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Wang X, Sun X, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Wu G, Wang Y, Li Q, Yang C, Ban T, Liu Y, Huang J, Li Y. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging Assisted by Machine Learning Analysis: Unveiling Pesticide Molecule Permeation in Crop Tissues. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405416. [PMID: 38923362 PMCID: PMC11347994 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging technology faces significant technical bottlenecks in ensuring balanced spatial resolution, preventing image bias induced by substrate heterogeneity, accurate quantitative analysis, and substrate preparation that enhances Raman signal strength on a global scale. To systematically solve these problems, artificial intelligence techniques are applied to analyze the signals of pesticides based on 3D and dynamic SERS imaging. Utilizing perovskite/silver nanoparticles composites (CaTiO3/Ag@BONPs) as enhanced substrates, enabling it not only to cleanse pesticide residues from the surface to pulp of fruits and vegetables, but also to investigate the penetration dynamics of an array of pesticides (chlorpyrifos, thiabendazole, thiram, and acetamiprid). The findings challenge existing paradigms, unveiling a previously unnoticed weakening process during pesticide invasion and revealing the surprising permeability of non-systemic pesticides. Of particular note is easy to overlook that the combined application of pesticides can inadvertently intensify their invasive capacity due to pesticide interactions. The innovative study delves into the realm of pesticide penetration, propelling a paradigm shift in the understanding of food safety. Meanwhile, this strategy provides strong support for the cutting-edge application of SERS imaging technology and also brings valuable reference and enlightenment for researchers in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Zhehan Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Guangrun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Tao Ban
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, and Department of Pharmacology (State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education) at College of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityBaojian Road, Nangang DistrictHarbin150081P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin Medical UniversityBaojian Road, Nangang DistrictHarbin150081P. R. China
| | - Jian‐an Huang
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology (HST)Faculty of Medicine University of OuluOulu999018Finland
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical AnalysisCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology (HST)Faculty of Medicine University of OuluOulu999018Finland
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Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Xu C, Wu J. Apoptotic signaling pathways in bone metastatic lung cancer: a comprehensive analysis. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:310. [PMID: 39060849 PMCID: PMC11282049 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive analysis of apoptotic signaling pathways in the context of bone metastatic lung cancer, emphasizing the intricate molecular mechanisms and microenvironmental influences. Beginning with an overview of apoptosis in cancer, the paper explores the specific molecular characteristics of bone metastatic lung cancer, highlighting alterations in apoptotic pathways. Focused discussions delve into key apoptotic signaling pathways, including the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, and the roles of critical molecular players such as Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases. Microenvironmental factors, such as the tumor microenvironment, extracellular matrix interactions, and immune cell involvement, are examined in depth. The review also addresses experimental approaches and techniques employed in studying apoptotic signaling, paving the way for a discussion on current therapeutic strategies, their limitations, and future prospects. This synthesis contributes a holistic understanding of apoptosis in bone metastatic lung cancer, offering insights for potential therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiakai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoyang Xu
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
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Wedam R, Greer YE, Wisniewski DJ, Weltz S, Kundu M, Voeller D, Lipkowitz S. Targeting Mitochondria with ClpP Agonists as a Novel Therapeutic Opportunity in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071936. [PMID: 37046596 PMCID: PMC10093243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide and the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. Despite the recent development of new therapeutics including targeted therapies and immunotherapy, triple-negative breast cancer remains an aggressive form of breast cancer, and thus improved treatments are needed. In recent decades, it has become increasingly clear that breast cancers harbor metabolic plasticity that is controlled by mitochondria. A myriad of studies provide evidence that mitochondria are essential to breast cancer progression. Mitochondria in breast cancers are widely reprogrammed to enhance energy production and biosynthesis of macromolecules required for tumor growth. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of mitochondrial roles in breast cancers and elucidate why mitochondria are a rational therapeutic target. We will then outline the status of the use of mitochondria-targeting drugs in breast cancers, and highlight ClpP agonists as emerging mitochondria-targeting drugs with a unique mechanism of action. We also illustrate possible drug combination strategies and challenges in the future breast cancer clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Wedam
