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Gao T, Wang Q, Sun H, Liu Y, Li J, He Y. Physiological Adaptation of Fenneropenaeus chinensis in Response to Saline-Alkaline Stress Revealed by a Combined Proteomics and Metabolomics Method. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:488. [PMID: 39056683 PMCID: PMC11274245 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of the mariculture industry has been hindered by limited coastal aquaculture space. To utilize the abundant inland saline-alkaline water, we studied the physiological effects of high carbonate alkalinity stress and high pH stress on Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The study employed quantitative proteomics by tandem mass tag (TMT) and non-targeted metabolomics analysis using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) to understand the physiological and biochemical adaptive mechanisms of the hepatopancreas of F. chinensis in response to saline-alkaline stress at the molecular level. We designed two stress groups as follows: a high carbonate alkalinity (CA) group and a combined high carbonate alkalinity and high pH (CP) group. The study found that the protein and metabolic profiles of the two stress groups were changed, and the CP group, which was exposed to dual stresses, incurred more severe damage to the hepatopancreas compared to that of the CA group. After exposure to CA and CP, the hepatopancreas of F. chinensis showed significant alterations in 455 proteins and 50 metabolites, and 1988 proteins and 272 metabolites, respectively. In addition, F. chinensis upregulated the level of energy metabolism in the hepatopancreas to defend against osmotic imbalance caused by CA or CP stress, which was demonstrated by the significant upregulation of important proteins and metabolites in glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation. Additionally, pattern recognition receptors, the phenol oxidase system, and various immune-related metabolic enzymes and metabolites were also affected. The immune homeostasis of F. chinensis was affected by the alteration of the antioxidant system following exposure to CA or CP. These findings provide valuable information for F. chinensis saline-alkaline water cultivation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (T.G.); (H.S.); (Y.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Huarui Sun
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (T.G.); (H.S.); (Y.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (T.G.); (H.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jitao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Yuying He
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
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Song Y, Yao S, Li X, Wang T, Jiang X, Bolan N, Warren CR, Northen TR, Chang SX. Soil metabolomics: Deciphering underground metabolic webs in terrestrial ecosystems. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2024; 3:227-237. [PMID: 38680731 PMCID: PMC11047296 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Soil metabolomics is an emerging approach for profiling diverse small molecule metabolites, i.e., metabolomes, in the soil. Soil metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, organic acids, sugars, and volatile organic compounds, often contain essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur and are directly linked to soil biogeochemical cycles driven by soil microorganisms. This paper presents an overview of methods for analyzing soil metabolites and the state-of-the-art of soil metabolomics in relation to soil nutrient cycling. We describe important applications of metabolomics in studying soil carbon cycling and sequestration, and the response of soil organic pools to changing environmental conditions. This includes using metabolomics to provide new insights into the close relationships between soil microbiome and metabolome, as well as responses of soil metabolome to plant and environmental stresses such as soil contamination. We also highlight the advantage of using soil metabolomics to study the biogeochemical cycles of elements and suggest that future research needs to better understand factors driving soil function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 225127, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Nedland, WA-6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Nedland, WA-6009, Australia
- Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia
| | - Charles R. Warren
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Trent R. Northen
- Environmental Genomics and System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Scott X. Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
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Wüthrich C, Zenobi R, Giannoukos S. Alternative electrolyte solutions for untargeted breath metabolomics using secondary-electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9714. [PMID: 38389333 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Secondary-electrospray ionization (SESI) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the discovery of biomarkers in exhaled breath. A primary electrospray consisting of aqueous formic acid (FA) is currently used to charge the volatile organic compounds in breath. To investigate whether alternate electrospray compositions could enable different metabolite coverage and sensitivities, the electrospray dopants NaI and AgNO3 were tested. METHODS In a proof-of-principle manner, the exhaled breath of one subject was analyzed repeatedly with different electrospray solutions and with the help of a spectral stitching technique. Capillary diameter and position were optimized to achieve proper detection of exhaled breath. The detected features were then compared using formula annotation. Using an evaporation-based gas standard system, the signal response of the different solutions was probed. RESULTS Principal component analysis revealed a substantial difference in features detected with AgNO3 . With silver, more sulfur-containing features and more unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds were detected. Furthermore, more primary amines were potentially ionized, as indicated by van Krewelen diagrams. In total, twice as many features were unique to AgNO3 than for other electrospray dopants. Using gas standards at known concentrations, the high sensitivity of FA as a dopant was demonstrated but also indicated alternate sensitivities of the other electrospray solutions. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated the potential of AgNO3 as a complementary dopant for further biomarker discovery in SESI-based breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Wüthrich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland
