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Traynor D, Duraipandian S, Bhatia R, Cuschieri K, Tewari P, Kearney P, D’Arcy T, O’Leary JJ, Martin CM, Lyng FM. Development and Validation of a Raman Spectroscopic Classification Model for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071836. [PMID: 35406608 PMCID: PMC8997379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is an unmet clinical need for new methods to aid clinicians in the early detection of cervical cancer and precancer. Spectroscopic methods such as Raman spectroscopy can provide a rapid, label-free and nondestructive measurement of the biochemical fingerprint of cells, tissues and biofluids. This study aims to demonstrate the clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of cervical precancer. Raman spectra were recorded from cervical smear samples (n = 662) and a classifier was developed based on histology. A classification accuracy of 91.3% was achieved in an independent blinded test set (n = 69), demonstrating the potential clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy. Abstract The mortality associated with cervical cancer can be reduced if detected at the precancer stage, but current methods are limited in terms of subjectivity, cost and time. Optical spectroscopic methods such as Raman spectroscopy can provide a rapid, label-free and nondestructive measurement of the biochemical fingerprint of a cell, tissue or biofluid. Previous studies have shown the potential of Raman spectroscopy for cervical cancer diagnosis, but most were pilot studies with small sample sizes. The aim of this study is to show the clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy for identifying cervical precancer in a large sample set with validation in an independent test set. Liquid-based cervical cytology samples (n = 662) (326 negative, 200 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 and 136 CIN2+) were obtained as a training set. Raman spectra were recorded from single-cell nuclei and subjected to a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA). In addition, the PLSDA classification model was validated using a blinded independent test set (n = 69). A classification accuracy of 91.3% was achieved with only six of the blinded samples misclassified. This study showed the potential clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy with a good classification of negative, CIN1 and CIN2+ achieved in an independent test set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Traynor
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (S.D.)
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shiyamala Duraipandian
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Ramya Bhatia
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NHS Lothian, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 5SA, UK; (R.B.); (K.C.)
- HPV Research Group, Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NHS Lothian, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 5SA, UK; (R.B.); (K.C.)
- HPV Research Group, Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Prerna Tewari
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraig Kearney
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tom D’Arcy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cara M. Martin
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (S.D.)
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Guo S, Beleites C, Neugebauer U, Abalde-Cela S, Afseth NK, Alsamad F, Anand S, Araujo-Andrade C, Aškrabić S, Avci E, Baia M, Baranska M, Baria E, Batista de Carvalho LAE, de Bettignies P, Bonifacio A, Bonnier F, Brauchle EM, Byrne HJ, Chourpa I, Cicchi R, Cuisinier F, Culha M, Dahms M, David C, Duponchel L, Duraipandian S, El-Mashtoly SF, Ellis DI, Eppe G, Falgayrac G, Gamulin O, Gardner B, Gardner P, Gerwert K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Gizurarson S, Gnyba M, Goodacre R, Grysan P, Guntinas-Lichius O, Helgadottir H, Grošev VM, Kendall C, Kiselev R, Kölbach M, Krafft C, Krishnamoorthy S, Kubryck P, Lendl B, Loza-Alvarez P, Lyng FM, Machill S, Malherbe C, Marro M, Marques MPM, Matuszyk E, Morasso CF, Moreau M, Muhamadali H, Mussi V, Notingher I, Pacia MZ, Pavone FS, Penel G, Petersen D, Piot O, Rau JV, Richter M, Rybarczyk MK, Salehi H, Schenke-Layland K, Schlücker S, Schosserer M, Schütze K, Sergo V, Sinjab F, Smulko J, Sockalingum GD, Stiebing C, Stone N, Untereiner V, Vanna R, Wieland K, Popp J, Bocklitz T. Comparability of Raman Spectroscopic Configurations: A Large Scale Cross-Laboratory Study. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15745-15756. [PMID: 33225709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The variable configuration of Raman spectroscopic platforms is one of the major obstacles in establishing Raman spectroscopy as a valuable physicochemical method within real-world scenarios such as clinical diagnostics. For such real world applications like diagnostic classification, the models should ideally be usable to predict data from different setups. Whether it is done by training a rugged model with data from many setups or by a primary-replica strategy where models are developed on a 'primary' setup and the test data are generated on 'replicate' setups, this is only possible if the Raman spectra from different setups are consistent, reproducible, and comparable. However, Raman spectra can be highly sensitive to the measurement conditions, and they change from setup to setup even if the same samples are measured. Although increasingly recognized as an issue, the dependence of the Raman spectra on the instrumental configuration is far from being fully understood and great effort is needed to address the resulting spectral variations and to correct for them. To make the severity of the situation clear, we present a round robin experiment investigating the comparability of 35 Raman spectroscopic devices with different configurations in 15 institutes within seven European countries from the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) action Raman4clinics. The experiment was developed in a fashion that allows various instrumental configurations ranging from highly confocal setups to fibre-optic based systems with different excitation wavelengths. We illustrate the spectral variations caused by the instrumental configurations from the perspectives of peak shifts, intensity variations, peak widths, and noise levels. We conclude this contribution with recommendations that may help to improve the inter-laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Guo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Beleites
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Chemometrix GmbH, Södeler Weg 19, 61200 Wölfersheim, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Abalde-Cela