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshimi Endo Greer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J Wisniewski
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Weltz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manjari Kundu
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Donna Voeller
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhang B, Zhang Z, Gao B, Zhang F, Tian L, Zeng H, Wang S. Raman microspectroscopy based TNM staging and grading of breast cancer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121937. [PMID: 36201869 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system is the most common way that doctors determine the anatomical extent of cancer on the basis of clinical and pathological criteria. In this study, a spectral histopathological study has been carried out to bridge Raman micro spectroscopy with the breast cancer TNM system. A total of seventy breast tissue samples, including healthy tissue, early, middle, and advanced cancer, were investigated to provide detailed insights into compositional and structural variations that accompany breast malignant evolution. After evaluating the main spectral variations in all tissue types, the generalized discriminant analysis (GDA) pathological diagnostic model was established to discriminate the TNM staging and grading information. Moreover, micro-Raman images were reconstructed by K-means clustering analysis (KCA) for visualizing the lobular acinar in healthy tissue and ductal structures in all early, middle and advanced breast cancer tissue groups. While, univariate imaging techniques were adapted to describe the distribution differences of biochemical components such as tryptophan, β-carotene, proteins, and lipids in the scanned regions. The achieved spectral histopathological results not only established a spectra-structure correlations via tissue biochemical profiles but also provided important data and discriminative model references for in vivo Raman-based breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Zhang
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bingran Gao
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Imaging Unit - Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
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Ruiz JJ, Marro M, Galván I, Bernabeu-Wittel J, Conejo-Mir J, Zulueta-Dorado T, Guisado-Gil AB, Loza-Álvarez P. Novel Non-Invasive Quantification and Imaging of Eumelanin and DHICA Subunit in Skin Lesions by Raman Spectroscopy and MCR Algorithm: Improving Dysplastic Nevi Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1056. [PMID: 35205803 PMCID: PMC8870175 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and around 30% of them may develop from pre-existing dysplastic nevi (DN). Diagnosis of DN is a relevant clinical challenge, as these are intermediate lesions between benign and malignant tumors, and, up to date, few studies have focused on their diagnosis. In this study, the accuracy of Raman spectroscopy (RS) is assessed, together with multivariate analysis (MA), to classify 44 biopsies of MM, DN and compound nevus (CN) tumors. For this, we implement a novel methodology to non-invasively quantify and localize the eumelanin pigment, considered as a tumoral biomarker, by means of RS imaging coupled with the Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternative Least Squares (MCR-ALS) algorithm. This represents a step forward with respect to the currently established technique for melanin analysis, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), which is invasive and cannot provide information about the spatial distribution of molecules. For the first time, we show that the 5, 6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) ratio is higher in DN than in MM and CN lesions. These differences in chemical composition are used by the Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) algorithm to identify DN lesions in an efficient, non-invasive, fast, objective and cost-effective method, with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 94.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Ruiz
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Monica Marro
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Bernabeu-Wittel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (J.B.-W.); (J.C.-M.); (T.Z.-D.); (A.B.G.-G.)
| | - Julián Conejo-Mir
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (J.B.-W.); (J.C.-M.); (T.Z.-D.); (A.B.G.-G.)
| | - Teresa Zulueta-Dorado
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (J.B.-W.); (J.C.-M.); (T.Z.-D.); (A.B.G.-G.)
| | - Ana Belén Guisado-Gil
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (J.B.-W.); (J.C.-M.); (T.Z.-D.); (A.B.G.-G.)