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Xing Q, Zhang L, Liu H, Zhu C, Yao M. Exhaled VOC Biomarkers from Rats Injected with PMs from Thirty-One Major Cities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20510-20520. [PMID: 38039547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PMs) of different origins can cause diverse health effects. Here, a homemade box was used to facilitate real-time measurements of breath-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. We have tracked exhaled VOC changes in 228 Wistar rats that were injected with water-soluble PM suspension filtrates (after 0.45 μm) from 31 China cities for 1 h to up to 1-6 days during the experiments. Rats exposed to the filtrates exhibited significant changes in breath-borne VOCs within hours, featuring dynamic fluctuations in the levels of acetone, butan-2-one, heptan-2-one-M, acetic acid-M, and ethanol. Subsequently, on the fifth to sixth day after the injection, there was a notable increase in the proportion of aldehydes (including hexanal-M, hexanal-D, pentanal, heptanal-M, and (E)-2-hexenal). The 10 dynamic VOC fingerprint patterns mentioned earlier showcased the capability to indirectly differentiate urban PM toxicity and categorize the 31 cities into four distinct groups based on their health effects. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of exhaled VOCs and underscores their critical role as biomarkers for differentiating the toxicity of different PMs and detecting the early signs of potential diseases. The results from this work also provide a scientific basis for city-specific air pollution control and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisong Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huaying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenyu Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Omezzine Gnioua M, Spesyvyi A, Španěl P. Gas phase H +, H 3O + and NH 4+ affinities of oxygen-bearing volatile organic compounds; DFT calculations for soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30343-30348. [PMID: 37909271 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry calculations were performed using the density functional theory, DFT, to understand the structures and energetics of organic ions relevant to gas phase ion chemistry in soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometry analytical methods. Geometries of a range of neutral volatile organic compound molecules and ions resulting from protonation, the addition of H3O+ and the addition of NH4+ were optimised using the B3LYP hybrid DFT method. Then, the total energies and the normal mode vibrational frequencies were determined, and the total enthalpies of the neutral molecules and ions were calculated for the standard temperature and pressure. The calculations were performed for several feasible structures of each of the ions. The proton affinities of several benchmark molecules agree with the accepted values within ±4 kJ mol-1, indicating that B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) provides chemical accuracy for oxygen-containing volatile organic compounds. It was also found that the binding energies of H3O+ and NH4+ to molecules correlate with their proton affinities. The results contribute to the understanding of ligand switching ion-molecule reactions important for secondary electrospray ionisation, SESI, and selected ion flow tube, SIFT, mass spectrometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Omezzine Gnioua
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 747/2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Anatolii Spesyvyi
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Islam MZ, Giannoukos S, Räisänen SE, Wang K, Ma X, Wahl F, Zenobi R, Niu M. Exhaled volatile fatty acids, ruminal methane emission, and their diurnal patterns in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6849-6859. [PMID: 37210352 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To date, the commonly used methods to assess rumen fermentation are invasive. Exhaled breath contains hundreds of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that can reflect animal physiological processes. In the present study, for the first time, we aimed to use a noninvasive metabolomics approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify rumen fermentation parameters in dairy cows. Enteric methane (CH4) production from 7 lactating cows was measured 8 times over 3 consecutive days using the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Technology Inc.). Simultaneously, exhalome samples were collected in Tedlar gas sampling bags and analyzed offline using a secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry system. In total, 1,298 features were detected, among them targeted exhaled volatile fatty acids (eVFA; i.e., acetate, propionate, butyrate), which were putatively annotated using their exact mass-to-charge ratio. The intensity of eVFA, in particular acetate, increased immediately after feeding and followed a similar pattern to that observed for ruminal CH4 production. The average total eVFA concentration was 35.5 count per second (CPS), and among the individual eVFA, acetate had the greatest concentration, averaging 21.3 CPS, followed by propionate at 11.5 CPS, and butyrate at 2.67 CPS. Further, exhaled acetate was on average the most abundant of the individual eVFA at around 59.3%, followed by 32.5 and 7.9% of the total eVFA for propionate and butyrate, respectively. This corresponds well with the previously reported proportions of these VFA in the rumen. The diurnal patterns of ruminal CH4 emission and individual eVFA were characterized using a linear mixed model with cosine function fit. The model characterized similar diurnal patterns for eVFA and ruminal CH4 and H2 production. Regarding the diurnal patterns of eVFA, the phase (time of peak) of butyrate occurred first, followed by that of acetate and propionate. Importantly, the phase of total eVFA occurred around 1 h before that of ruminal CH4. This corresponds well with existing data on the relationship between rumen VFA production and CH4 formation. Results from the present study revealed a great potential to assess the rumen fermentation of dairy cows using exhaled metabolites as a noninvasive proxy for rumen VFA. Further validation, with comparisons to rumen fluid, and establishment of the proposed method are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Islam
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Giannoukos
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - S E Räisänen
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Wang
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - X Ma
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F Wahl
- Food Microbial Systems Research Division, Agroscope, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Zenobi
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Niu
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Lan J, Greter G, Streckenbach B, Wanner B, Arnoldini M, Zenobi R, Slack E. Non-invasive monitoring of microbiota and host metabolism using secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100539. [PMID: 37671025 PMCID: PMC10475793 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic "handshake" between the microbiota and its mammalian host is a complex, dynamic process with major influences on health. Dissecting the interaction between microbial species and metabolites found in host tissues has been a challenge due to the requirement for invasive sampling. Here, we demonstrate that secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) can be used to non-invasively monitor metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome of a live, awake mouse. By comparing the headspace metabolome of individual gut bacterial culture with the "volatilome" (metabolites released to the atmosphere) of gnotobiotic mice, we demonstrate that the volatilome is characteristic of the dominant colonizing bacteria. Combining SESI-MS with feeding heavy-isotope-labeled microbiota-accessible sugars reveals the presence of microbial cross-feeding within the animal intestine. The microbiota is, therefore, a major contributor to the volatilome of a living animal, and it is possible to capture inter-species interaction within the gut microbiota using volatilome monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Greter
