biomarkers. Rhodamine and acesulfame were used as flow tracer and benchmarker to understand the transportation of wastewater in the sewer with a hydraulic retention time between 2.7 and 5.0 h. Ethyl sulphate (EtS) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG), two biomarkers of alcohol consumption, were found to have different in-sewer stability, with EtS much more stable than EtG. The degradation rate of EtS is approximately 8% per hour, while EtG has a half-life of 1.9 h. Formation of nicotine, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, three biomarkers for tobacco consumption, was observed during the experiment, probably due to deconjugation of their glucuronide chemicals. The deconjugation process has prevented the determination of actual stability of the three chemicals. However, it is suggested that cotinine is relatively stable, while nicotine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine degrade to a certain degree in the sewer system. According to our findings, the in-sewer degradation is more important during the interpretation of alcohol consumption estimation than for tobacco consumption estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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24
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Cappelle D, Lai FY, Covaci A, Vermassen A, Crunelle CL, Neels H, van Nuijs ALN. Assessment of ethyl sulphate in hair as a marker for alcohol consumption using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1566-1572. [PMID: 29923331 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) are 2 non-oxidative and direct metabolites of ethanol. EtG is known to accumulate in hair and has proved to be a reliable biomarker for detection of chronic alcohol consumption. EtS has been analysed in blood and urine but has never been reported in hair. This article presents the first analytical assay based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of EtS in hair. Sample preparation, chromatographic, and mass spectrometric parameters, such as solid-phase extraction, column type, and transitions were optimised. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the European Medicine Agency, fulfilling the requirements for limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, accuracy, precision, carry-over, matrix effects, and recovery. Linearity ranged from 5 to 500 pg mg-1 and the LOQ was achieved at 5 pg mg-1 . The novel method was successfully applied to hair samples (n = 40) from patients treated for alcohol use disorders. EtS concentrations in hair ranged from 24 to 1776 pg mg-1 , while EtG concentrations in hair ranged from 1 to 1149 pg mg-1 . Hair concentrations of EtS and EtG were compared to assess the relationship between both biomarkers. There was a significant and positive correlation between EtS and EtG in hair, suggesting that EtS can be used as a biomarker for alcohol consumption. Relatively high basal EtS levels were observed in alcohol-abstinent persons, comparable to what has been reported for EtG. The developed analytical procedure offers an alternative method to prove alcohol consumption using hair analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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25
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, Libousi K, Thomaidis NS, Benaglia L, Esseiva P, Delémont O, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Mining the Chemical Information on Urban Wastewater: Monitoring Human Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6996-7005. [PMID: 29798668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At the individual level, exposure to contaminants is generally assessed through the analysis of specific biomarkers in biological matrices. However, these studies are costly and logistically demanding, limiting their applicability to monitor population-wide exposure over time and space. By focusing on a selection of exposure biomarkers to phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs), this study aims to explore the possibility of using wastewater as a complementary source of information about exposure. Wastewater samples were collected from five cities in Europe and analyzed using a previously established method. Substantial differences in biomarker levels were observed between the investigated catchments, suggesting differences in exposure. Time trends in biomarkers observed between 2013 and 2016 were found to agree with results from human biomonitoring studies and reports about production volumes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, average urinary concentrations were estimated. These were generally higher compared to results from human biomonitoring studies. Various explanations for these differences were formulated (i.e., other excretion routes, external sources and different sampling approaches). Obtained results show that wastewater analysis provides unique information about geographical and temporal differences in exposure, which would be difficult to gather using other monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Katerina Libousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
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