| | - Pablo Loza-Álvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain;
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Liu XY, Guo S, Bocklitz T, Rösch P, Popp J, Yu HQ. Nondestructive 3D imaging and quantification of hydrated biofilm matrix by confocal Raman microscopy coupled with non-negative matrix factorization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117973. [PMID: 34959065 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are ubiquitous in natural and engineered environments and of great importance in drinking water distribution and biological wastewater treatment systems. Simultaneously acquiring the chemical and structural information of the hydrated biofilm matrix is essential for the cognition and regulation of biofilms in the environmental field. However, the complexity of samples and the limited approaches prevent a holistic understanding of the biofilm matrix. In this work, an approach based on the confocal Raman mapping technique integrated with non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) analysis was developed to probe the hydrated biofilm matrix in situ. The flexibility of the NMF analysis was utilized to subtract the undesired water background signal and resolve the meaningful biological components from Raman spectra of the hydrated biofilms. Diverse chemical components such as proteins, bacterial cells, glycolipids and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were unraveled within the distinct Pseudomonas spp. biofilm matrices, and the corresponding 3-dimensional spatial organization was visualized and quantified. Of these components, glycolipids and PHA were unique to the P. aeruginosa and P. putida biofilm matrix, respectively. Furthermore, their high abundances in the lower region of the biofilm matrix were found to be related to the specific physiological functions and surrounding microenvironments. Overall, the results demonstrate that our NMF Raman mapping method could serve as a powerful tool complementary to the conventional approaches for identifying and visualizing the chemical components in the biofilm matrix. This work may facilitate the online characterization of the biofilm matrix widely present in the environment and advance the fundamental understanding of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena D-07743, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena D-07743, Germany
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena D-07743, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the Research Alliance "Leibniz Health Technologies", Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena D-07743, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the Research Alliance "Leibniz Health Technologies", Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Petra Rösch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena D-07743, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena D-07743, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena D-07743, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena D-07743, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena D-07743, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the Research Alliance "Leibniz Health Technologies", Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena D-07745, Germany.
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Guo S, Popp J, Bocklitz T. Chemometric analysis in Raman spectroscopy from experimental design to machine learning-based modeling. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5426-5459. [PMID: 34741152 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is increasingly being used in biology, forensics, diagnostics, pharmaceutics and food science applications. This growth is triggered not only by improvements in the computational and experimental setups but also by the development of chemometric techniques. Chemometric techniques are the analytical processes used to detect and extract information from subtle differences in Raman spectra obtained from related samples. This information could be used to find out, for example, whether a mixture of bacterial cells contains different species, or whether a mammalian cell is healthy or not. Chemometric techniques include spectral processing (ensuring that the spectra used for the subsequent computational processes are as clean as possible) as well as the statistical analysis of the data required for finding the spectral differences that are most useful for differentiation between, for example, different cell types. For Raman spectra, this analysis process is not yet standardized, and there are many confounding pitfalls. This protocol provides guidance on how to perform a Raman spectral analysis: how to avoid these pitfalls, and strategies to circumvent problematic issues. The protocol is divided into four parts: experimental design, data preprocessing, data learning and model transfer. We exemplify our workflow using three example datasets where the spectra from individual cells were collected in single-cell mode, and one dataset where the data were collected from a raster scanning-based Raman spectral imaging experiment of mice tissue. Our aim is to help move Raman-based technologies from proof-of-concept studies toward real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Guo
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT Jena), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT Jena), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT Jena), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Jena, Germany. .,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112658. [PMID: 34071374 PMCID: PMC8198780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although microcalcifications can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions, depending on their morphology and distribution, the formation of hydroxyapatite calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. In this work, we investigate in depth the biochemical composition of breast cancer microcalcifications, combining Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis. We demonstrate that DNA is naturally adsorbed and encapsulated inside hydroxyapatite found in breast cancer tissue. Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. The demonstration of the natural DNA biomineralization in cancer tissues represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of hydroxyapatite in malignant tissues. Abstract Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. We demonstrate that DNA has been naturally adsorbed and encapsulated inside HAp microcalcifications. Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues.