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Streckenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Arnoldini
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Geng X, Zhang K, Li H, Da Yong Chen D. Online mass spectrometry of exhaled breath with a modified ambient ion source. Talanta 2023; 255:124254. [PMID: 36634427 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath (EB) may contain metabolites that are closely related to human health conditions. Real time analysis of EB is important to study its true composition, however, it has been difficult. A robust ambient ionization mass spectrometry method using a modified direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source was developed for the online analysis of breath volatiles. The modified DART ion source can provide a confined region for direct sampling, rapid transmission and efficient ionization of exhaled breath. With different sampling methods, offline analysis and near real-time evaluation of exhaled breath were also achieved, and their unique molecular features were characterized. High resolution MS data aided the putative metabolite identification in breath samples, resulting in hundreds of volatile organic compounds being identified in the exhalome. The method was sensitive enough to be used for monitoring the breath feature changes after taking different food and over-the-counter medicine. Quantification was performed for pyridine and valeric acid with fasting and after ingesting different food. The developed method is fast, simple, versatile, and potentially useful for evaluating the true state of human exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, 257091, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Awchi M, Sinues P, Datta AN, García-Gómez D, Singh KD. UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Identity Confirmation of Amino Acids Involved in Response to and Side Effects from Antiseizure Medications. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:990-995. [PMID: 36812155 PMCID: PMC9990125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Real-time breath analysis using secondary electrospray ionization coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry is a fast and noninvasive method to access the metabolic state of a person. However, it lacks the ability to unequivocally assign mass spectral features to compounds due to the absence of chromatographic separation. This can be overcomed by using exhaled breath condensate and conventional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) systems. In this study, to the best of our knowledge, we confirm for the first time the presence of six amino acids (GABA, Oxo-Pro, Asp, Gln, Glu, and Tyr) previously reported to be involved in response to and side effects from antiseizure medications in exhaled breath condensate and by extension in exhaled human breath. Raw data are publicly available at MetaboLights with the accession number MTBLS6760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Awchi
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Sinues
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre N Datta
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego García-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Kapil Dev Singh
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Xu L, Zhang K, Geng X, Li H, Chen DDY. High-resolution mass spectrometry exhalome profiling with a modified direct analysis in real time ion source. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9406. [PMID: 36169592 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exhaled breath contains many substances that are closely related to human metabolism. Analysis of its composition is important for human health, but it is difficult. Since the volatile molecules in breath samples are exhaled instantaneously, easily diffused and modified, and at low level of presence, they are difficult to identify and quantify. METHODS A modified direct analysis in real time ion source was used for high-resolution mass spectrometry measurement of human metabolites in exhaled breath through online monitoring and offline analysis, in both positive and negative ion modes. The improved system enabled the breath volatiles as well as condensates to be directly sampled, rapidly transmitted and efficiently ionized in a confined region, and then detected using an Orbitrap mass analyzer. RESULTS The molecular features with online and offline analysis of exhaled breath were demonstrated with obvious differences. A total of about 65 metabolites in positive ion mode and about 55 metabolites in negative ion mode were identified based on accurate m/z values. Exhalome profile and the composition proportion of different classes of compounds were obtained. The relative contents of metabolites from breath varied during different time periods throughout a day. CONCLUSIONS A more complete picture of the human breath metabolome was provided combining the results obtained from both online and offline analysis. The developed method allows analysis of breath samples with different status rapidly and directly, and it features simple operation and metabolite identification, requiring little or no sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Weber R, Kaeslin J, Moeller S, Perkins N, Micic S, Moeller A. Effects of a Volatile Organic Compound Filter on Breath Profiles Measured by Secondary Electrospray High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010045. [PMID: 36615240 PMCID: PMC9822030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the ambient air potentially influence on-line breath analysis measurements by secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS). The aim of this study was to investigate how inhaling through a VOC filter affects the detected breath profiles and whether it is feasible to integrate such filters into routine measurements. A total of 24 adult participants performed paired breath analysis measurements with and without the use of an activated carbon filter for inspiration. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) and the Bland−Altman analysis were used to assess the agreement between the two methods. Additionally, the effect on a selection of known metabolites and contaminants was analyzed. Out of all the detected features, 78.3% showed at least a moderate agreement before and after filter usage (CCC > 0.9). The decrease in agreement of the remaining m/z features was mostly associated with reduced signal intensities after filter usage. Although a moderate-to-substantial concordance was found for almost 80% of the m/z features, the filter still had an effect by decreasing signal intensities, not only for contaminants, but also for some of the studied metabolites. Operationally, the use of the filter complicated and slowed down the conductance of measurements, limiting its applicability in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Weber
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Kaeslin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Moeller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Perkins
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srdjan Micic
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (A.M.)
