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Chen T, Zhang T, Niu C, Feng T, Tang H, Cheng X, Li H. Multi-element Quantitative Analysis of Single Micro-sized Suspended Particles in Air with High Accuracy Based on Random Forest and Variable Selection Strategies. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17595-17605. [PMID: 36475646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemical compositions of atmospheric particles have been studied for several decades, and the traditional techniques for particle analysis usually require time-consuming sample preparation. Within this study, simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple metallic species (Zn, Cu, and Ni) in single micro-sized suspended particles was investigated by combining random forest (RF) and variable selection strategies. Laser-induced breakdown spectra of 15 polluted black carbon samples were applied for establishing the RF model, and the movmean smoothing spectral pretreatment method and variable selection methods [variable importance measurement (VIM), genetic algorithm (GA), and variable importance projection (VIP)] were proposed. Finally, the optimized RF calibration model with the evaluation indicators of mean relative error (MRE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) was constructed based on the optimal input variables and model parameters. Compared with the univariate regression method, the VIP-RF (Zn) and VIM-RF (Cu and Ni) models showed a better correlation relationship (Rp2 = 0.9662 for Zn, Rp2 = 0.9596 for Cu, and Rp2 = 0.9548 for Ni). For Zn, Cu, and Ni, the values of RMSEP (RMSE of prediction) decreased by 116.44, 68.94, and 102.10 ppm, while the values of MREP (MRE of prediction) decreased by 67, 55, and 48%, respectively. The values of ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of VIP-RF (Zn), VIM-RF (Cu), and VIM-RF (Ni) models were 5.4, 5.0, and 4.7, respectively. The performance of this combined approach displays a notable accuracy improvement in the quantitative analysis of single particles, suggesting that it is a promising tool for real-time air particulate matter pollution monitoring and control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Ting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Hongsheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
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Chen H, Duan F, He K, Du J, Sun Z, Wang S. Constructing a Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectral reference library for fine-particle analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 118:1-13. [PMID: 35305757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles associated with haze pollution threaten the health of over 400 million people in China. Owing to excellent non-destructive fingerprint recognition characteristics, Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are often used to analyze the composition of fine particles to determine their physical and chemical properties as well as reaction mechanisms. However, there is no comprehensive Raman spectral library of fine particles. Furthermore, various studies that used SERS for fine-particle composition analysis showed that the uniqueness of the SERS substrates and different excitation wavelengths can produce a different spectrum for the same fine-particle component. To overcome this limitation, we conducted SERS experiments with a portable Raman spectrometer using two common SERS substrates (silver (Ag) foil and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)) and a 785 nm laser. Herein, we introduced three main particle component types (sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA), organic material, and soot) with a total of 39 chemical substances. We scanned the solid Raman, liquid Raman, and SERS spectra of these substances and constructed a fine-particle reference library containing 105 spectra. Spectral results indicated that for soot and SNA, the differences in characteristic peaks mainly originated from the solid-liquid phase transition; Ag foil had little effect on this difference, while the Au NPs caused a significant red shift in the peak positions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, with various characteristic peak positions in the three types of spectra, we could quickly and correctly distinguish substances. We hope that this spectral library will aid in the future identification of fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhenli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Suhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemcial Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000 China
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Nakajima R, Miura A, Abe S, Kitamura N. Optical Trapping-Polarized Raman Microspectroscopy of Single Ethanol Aerosol Microdroplets: Droplet Size Effects on Rotational Relaxation Time and Viscosity. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5218-5224. [PMID: 33724784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical trapping-polarized Raman microspectroscopy of single ethanol (EtOH) microdroplets with a diameter (d) of 6.1-16.5 μm levitated in an EtOH vapor-saturated air/N2 gas atmosphere has been explored to elucidate the vibrational and rotational motions of EtOH in the droplets at 22.0 °C. The Raman spectral bandwidth of the C-C stretching vibrational mode observed for an aerosol EtOH microdroplet was narrower than that of bulk EtOH, suggesting that the vibrational/rotational motions of EtOH in the aerosol system were restricted compared to those in the bulk system. In practice, polarized Raman microspectroscopy demonstrated that the rotational relaxation time (τrot) of EtOH in an aerosol microdroplet with d = 16. 5 μm was slower (2.33 ps) than that in a bulk EtOH (1.65 ps), while the vibrational relaxation times (τvib) in the aerosol and bulk EtOH systems were almost comparable with one another: 0.86-0.98 ps. Furthermore, although the τvib value of an aerosol EtOH microdroplet was almost unchanged irrespective of d as described above, the τrot value increased from 2.33 to 3.57 ps with a decrease in d from 16.5 to 6.1 μm, which corresponded to the increase in EtOH viscosity (η) from 1.33 to 2.04 cP with the decrease in d. The droplet size dependences of τrot and η in an aerosol EtOH microdroplet were discussed in terms of the gas/droplet interfacial molecular arrangements of EtOH and Laplace pressure experienced by a spherical EtOH microdroplet in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Sayaka Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Noboru Kitamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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Niu C, Cheng X, Zhang T, Wang X, He B, Zhang W, Feng Y, Bai J, Li H. Novel Method Based on Hollow Laser Trapping-LIBS-Machine Learning for Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Metal Elements in a Single Microsized Particle in Air. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2281-2290. [PMID: 33401900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elemental identification of individual microsized aerosol particles is an important topic in air pollution studies. However, simultaneous and quantitative analysis of multiple constituents in a single aerosol particle with the noncontact in situ manner is still a challenging task. In this work, we explore the laser trapping-LIBS-machine learning to analyze four elements (Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cr) absorbed in a single micro-carbon black particle in air. By employing a hollow laser beam for trapping, the particle can be restricted in a range as small as ∼1.72 μm, which is much smaller than the focal diameter of the flat-topped LIBS exciting laser (∼20 μm). Therefore, the particle can be entirely and homogeneously radiated, and the LIBS spectrum with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is correspondingly achieved. Then, two types of calibration models, i.e., the univariate method (calibration curve) and the multivariate calibration method (random forests (RF) regression), are employed for data processing. The results indicate that the RF calibration model shows a better prediction performance. The mean relative error (MRE), relative standard deviation (RSD), and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) are reduced from 0.1854, 363.7, and 434.7 to 0.0866, 179.8, and 216.2 ppm, respectively. Finally, simultaneous and quantitative determination of the four metal contents with high accuracy is realized based on the RF model. The method proposed in this work has the potential for online single aerosol particle analysis and further provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the precise prevention and control of composite air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wending Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yaozhou Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jintao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