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Xu J, Yu T, Zois CE, Cheng JX, Tang Y, Harris AL, Huang WE. Unveiling Cancer Metabolism through Spontaneous and Coherent Raman Spectroscopy and Stable Isotope Probing. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1718. [PMID: 33916413 PMCID: PMC8038603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a common hallmark in cancer. The high complexity and heterogeneity in cancer render it challenging for scientists to study cancer metabolism. Despite the recent advances in single-cell metabolomics based on mass spectrometry, the analysis of metabolites is still a destructive process, thus limiting in vivo investigations. Being label-free and nonperturbative, Raman spectroscopy offers intrinsic information for elucidating active biochemical processes at subcellular level. This review summarizes recent applications of Raman-based techniques, including spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and imaging, coherent Raman imaging, and Raman-stable isotope probing, in contribution to the molecular understanding of the complex biological processes in the disease. In addition, this review discusses possible future directions of Raman-based technologies in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Xu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
| | - Christos E. Zois
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, School of Health, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MS 02215, USA;
| | - Yuguo Tang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China;
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - Wei E. Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
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10
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Rasouli Z, Irani M, Jafari S, Ghavami R. Study of interaction of metal ions with methylthymol blue by chemometrics and quantum chemical calculations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6465. [PMID: 33742047 PMCID: PMC7979746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85940-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determine the acidity constants of methylthymol blue (MTB) and association constants of its complexes with the ZnII, CuII, and FeII metal ions (MIs), through theoretical and experimental means. The complexes were characterized using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy combined with soft/hard chemometrics methods and quantum chemical calculations. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that electronic transitions in the UV-Visible spectra of MTB have mixed n → π* and π → π* characters. The results of molar ratio and multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) revealed the formation of successive 1:2 and 1:1 complexes (MI:MTB) for the ZnII and CuII systems. However, the formation of successive 1:1 and 2:1 complexes are suggested for FeII by the molar ratio and MCR-ALS. The majority of transitions observed in the UV-Visible spectra of the Zn(MTB) and Cu(MTB) complexes have ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) characters. However, the transitions in the UV-Visible spectrum of the Fe(MTB) complex have LLCT and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) characters. For the Fe2(MTB) complex, the lowest energy transition of has an LLCT character. However, its higher energy transitions are a mixture of LLCT, MLCT, and metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) characters. The correlation between experimental and computed wavelengths revealed that the 1:1 complexes of ZnII and CuII prefer square pyramidal geometries. However, the FeII complexes always show octahedral geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zolaikha Rasouli
- Chemometrics Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sonia Jafari
- Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Raouf Ghavami
- Chemometrics Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran.
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11
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Identification of Molecular Basis for Objective Discrimination of Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7) from Normal Human Mammary Epithelial Cells by Raman Microspectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020800. [PMID: 33466869 PMCID: PMC7830327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS), a non-invasive and label-free method, has been suggested to improve accuracy of cytological and even histopathological diagnosis. To our knowledge, this novel technique tends to be employed without concrete knowledge of molecular changes in cells. Therefore, identification of Raman spectral markers for objective diagnosis is necessary for universal adoption of RS. As a model study, we investigated human mammary epithelial cells (HMEpC) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) by RS and employed various multivariate analyses (MA) including principal components analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machine (SVM) to estimate diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, to elucidate the underlying molecular changes in cancer cells, we utilized multivariate curve resolution analysis–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) with non-negative constraints to extract physically meaningful spectra from complex cellular data. Unsupervised PCA and supervised MA, such as LDA and SVM, classified HMEpC and MCF-7 fairly well with high accuracy but without revealing molecular basis. Employing MCR-ALS analysis we identified five pure biomolecular spectra comprising DNA, proteins and three independent unsaturated lipid components. Relative abundance of lipid 1 seems to be strictly regulated between the two groups of cells and could be the basis for excellent discrimination by chemometrics-assisted RS. It was unambiguously assigned to linoleate rich glyceride and therefore serves as a Raman spectral marker for reliable diagnosis. This study successfully identified Raman spectral markers and demonstrated the potential of RS to become an excellent cytodiagnostic tool that can both accurately and objectively discriminates breast cancer from normal cells.