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12
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Zivkovic Semren T, Majeed S, Fatarova M, Laszlo C, Pak C, Steiner S, Vidal-de-Miguel G, Kuczaj A, Mazurov A, Peitsch MC, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Guy PA. Application of Secondary Electrospray Ionization Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Chemical Characterization of Thermally Generated Aerosols. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2147-2155. [PMID: 36218284 PMCID: PMC9634908 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation as a route for administering drugs and dietary supplements has garnered significant attention over the past decade. We performed real-time analyses of aerosols using secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) technology interfaced with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), primarily developed for exhaled breath analysis with the goal to detect the main aerosol constituents. Several commercially available inhalation devices containing caffeine, melatonin, cannabidiol, and vitamin B12 were tested. Chemical characterization of the aerosols produced by these devices enabled detection of the main constituents and screening for potential contaminants, byproducts, and impurities in the aerosol. In addition, a programmable syringe pump was connected to the SESI-HRMS system to monitor aerosolized active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. This setup allowed us to detect caffeine, melatonin, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and cannabidiol in the produced aerosols. Azithromycin and vitamin B12 in the aerosols could not be detected; however, our instrument setup enabled the detection of vitamin B12 breakdown products that were generated during the aerosolization process. Positive control was realized by liquid chromatography-HRMS analyses. The compounds detected in the aerosol were confirmed by exact mass measurements of the protonated and/or deprotonated species, as well as their respective collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectra. These results reveal the potential wide application of this technology for the real-time monitoring of aerosolized active pharmaceutical ingredients that can be administered through the inhalation route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zivkovic Semren
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Fatarova
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Laszlo
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Claudius Pak
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Steiner
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Anatoly Mazurov
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A. Guy
- PMI
R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
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13
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Ren X, Jia S, Gao B, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Liu P, Li J. Application of proteomics and metabolomics to assess ammonia stress response and tolerance mechanisms of juvenile ornate rock lobster Panulirus ornatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155751. [PMID: 35533861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a common pollutant in the aquatic ecosystem and closed aquaculture systems. It may pose a threat to the lobster growth, reproduction and survival. However, there is lack of research of the mechanisms on the toxic effects ammonia at molecular levels. In this work, proteomics and metabolomics were integrated to analyze the proteome and metabolome responses in the ornate spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus treated with ammonia (20 mg L-1) for 48 h. A total of 199 proteins and 176 metabolites were significantly altered in P. ornatus following ammonia treatment. The responsive proteins and metabolites were predominantly involved in immune response, phase I and phase II biotransformation, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, an increase in urea levels was observed, and amino acid metabolism was induced, indicating that the urea cycle was utilized to biotransform ammonia so as to reduce endogenous ammonia content. Ammonia exposure also affected the antioxidant system and induced cellular apoptosis. Overall, our results provide comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of P. ornatus to ammonia stress. We believe that the data reported herein should contribute to the development of novel, efficient methods for P. ornatus aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Shaoting Jia
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qiansen Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
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14
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Wüthrich C, De Figueiredo M, Burton-Pimentel KJ, Vergères G, Wahl F, Zenobi R, Giannoukos S. Breath response following a nutritional challenge monitored by secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35961293 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac894e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
On-line breath analysis using secondary electrospray ionization coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) is a sensitive method for biomarker discovery. The strengths of this technology have already been demonstrated in the clinical environment. For the first time, this study demonstrates the application of SESI-HRMS in the field of nutritional science using a standardized nutritional intervention, consisting of a high-energy shake (950 kcal, 8% protein, 35% sugar and 57% fat). Eleven subjects underwent the intervention on three separate days and their exhaled breath was monitored up to six hours postprandially. In addition, sampling was performed during equivalent fasting conditions for selected subjects. To estimate the impact of inter- and intra-individual variability, analysis of variance simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) was conducted, revealing that the inter-individual variability accounted for 30 % of the data variation. To distinguish the effect of the intervention from fasting conditions, partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed. Candidate compound annotation was performed with pathway analysis and collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. Pathway analysis highlighted, among others, features associated with the metabolism of linoleate, butanoate and amino sugars. Tentative compounds annotated through CID measurements include fatty acids, amino acids, and amino acid derivatives, some of them likely derived from nutrients by the gut microbiome (e.g. propanoate, indoles), as well as organic acids from the Krebs cycle. Time-series clustering showed an overlap of observed kinetic trends with those reported previously in blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Wüthrich
- ETH Zurich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, Zürich, 8093, SWITZERLAND
| | | | | | - Guy Vergères
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern, Bern, 3003, SWITZERLAND
| | - Fabian Wahl
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern, Bern, 3003, SWITZERLAND
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, HCI E 325, CH - 8093, Zurich, Zurich, 8092, SWITZERLAND
| | - Stamatios Giannoukos
- ETH Zurich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, SWITZERLAND
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15
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Issitt T, Wiggins L, Veysey M, Sweeney S, Brackenbury W, Redeker K. Volatile compounds in human breath: critical review and meta-analysis. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35120340 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Volatile compounds contained in human breath reflect the inner workings of the body. A large number of studies have been published that link individual components of breath to disease, but diagnostic applications remain limited, in part due to inconsistent and conflicting identification of breath biomarkers. New approaches are therefore required to identify effective biomarker targets. Here, volatile organic compounds have been identified in the literature from four metabolically and physiologically distinct diseases and grouped into chemical functional groups (e.g. - methylated hydrocarbons or aldehydes; based on known metabolic and enzymatic pathways) to support biomarker discovery and provide new insight on existing data. Using this functional grouping approach, principal component analysis doubled explanatory capacity from 19.1% to 38% relative to single individual compound approaches. Random forest and linear discriminant analysis reveal 93% classification accuracy for cancer. This review and meta-analysis provides insight for future research design by identifying volatile functional groups associated with disease. By incorporating our understanding of the complexities of the human body, along with accounting for variability in methodological and analytical approaches, this work demonstrates that a suite of targeted, functional volatile biomarkers, rather than individual biomarker compounds, will improve accuracy and success in diagnostic research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Issitt
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Laura Wiggins
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Martin Veysey
- The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine & Public Health, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sean Sweeney
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - William Brackenbury
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Kelly Redeker
- Biology, University of York, Biology Dept. University of York, York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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16
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Real-Time Monitoring of Metabolism during Exercise by Exhaled Breath. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120856. [PMID: 34940614 PMCID: PMC8709070 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of metabolites in exhaled breath has recently been introduced as an advanced method to allow non-invasive real-time monitoring of metabolite shifts during rest and acute exercise bouts. The purpose of this study was to continuously measure metabolites in exhaled breath samples during a graded cycle ergometry cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), using secondary electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS). We also sought to advance the research area of exercise metabolomics by comparing metabolite shifts in exhaled breath samples with recently published data on plasma metabolite shifts during CPET. We measured exhaled metabolites using SESI-HRMS during spiroergometry (ramp protocol) on a bicycle ergometer. Real-time monitoring through gas analysis enabled us to collect high-resolution data on metabolite shifts from rest to voluntary exhaustion. Thirteen subjects participated in this study (7 female). Median age was 30 years and median peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) was 50 mL·/min/kg. Significant changes in metabolites (n = 33) from several metabolic pathways occurred during the incremental exercise bout. Decreases in exhaled breath metabolites were measured in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and tryptophan metabolic pathways during graded exercise. This exploratory study showed that selected metabolite shifts could be monitored continuously and non-invasively through exhaled breath, using SESI-HRMS. Future studies should focus on the best types of metabolites to monitor from exhaled breath during exercise and related sources and underlying mechanisms.