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Abstract
Aerosol droplets play a critical role in the development of weather patterns, yet are notoriously difficult to analyze because of their small size, transient nature and potentially complex composition. As a result, there has been a surge in recent years in the development of analysis techniques aimed at the study of aerosol droplets, namely of their surface tension properties, which are thought to play a great role in aerosol/cloud growth and subsequently having an impact on the resulting weather patterns. To capture the state of the field at this key time, we have collected and described some of the most relevant and influential studies, with a focus on those that have had the most impact. This review will present and describe the most used analytical techniques for studying the surface tension of micrometer-sized aqueous droplets, with a focus on historical trends and how the current techniques are posed to revolutionize the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Mott
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mao Fukuyama
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akihide Hibara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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Miyagawa A, Okada T. Particle Manipulation with External Field; From Recent Advancement to Perspectives. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:69-78. [PMID: 32921654 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical forces, such as dielectric, magnetic, electric, optical, and acoustic force, provide useful principles for the manipulation of particles, which are impossible or difficult with other approaches. Microparticles, including polymer particles, liquid droplets, and biological cells, can be trapped at a particular position and are also transported to arbitrary locations in an appropriate external physical field. Since the force can be externally controlled by the field strength, we can evaluate physicochemical properties of particles from the shift of the particle location. Most of the manipulation studies are conducted for particles of sub-micrometer or larger dimensions, because the force exerted on nanomaterials or molecules is so weak that their direct manipulation is generally difficult. However, the behavior, interactions, and reactions of such small substances can be indirectly evaluated by observing microparticles, on which the targets are tethered, in a physical field. We review the recent advancements in the manipulation of particles using a physical force and discuss its potentials, advantages, and limitations from fundamental and practical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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Ishizaka S, Guo F, Tian X, Seng S, Tobon YA, Sobanska S. In Situ Observation of Efflorescence and Deliquescence Phase Transitions of Single NaCl and NaNO3 Mixture Particles in Air Using a Laser Trapping Technique. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Ishizaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Fangqin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Xiaomeng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Samantha Seng
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR - Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yeny A. Tobon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR - Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Sobanska
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Feng Y, Liu L, Yang Y, Deng Y, Li K, Cheng H, Dong X, Li W, Zhang L. The application of Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariable analysis on source apportionment of atmospheric black carbon aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:189-196. [PMID: 31174116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment studies become increasingly crucial for black carbon (BC) in atmospheric particulate matters given its linkage with adverse public health and climate impacts. In this work, a facile and rapid method using Raman spectra combined with stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) was proposed to identify and quantify the contributions of atmospheric BC sources. Four BC samples from biomass burning, coal combustion, gasoline and diesel vehicle emission were characterized by Raman spectra. The SDA model was established based on 10 parameters with significant differences (p < 0.05), giving an accuracy of 83% with a cross-validation rate of 80%. Utilizing four suggested discriminant variables from SDA model, vehicle emission was predicted as the dominant contributor to ambient BC particles, among which gasoline contributed much higher than diesel at an urban road intersection in Shanghai, China. This new method shows great potential to classify and investigate the sources of atmospheric BC aerosols and provide more effective information on air pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yue Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Kejian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xu Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Gong Z, Pan YL, Videen G, Wang C. Online Characterization of Single Airborne Carbon Nanotube Particles Using Optical Trapping Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:910-916. [PMID: 30654627 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819828809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become recognized as a potential environmental and health hazard as their applications are broadening and manufacturing costs are reducing. Fundamental information of CNTs in air is of significant importance to our understanding of their environmental fate as well as to further applications. Extensive efforts have been made over decades on characterizing CNTs; however, a majority of the studies are of bulk or CNTs dispersed on substrates. In the present study, we characterize single CNT particles in air using optical trapping Raman spectroscopy (OT-RS). Different types of CNT particles, as well as glassy carbon spheres, were optically trapped in air. Their physical properties were viewed by microscopic bright field images and scattering images; their chemical properties and structural information can be inferred from characteristic Raman bands. The system can also spatially resolve the morphology and chemical distribution of optically trapped CNT particles in air. The OT-RS technique combines single-particle morphological and chemical information and offers an online method to characterize the physicochemical properties of single CNT particles at their native states in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Gong
- 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Yong-Le Pan
- 2 U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | | | - Chuji Wang
- 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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