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12
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Wang L, Zhang S, Wang X. The Metabolic Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 10:602416. [PMID: 33489906 PMCID: PMC7817624 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.602416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Metastasis is mainly responsible for treatment failure and is the cause of most breast cancer deaths. The role of metabolism in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer is gradually being emphasized. However, the regulatory mechanisms that conduce to cancer metastasis by metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer have not been expounded. Breast cancer cells exhibit different metabolic phenotypes depending on their molecular subtypes and metastatic sites. Both intrinsic factors, such as MYC amplification, PIK3CA, and TP53 mutations, and extrinsic factors, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and acidosis, contribute to different metabolic reprogramming phenotypes in metastatic breast cancers. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis will provide important clues to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Mamián-López MB, Bernardi Miguel R, Araki K, A Temperini ML, da Costa Ferreira AM. Multivariate probing of antitumor metal-based complexes damage on living cells through Raman imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118838. [PMID: 32862078 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular modifications caused by two metal-based antitumor compounds were assessed by confocal Raman imaging assisted by multivariate curve resolution method, a very powerful deconvolution tool that can be used to extract the characteristic spectral profile of the individual or "purest" components from an image dataset. The use of this Raman methodology has the advantage of being non-invasive and totally label-free. Four main different intracellular processes were observed under the Raman imaging and multivariate approach combination, and even, significant differences could be identified between the treatments with both metallodrugs. Leakage of the nucleus and nucleolus content into the cytoplasm, along with releasing of cytochrome c were observed for the treatment with the Cu-based complex. At the same time, changes of hydrogen-bonding network were also evidenced, indicating an apoptotic cellular death process, consistent with complementary Total Reflection X-Ray fluorescence (TXRF) and fluorescence experiments attesting mitochondria and DNA as main targets after uptake of the complex by cells. For treatment with the Zn-based complex, changes associated with cytochrome c were not detected, neither a rapid leakage of nucleus content upon 24 h treatment. The hydrogen-bonding network also followed a quite different pattern, suggesting that with this metallodrug, the cellular death follows a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Benicia Mamián-López
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, SP, Brazil; Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Bernardi Miguel
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Koiti Araki
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia L A Temperini
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria da Costa Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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14
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Guo S, Beleites C, Neugebauer U, Abalde-Cela S, Afseth NK, Alsamad F, Anand S, Araujo-Andrade C, Aškrabić S, Avci E, Baia M, Baranska M, Baria E, Batista de Carvalho LAE, de Bettignies P, Bonifacio A, Bonnier F, Brauchle EM, Byrne HJ, Chourpa I, Cicchi R, Cuisinier F, Culha M, Dahms M, David C, Duponchel L, Duraipandian S, El-Mashtoly SF, Ellis DI, Eppe G, Falgayrac G, Gamulin O, Gardner B, Gardner P, Gerwert K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Gizurarson S, Gnyba M, Goodacre R, Grysan P, Guntinas-Lichius O, Helgadottir H, Grošev VM, Kendall C, Kiselev R, Kölbach M, Krafft C, Krishnamoorthy S, Kubryck P, Lendl B, Loza-Alvarez P, Lyng FM, Machill S, Malherbe C, Marro M, Marques MPM, Matuszyk E, Morasso CF, Moreau M, Muhamadali H, Mussi V, Notingher I, Pacia MZ, Pavone FS, Penel G, Petersen D, Piot O, Rau JV, Richter M, Rybarczyk MK, Salehi H, Schenke-Layland K, Schlücker S, Schosserer M, Schütze K, Sergo V, Sinjab F, Smulko J, Sockalingum GD, Stiebing C, Stone N, Untereiner V, Vanna R, Wieland K, Popp J, Bocklitz T. Comparability of Raman Spectroscopic Configurations: A Large Scale Cross-Laboratory Study. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15745-15756. [PMID: 33225709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The variable configuration of Raman spectroscopic platforms is one of the major obstacles in establishing Raman spectroscopy as a valuable physicochemical method within real-world scenarios such as clinical diagnostics. For such real world applications like diagnostic classification, the models should ideally be usable to predict data from different setups. Whether it is done by training a rugged model with data from many setups or by a primary-replica strategy where models are developed on a 'primary' setup and the test data are generated on 'replicate' setups, this is only possible if the Raman spectra from different setups are consistent, reproducible, and comparable. However, Raman spectra can be highly sensitive to the measurement conditions, and they change from setup to setup even if the same samples are measured. Although increasingly recognized as an issue, the dependence of the Raman spectra on the instrumental configuration is far from being fully understood and great effort is needed to address the resulting spectral variations and to correct for them. To make the severity of the situation clear, we present a round robin experiment investigating the comparability of 35 Raman spectroscopic devices with different configurations in 15 institutes within seven European countries from the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) action Raman4clinics. The experiment was developed in a fashion that allows various instrumental configurations ranging from highly confocal setups to fibre-optic based systems with different excitation wavelengths. We illustrate the spectral variations caused by the instrumental configurations from the perspectives of peak shifts, intensity variations, peak widths, and noise levels. We conclude this contribution with recommendations that may help to improve the inter-laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Guo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Beleites