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17
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Dryahina K, Polášek M, Smith D, Španěl P. Sensitivity of secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to a range of volatile organic compounds: Ligand switching ion chemistry and the influence of Zspray™ guiding electric fields. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9187. [PMID: 34473872 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) is currently only semi-quantitative. In the Zspray™ arrangement of SESI-MS, the transfer of ions from near atmospheric pressure to a triple quadrupole is achieved by guiding electric fields that partially desolvate both reagent and analyte ions which must be understood. Also, to make SESI-MS more quantitative, the mechanisms and the kinetics of the reaction processes, especially ligand switching reactions of hydrated hydronium reagent ions, H3 O+ (H2 O)n , with volatile organic compound (VOC) molecules, need to be understood. METHODS A modified Zspray™ ESI ion source operating at sub-atmospheric pressure with analyte sample gas introduced via an inlet coaxial with the spray was used. Variation of the ion-guiding electric fields was used to reveal the degree of desolvation of both reagent and analyte ions. The instrument sensitivity was determined for several classes of VOCs by introducing bag samples of suitably varying concentrations as quantified on-line using selected ion flow tube MS. RESULTS Electric field desolvation resulted in largely protonated VOCs, MH+ , and their monohydrates, MH+ H2 O, and for some VOCs proton-bound dimer ions, MH+ M, were formed. There was a highly linear response of the ion signal to the measured VOC sample concentration, which provided the instrument sensitivities, S, for 25 VOCs. The startling results show very wide variations in S from near 0 to 1 for hydrocarbons, and up to 100, on a relative scale, for polar compounds such as monoketones and unsaturated aldehydes. CONCLUSIONS The complex ion chemistry occurring in the SESI ion source, largely involving gas-phase ligand switching, results in widely variable sensitivities for different classes of VOCs. The sensitivity is observed to depend on the dipole moment and proton affinity of the analyte VOC molecule, M, and to decrease with the observed fraction of MH+ H2 O, but other yet unrecognized factors must play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Smith
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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18
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Nowak N, Gaisl T, Miladinovic D, Marcinkevics R, Osswald M, Bauer S, Buhmann J, Zenobi R, Sinues P, Brown SA, Kohler M. Rapid and reversible control of human metabolism by individual sleep states. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109903. [PMID: 34706242 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is crucial to restore body functions and metabolism across nearly all tissues and cells, and sleep restriction is linked to various metabolic dysfunctions in humans. Using exhaled breath analysis by secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we measured the human exhaled metabolome at 10-s resolution across a night of sleep in combination with conventional polysomnography. Our subsequent analysis of almost 2,000 metabolite features demonstrates rapid, reversible control of major metabolic pathways by the individual vigilance states. Within this framework, whereas a switch to wake reduces fatty acid oxidation, a switch to slow-wave sleep increases it, and the transition to rapid eye movement sleep results in elevation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. Thus, in addition to daily regulation of metabolism, there exists a surprising and complex underlying orchestration across sleep and wake. Both likely play an important role in optimizing metabolic circuits for human performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Nowak
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gaisl
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Martin Osswald
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Buhmann
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Sinues
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Steven A Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland.