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nils Kristian Afseth
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO-9291 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fatima Alsamad
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, BioSpecT-EA 7506, Reims, 51097 CEDEX, France
| | - Suresh Anand
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cuauhtemoc Araujo-Andrade
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonja Aškrabić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 1, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Ertug Avci
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Ataşehir/İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Monica Baia
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Strada Mihail Kogǎlniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow Poland.,Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Michal̷a Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Enrico Baria
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121 Firenze FIorence, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FIorence, Italy
| | - Luis A E Batista de Carvalho
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Alois Bonifacio
- Raman Lab, Dept. Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Franck Bonnier
- Faculty of pharmacy, EA6295 NanoMédicaments et Nanosondes, University of Tours, 60 Rue du Plat d'Étain, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Eva Maria Brauchle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Aungier St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor Chourpa
- Faculty of pharmacy, EA6295 NanoMédicaments et Nanosondes, University of Tours, 60 Rue du Plat d'Étain, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FIorence, Italy
| | - Frederic Cuisinier
- LBN, University Montpellier, 641 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Mustafa Culha
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Ataşehir/İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Marcel Dahms
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Catalina David
- HORIBA France SAS, 231 Rue de Lille, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Ludovic Duponchel
- LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Shiyamala Duraipandian
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Aungier St, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 2, D08 X622, Ireland
| | - Samir F El-Mashtoly
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - David I Ellis
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Place du 20 Aoǔt 7, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Falgayrac
- MABLab, Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-62300 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.,CHU Lille, 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ozren Gamulin
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre for Advanced Materials Science, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, College of Engineering, Exeter, EX4 4Q, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus 4, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcin Gnyba
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 750 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Helga Helgadottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vlasta Mohaček Grošev
- Centre for Advanced Materials Science, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Catherine Kendall
- Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Leadon House, Great Western Rd, Gloucester GL1 3NN, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Kiselev
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Micha Kölbach
- Renishaw GmbH, Karl-Benz-Straße 12, 72124 Pliezhausen Germany
| | - Christoph Krafft
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Kubryck
- Renishaw GmbH, Karl-Benz-Straße 12, 72124 Pliezhausen Germany
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Aungier St, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 2, D08 X622, Ireland
| | - Susanne Machill
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Place du 20 Aoǔt 7, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Monica Marro
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Paula M Marques
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ewelina Matuszyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Michal̷a Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Myriam Moreau
- LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 750 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Mussi
- National Research Council, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Roma RM Rome, Italy
| | - Ioan Notingher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Michal̷a Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121 Firenze FIorence, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FIorence, Italy
| | - Guillaume Penel
- MABLab, Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-62300 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.,CHU Lille, 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dennis Petersen
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Olivier Piot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, BioSpecT-EA 7506, Reims, 51097 CEDEX, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PICT, 9 Boulevard de la Paix, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100-00133 Rome, Italy.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Russian Federation
| | - Marc Richter
- Renishaw GmbH, Karl-Benz-Straße 12, 72124 Pliezhausen Germany
| | | | - Hamideh Salehi
- LBN, University Montpellier, 641 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Valter Sergo
- Raman Lab, Dept. Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078 Macau, SAR China
| | - Faris Sinjab
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Janusz Smulko
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ganesh D Sockalingum
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, BioSpecT-EA 7506, Reims, 51097 CEDEX, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PICT, 9 Boulevard de la Paix, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Clara Stiebing
- Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nick Stone
- Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, College of Engineering, Exeter, EX4 4Q, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PICT, 9 Boulevard de la Paix, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Renzo Vanna
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Salvatore Maugeri, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
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