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Chemometrix GmbH, Södeler Weg 19, 61200 Wölfersheim, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Abalde-Cela
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nils Kristian Afseth
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO-9291 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fatima Alsamad
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, BioSpecT-EA 7506, Reims, 51097 CEDEX, France
| | - Suresh Anand
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cuauhtemoc Araujo-Andrade
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonja Aškrabić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 1, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Ertug Avci
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Ataşehir/İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Monica Baia
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Strada Mihail Kogǎlniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow Poland.,Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Michal̷a Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Enrico Baria
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121 Firenze FIorence, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FIorence, Italy
| | - Luis A E Batista de Carvalho
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Alois Bonifacio
- Raman Lab, Dept. Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Franck Bonnier
- Faculty of pharmacy, EA6295 NanoMédicaments et Nanosondes, University of Tours, 60 Rue du Plat d'Étain, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Eva Maria Brauchle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Aungier St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor Chourpa
- Faculty of pharmacy, EA6295 NanoMédicaments et Nanosondes, University of Tours, 60 Rue du Plat d'Étain, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FIorence, Italy
| | - Frederic Cuisinier
- LBN, University Montpellier, 641 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Mustafa Culha
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Ataşehir/İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Marcel Dahms
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Catalina David
- HORIBA France SAS, 231 Rue de Lille, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Ludovic Duponchel
- LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Shiyamala Duraipandian
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Aungier St, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 2, D08 X622, Ireland
| | - Samir F El-Mashtoly
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - David I Ellis
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Place du 20 Aoǔt 7, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Falgayrac
- MABLab, Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-62300 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.,CHU Lille, 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ozren Gamulin
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre for Advanced Materials Science, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, College of Engineering, Exeter, EX4 4Q, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcin Gnyba
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 750 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Helga Helgadottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vlasta Mohaček Grošev
- Centre for Advanced Materials Science, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Catherine Kendall
- Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Leadon House, Great Western Rd, Gloucester GL1 3NN, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Kiselev
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Micha Kölbach
- Renishaw GmbH, Karl-Benz-Straße 12, 72124 Pliezhausen Germany
| | - Christoph Krafft
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Kubryck
- Renishaw GmbH, Karl-Benz-Straße 12, 72124 Pliezhausen Germany
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Aungier St, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 2, D08 X622, Ireland
| | - Susanne Machill
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Place du 20 Aoǔt 7, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Monica Marro
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Paula M Marques
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ewelina Matuszyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Michal̷a Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Myriam Moreau
- LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 750 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Mussi
- National Research Council, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Roma RM Rome, Italy
| | - Ioan Notingher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Michal̷a Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121 Firenze FIorence, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FIorence, Italy
| | - Guillaume Penel
- MABLab, Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-62300 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.,CHU Lille, 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dennis Petersen
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Olivier Piot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, BioSpecT-EA 7506, Reims, 51097 CEDEX, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PICT, 9 Boulevard de la Paix, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100-00133 Rome, Italy.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Russian Federation
| | - Marc Richter
- Renishaw GmbH, Karl-Benz-Straße 12, 72124 Pliezhausen Germany
| | | | - Hamideh Salehi
- LBN, University Montpellier, 641 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Valter Sergo