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19
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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20
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Dryahina K, Som S, Smith D, Španěl P. Reagent and analyte ion hydrates in secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS), their equilibrium distributions and dehydration in an ion transfer capillary: Modelling and experiments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9047. [PMID: 33434952 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) in a water spray environment at atmospheric pressure involves the reactions of hydrated hydronium reagent ions, H3 O+ (H2 O)n , with trace analyte compounds in air samples. Understanding the formation and dehydration of reagent and analyte ions is the foundation for meaningful quantification of trace compounds by SESI-mass spectrometry (MS). METHODS A numerical model based on gas-phase ion thermochemistry is developed that describes equilibria in H3 O+ (H2 O)n reagent cluster ion distributions and ligand switching reactions with polar NH3 molecules leading to equilibrated hydrated ammonium ions NH4 + (H2 O)m . The model predictions are compared with experimental results obtained using a cylindrical SESI source coupled to an ion-trap mass spectrometer via a heated ion transfer capillary. Non-polar isoprene, C5 H8 , was used to further probe the nature of the reagent ions. RESULTS Equilibrium distributions of H3 O+ (H2 O)n ions and their reactions with NH3 molecules have been characterized by the model in the near-atmospheric pressure SESI source. NH3 analyte molecules displace H2 O ligands from the H3 O+ (H2 O)n ions at the collisional rate forming NH4 + (H2 O)m ions, which travel through the heated ion transfer capillary losing H2 O molecules. The data for variable NH3 concentrations match the model predictions and the C5 H8 test substantiates the notion of dehydration in the heated capillary. CONCLUSIONS Large cluster ions formed in the SESI region are dehydrated to H3 O+ (H2 O)1,2,3 and NH4 + (H2 O)1,2 while passing through the heated capillary, and considerable diffusion losses also occur. This phenomenon is also predicted for other polar analyte molecules, A, that can undergo similar switching reactions, thus forming AH+ and AH+ (H2 O)m analyte ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Suman Som
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
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21
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Hong Y, Che X, Su H, Mai Z, Huang Z, Huang W, Chen W, Liu S, Gao W, Zhou Z, Tan G, Li X. Exhaled breath analysis using on-line preconcentration mass spectrometry for gastric cancer diagnosis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4588. [PMID: 32633879 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Breath volatile biomarkers are capable of distinguishing patients with various cancers. However, high throughput analytical technology is a prerequisite to a large-cohort study intended to discover reliable breath biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Single-photon ionization (SPI) is a universal ionization technology, and SPI-mass spectrometry (SPI-MS) shows a remarkable advantage in the comprehensive detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in particular, nonpolar compounds. In this study, we have introduced SPI-MS coupled with on-line thermal desorption (TD-SPI-MS) to demonstrate nontarget analysis of breath VOCs for gastric cancer patients. The breath fingerprints of the gastric cancer patients were significantly distinct from that of the control group. Acetone, isoprene, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, phenol, meta-xylene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, and phenyl acetate showed higher relative peak intensities in the breath profiles of gastric cancer patients. A diagnostic prediction model was further developed by using a training set (121 samples) and validated with a test set (53 samples). The predication accuracy of the developed model was 96.2%, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was 0.997, indicating a satisfactory prediction ability of the developed model. Thus, by taking gastric cancer as an example, we have shown that TD-SPI-MS will be a promising tool for high throughput analysis of breath samples to discover characteristic VOCs in patients with various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Che
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Su
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebin Mai
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxu Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Tan
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Lee JHJ, Zhu J. Optimizing Secondary Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) for the Analysis of Volatile Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiome. Metabolites 2020; 10:E351. [PMID: 32872254 PMCID: PMC7570293 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays essential roles in maintaining gut homeostasis. The composition of gut microbes and their metabolites are altered in response to diet and remedial agents such as antibiotics. However, little is known about the effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and their volatile metabolites. In this study, we evaluated the impact of a moderate level of ampicillin treatment on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) of gut microbial cultures using an optimized real-time secondary electrospray ionization coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS). To evaluate the ionization efficiency, different types of electrospray solvents and concentrations of formic acid as an additive (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%, v/v) were tested using VFAs standard mixture (C2-C7). As a result, the maximum SESI-HRMS signals of all studied m/z values were observed from water with 0.01% formic acid than those from the aqueous methanolic solutions. Optimal temperatures of sample inlet and ion chamber were set at 130 °C and 85 °C, respectively. SESI spray pressure at 0.5 bar generated the maximum intensity than other tested values. The optimized SESI-HRMS was then used for the analysis of VFAs in gut microbial cultures. We detected that the significantly elevated C4 and C7 VFAs in the headspace of gut microbial cultures six hours after ampicillin treatment (1 mg/L). In conclusion, our results suggested that the optimized SESI-HRMS method can be suitable for the analysis of VFAs from gut microbes in a rapid, sensitive, and non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun H. J. Lee
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wiseman Hall, 400 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wiseman Hall, 400 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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23
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Bruderer T, Gaugg MT, Cappellin L, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Hutterli M, Perkins N, Zenobi R, Moeller A. Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds with Secondary Electrospray Ionization and Proton Transfer Reaction High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Feature Comparison. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1632-1640. [PMID: 32584571 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of volatiles is of high relevance for a wide range of applications from environmental air sampling and security screening to potential medical applications. High-resolution mass spectrometry methods offer a particularly wide compound coverage, sensitivity, and selectivity. Online approaches allow direct analysis in real time without the need for sample preparation. For the first time, we systematically compared the analysis of volatile organic compounds with secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) and proton transfer reaction (PTR) high-resolution mass spectrometry. The selected instruments had comparable mass resolving powers with m/Δm ≥ 15000, which is particularly suitable for nontargeted analysis, for example, of exhaled breath. Exhalations from 14 healthy adults were analyzed simultaneously on both instruments. In addition, 97 reference standards from nine chemical classes were analyzed with a liquid evaporation system. Surprisingly, in breath, we found more complementary than overlapping features. A clear mass dependence was observed for each method with the highest number of detected m/z features for SESI in the high mass region (m/z = 150-250) and for PTR in the low mass region (m/z = 50-150). SESI yielded a significantly higher numbers of peaks (828) compared to PTR (491) among a total of 1304 unique breath m/z features. The number of signals observed by both methods was lower than expected (133 features) with 797 unique SESI features and 374 unique PTR features. Hypotheses to explain the observed mass-dependent differences are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruderer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin T Gaugg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Cappellin
- TOFWERK AG, 3645 Thun, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Nathan Perkins
- Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Xie Y, Li Q, Hua L, Chen P, Hu F, Wan N, Li H. Highly selective and sensitive online measurement of trace exhaled HCN by acetone-assisted negative photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with in-source CID. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1111:31-39. [PMID: 32312394 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has been extensively investigated as a promising biomarker of the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) disease. Its concentration profile for exhalation can provide useful information for medical disease diagnosis and therapeutic procedures. However, the complexity of breath gas, like high humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2) and trace organic compounds, usually leads to quantitative error, poor selectivity and sensitivity for HCN with some of existing analytical techniques. In this work, acetone-assisted negative photoionization (AANP) based on a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp with a time-of- flight mass spectrometer (AANP-TOFMS) was firstly proposed for online measurement of trace HCN in human breath. In-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) was adopted for sensitivity improvement and the signal response of the characteristic ion CN- (m/z 26) was improved by about 24-fold. For accurate and reliable analysis of the exhaled HCN, matrix influences in the human breath including humidity and CO2 were investigated, respectively. A Nafion tube was used for online dehumidification of breath samples. Matrix-adapted calibration in the concentration range of 0.5-50 ppbv with satisfactory dynamic linearity and repeatability was obtained. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for HCN at 0.5 ppbv was achieved in the presence of 100% relative humidity and 4% CO2. Finally, the method was successfully applied for online determination of human mouth- and nose-exhaled HCN, and the nose-exhaled HCN were proved to be reliable for assessing systemic HCN levels for individuals. The results are encouraging and highlight the potential of AANP-TOFMS with in-source CID as a selective, accurate, sensitive and noninvasive technique for determination of the exhaled HCN for CF clinical diagnosis and HCN poisoning assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Hu
- Henan Province Medical Instrument Testing Institute, 79 Xiongerhe Road, Zhengzhou, 450018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Wan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Brůhová Michalčíková R, Dryahina K, Smith D, Španěl P. Volatile compounds released by Nalophan; implications for selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and other chemical ionisation mass spectrometry analytical methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8602. [PMID: 31756780 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nalophan bags are commonly used to collect breath samples for volatile metabolite analysis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the polymer can, however, be mistaken as breath metabolites when analyses are performed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, or techniques that depend on a proper understanding of ion chemistry. METHODS Three analytical techniques were used to analyse the VOCs released into the nitrogen used to expand Nalophan bags, viz. gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The most significant VOCs were identified and quantified by SIFT-MS as a function of storage time, temperature and humidity. RESULTS The consistent results obtained by these three analytical methods identify 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane as the major VOCs released by the Nalophan. Their concentrations are enhanced by increasing the bag storage temperature and time, reaching 170 parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) for ethylene glycol and 34 ppbv for 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane in humid nitrogen (absolute humidity of 5%) contained in an 8-L Nalophan bag stored at 37°C for 160 min. CONCLUSIONS Using H3 O+ reagent ions for SIFT-MS and SESI-MS analyses, the following analyte ions (m/z values) are affected by the Nalophan impurities: 45, 63, 81, 89 and 99, which can compromise analyses of acetaldehyde, ethylene glycol, monoterpenes, acetoin, butyric acid, hexanal and heptane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brůhová Michalčíková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov, Czech Republic
| | - Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
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26
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Zhang Q, Lin L, Yu Q, Wang X. Exploiting the native inspiratory ability of a mass spectrometer to improve analysis efficiency. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4103-4109. [PMID: 35492673 PMCID: PMC9048837 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new approach to perform self-aspirating sampling in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was developed by using the native inspiratory ability of a mass spectrometer. Specifically, the inspiratory channel and sampling inlet of the MS instrument were integrated into a single pathway through a sealed ionization chamber to facilitate analyte delivery and improve sample utilization. Based on this approach, combined with structural simplification and optimization, a versatile electrospray ionization (ESI) source has been constructed and characterized using different mass spectrometers. In addition to the self-aspirating ability, this source configuration can provide sub-ambient pressure (SAP) conditions for ionization, which were conducive to suppressing the background ions generated from some air-involved reactions. Moreover, it can also be used directly for electrospray-driven extraction ionization. With the SAP-ESI source, a conventional mass spectrometer enables rapid analysis of both volatiles and solutions via secondary electrospray ionization and coaxial electrospray ionization, respectively. As the compact gas pathway of the source will promote the efficient transfer and ionization of the sampled substances, the total consumption of the analyte for each analysis can be reduced to subnanogram level and a subppbv limit detection is achieved. Other demonstrated features such as the versatility, easy operation as well as simple assembly will likely contribute to the prevalence of the proposed sampling and ionization strategy. In this study, a new approach to perform self-aspirating sampling in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was developed by using the native inspiratory ability of a mass spectrometer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments
| | - Lin Lin
- Materials Characterization & Preparation Center
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments
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27