- Raman Lab, Dept. Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078 Macau, SAR China
| | - Faris Sinjab
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Janusz Smulko
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ganesh D Sockalingum
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, BioSpecT-EA 7506, Reims, 51097 CEDEX, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PICT, 9 Boulevard de la Paix, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Clara Stiebing
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nick Stone
- Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, College of Engineering, Exeter, EX4 4Q, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PICT, 9 Boulevard de la Paix, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Renzo Vanna
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Salvatore Maugeri, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
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15
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Pansare K, Raj Singh S, Chakravarthy V, Gupta N, Hole A, Gera P, Sarin R, Murali Krishna C. Raman Spectroscopy: An Exploratory Study to Identify Post-Radiation Cell Survival. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:553-562. [PMID: 32031014 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820908352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy has been an impediment in the treatment of cancer, and the inability to detect it at an early stage further exacerbates the prognosis. We have assessed the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy as a rapid assay for predicting radiosensitivity of cancer cells in comparison to the conventional biological assays. Cell lines derived from breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), gingivobuccal squamous cell carcinoma (ITOC-03), and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) were subjected to varying doses of ionizing radiation. Cell viability of irradiated cells was assessed at different time points using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and Raman spectroscopy, and colony-forming capability was evaluated by clonogenic assay. Radiosensitivity observed using MTT assay was limited by the finding of similar cell viability in all the three cell lines 24 h post-irradiation. However, cell survival assessed using clonogenic assay and principal component linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA) classification of Raman spectra showed correlating patterns. Irradiated cells showed loss of nucleic acid features and enhancement of 750 cm-1 peak probably attributing to resonance Raman band of cytochromes in all three cell lines. PC-LDA analysis affirmed MCF7 to be a radioresistant cell line as compared to ITOC-03 and HEK293 to be the most radiosensitive cell line. Raman spectroscopy is shown to be a rapid and alternative assay for identification of radiosensitivity as compared to the gold standard clonogenic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Pansare
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Saurav Raj Singh
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Venkatavaradhan Chakravarthy
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Arti Hole
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Poonam Gera
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rajiv Sarin
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Chilakapati Murali Krishna
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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16
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Interval combination iterative optimization approach coupled with SIMPLS (ICIOA-SIMPLS) for quantitative analysis of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1105:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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D'Acunto M, Gaeta R, Capanna R, Franchi A. Contribution of Raman Spectroscopy to Diagnosis and Grading of Chondrogenic Tumors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2155. [PMID: 32034187 PMCID: PMC7005702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Raman Spectroscopy has demonstrated to be a label-free and non-destructive optical spectroscopy able to improve diagnostic accuracy in cancer diagnosis. This is because Raman spectroscopic measurements can reveal a deep molecular understanding of the biochemical changes in cancer tissues in comparison with non-cancer tissues. In this pilot study, we apply Raman spectroscopy imaging to the diagnosis and grading of chondrogenic tumors, including enchondroma and chondrosarcomas of increasing histologic grades. The investigation included the analysis of areas of 50×50 μm2 to approximately 200×200 μm2, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis, based on unsupervised (Principal Analysis Components) and supervised (Linear Discriminant Analysis) methods, differentiated between the various tumor samples, between cells and extracellular matrix, and between collagen and non-collagenous components. The results dealt out basic biochemical information on tumor progression giving the possibility to grade with certainty the malignant cartilaginous tumors under investigation. The basic processes revealed by Raman Spectroscopy are the progressive degrading of collagen type-II components, the formation of calcifications and the cell proliferation in tissues ranging from enchondroma to chondrosarcomas. This study highlights that Raman spectroscopy is particularly effective when cartilaginous tumors need to be subjected to histopathological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario D'Acunto
- IBF-CNR, Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Gaeta
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Ralbovsky NM, Lednev IK. Towards development of a novel universal medical diagnostic method: Raman spectroscopy and machine learning. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7428-7453. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01019g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress made using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning for potential universal medical diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Albany
- SUNY
- Albany
- USA
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19
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Yu M, Yan H, Xia J, Zhu L, Zhang T, Zhu Z, Lou X, Sun G, Dong M. Deep convolutional neural networks for tongue squamous cell carcinoma classification using Raman spectroscopy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:430-435. [PMID: 31082525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
With deep convolutional neural networks and fiber optic Raman spectroscopy, this study presents a novel classification method that discriminates tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) from non-tumorous tissue. To achieve this purpose, 24 tissues spectral data were first collected from 12 patients who had undergone a surgical resection due to the tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Then 6 blocks with each block including 1 convolutional layer and 1 max-pooling layer are used to extract the nonlinear feature representations from Raman spectra. The derived features form a representative vector, which is fed into a fully-connected network for performing classification task. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved high sensitivity (99.31%) and specificity (94.44%). To show the superiority for the ConvNets classifier, comparison results with the state-of-the-art methods show it had a competitive classification accuracy. Moreover, these promising results may pave the way to apply the deep ConvNets model in the fiber optic Raman instrument for intra-operative evaluation of TSCC resection margins and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, No. 6 Hongxia Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Hao Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, No. 6 Hongxia Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Jiabin Xia
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, No. 6 Hongxia Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Lianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, No. 6 Hongxia Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Department of stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xiaoping Lou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, No. 6 Hongxia Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Guangkai Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, No. 6 Hongxia Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Mingli Dong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, No. 6 Hongxia Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
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20
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Zhu J, Ahmad W, Xu Y, Liu S, Chen Q, Hassan MM, Ouyang Q. Development of a novel wavelength selection method for the trace determination of chlorpyrifos on Au@Ag NPs substrate coupled surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:1167-1177. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel wavelength selection method named ICPA-mRMR coupled SERS was employed for the detection of CPS residues in tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P.R. China
- School of Electrical Engineering
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P.R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P.R. China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P.R. China
| | - Md. Mehedi Hassan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P.R. China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P.R. China
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21
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Auner GW, Koya SK, Huang C, Broadbent B, Trexler M, Auner Z, Elias A, Mehne KC, Brusatori MA. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:691-717. [PMID: 30569241 PMCID: PMC6514064 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel approaches toward understanding the evolution of disease can lead to the discovery of biomarkers that will enable better management of disease progression and improve prognostic evaluation. Raman spectroscopy is a promising investigative and diagnostic tool that can assist in uncovering the molecular basis of disease and provide objective, quantifiable molecular information for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. This technique probes molecular vibrations/rotations associated with chemical bonds in a sample to obtain information on molecular structure, composition, and intermolecular interactions. Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with a molecular vibration/rotation and a change in polarizability takes place during molecular motion. This results in light being scattered at an optical frequency shifted (up or down) from the incident light. By monitoring the intensity profile of the inelastically scattered light as a function of frequency, the unique spectroscopic fingerprint of a tissue sample is obtained. Since each sample has a unique composition, the spectroscopic profile arising from Raman-active functional groups of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates allows for the evaluation, characterization, and discrimination of tissue type. This review provides an overview of the theory of Raman spectroscopy, instrumentation used for measurement, and variation of Raman spectroscopic techniques for clinical applications in cancer, including detection of brain, ovarian, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers and circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Auner
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit Institute of Ophthalmology, Grosse Pointe Park, MI, 48230, USA.
| | - S Kiran Koya
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Changhe Huang
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Brandy Broadbent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Micaela Trexler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Zachary Auner
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Angela Elias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Katlyn Curtin Mehne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michelle A Brusatori
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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