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Li X, Qu C, Bian Y, Gu C, Jiang X, Song Y. New insights into the responses of soil microorganisms to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon stress by combining enzyme activity and sequencing analysis with metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113312. [PMID: 31610503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of the most widespread organic contaminants, are highly toxic to soil microorganisms. Whether long-term polluted soils can still respond to the fresh input of pollutants is unknown. In this study, the soil enzyme activity, soil microbial community structure and function and microbial metabolism pathways were examined to systematically investigate the responses of soil microorganisms to fresh PAH stress. Microbial activity as determined by soil dehydrogenase and urease activity was inhibited upon microbe exposure to PAH stress. In addition, the soil microbial community and function were obviously shifted under PAH stress. Both microbial diversity and richness were decreased by PAH stress. Rhizobacter, Sphingobium, Mycobacterium, Massilia, Bacillus and Pseudarthrobacter were significantly affected by PAH stress and can be considered important indicators of PAH contamination in agricultural soils. Moreover, the majority of microbial metabolic function predicted to respond to PAH stress were affected adversely. Finally, soil metabolomics further revealed specific inhibition of soil metabolism pathways associated with fatty acids, carbohydrates and amino acids. Therefore, the soil metabolic composition distinctively changed, reflecting a change in the soil metabolism. In summary, fresh contaminant introduction into long-term polluted soils inhibited microbial activity and metabolism, which might profoundly affect the whole soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changsheng Qu
- Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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28
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Zang X, Monge ME, Gaul DA, McCarty NA, Stecenko A, Fernández FM. Early Detection of Cystic Fibrosis Acute Pulmonary Exacerbations by Exhaled Breath Condensate Metabolomics. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:144-152. [PMID: 31621328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The most common cause of death in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is progressive lung function decline, which is punctuated by acute pulmonary exacerbations (APEs). A major challenge is to discover biomarkers for detecting an oncoming APE and allow for pre-emptive clinical interventions. Metabolic profiling of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples collected from CF patients before, during, and after APEs and under stable conditions (n = 210) was performed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS). Negative ion mode MS data showed that classification between metabolic profiles from "pre-APE" (pending APE before the CF patient had any signs of illness) and stable CF samples was possible with good sensitivities (85.7 and 89.5%), specificities (88.4 and 84.1%), and accuracies (87.7 and 85.7%) for pediatric and adult patients, respectively. Improved classification performance was achieved by combining positive with negative ion mode data. Discriminant metabolites included two potential biomarkers identified in a previous pilot study: lactic acid and 4-hydroxycyclohexylcarboxylic acid. Some of the discriminant metabolites had microbial origins, indicating a possible role of bacterial metabolism in APE progression. The results show promise for detecting an oncoming APE using EBC metabolites, thus permitting early intervention to abort such an event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - María Eugenia Monge
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) , Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Godoy Cruz 2390 , Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1425FQD , Argentina
| | - David A Gaul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Nael A McCarty
- Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research and Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Arlene Stecenko
- Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research and Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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29
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Bruderer T, Gaisl T, Gaugg MT, Nowak N, Streckenbach B, Müller S, Moeller A, Kohler M, Zenobi R. On-Line Analysis of Exhaled Breath Focus Review. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10803-10828. [PMID: 31594311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
On-line analysis of exhaled breath offers insight into a person's metabolism without the need for sample preparation or sample collection. Due to its noninvasive nature and the possibility to sample continuously, the analysis of breath has great clinical potential. The unique features of this technology make it an attractive candidate for applications in medicine, beyond the task of diagnosis. We review the current methodologies for on-line breath analysis, discuss current and future applications, and critically evaluate challenges and pitfalls such as the need for standardization. Special emphasis is given to the use of the technology in diagnosing respiratory diseases, potential niche applications, and the promise of breath analysis for personalized medicine. The analytical methodologies used range from very small and low-cost chemical sensors, which are ideal for continuous monitoring of disease status, to optical spectroscopy and state-of-the-art, high-resolution mass spectrometry. The latter can be utilized for untargeted analysis of exhaled breath, with the capability to identify hitherto unknown molecules. The interpretation of the resulting big data sets is complex and often constrained due to a limited number of participants. Even larger data sets will be needed for assessing reproducibility and for validation of biomarker candidates. In addition, molecular structures and quantification of compounds are generally not easily available from on-line measurements and require complementary measurements, for example, a separation method coupled to mass spectrometry. Furthermore, a lack of standardization still hampers the application of the technique to screen larger cohorts of patients. This review summarizes the present status and continuous improvements of the principal on-line breath analysis methods and evaluates obstacles for their wider application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruderer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland.,Division of Respiratory Medicine , University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich , CH-8032 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gaisl
- Department of Pulmonology , University Hospital Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich , Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research , University of Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Martin T Gaugg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Nora Nowak
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Bettina Streckenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Simona Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine , University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich , CH-8032 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology , University Hospital Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich , Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology , University of Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich , Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research , University of Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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30
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Zhang Y, Zhao W, Wang D, Zhang H, Chai G, Zhang Q, Lu B, Sun S, Zhang J. Direct Analysis of Carbonyl Compounds by Mass Spectrometry with Double-Region Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5715-5721. [PMID: 30951291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis of highly reactive volatile species such as the aliphatic aldehydes as vital biomarkers remains a great challenge due to difficulties in the sample pretreatment. To address such a challenge, we herein report the development of a novel double-region atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DRAPCI-MS) method. The DRAPCI source implements a separated structural design that uses a focus electrode to divide the discharge and ionization region to reduce sample fragmentation in the ionization process. Counterflow introduction (CFI) configuration was adopted in the DRAPCI source to reduce background noise, while ion transmission efficiency was optimized through simulating the voltage of the focus electrode and the ion trajectory of the ion source. The limits of detection (LODs) of four carbonyl compounds cyclohexanone, hexanal, heptanal, and octanal by DRAPCI-MS were between 0.1 and 3 μg·m-3, approximately two to eight times lower than those by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally, the DRAPCI-MS method carried out effective in situ analyses of the volatile components in expired milk and the exhaled breath of smokers, demonstrating the DRAPCI-MS as a practical tool to analyze complex mixtures. The DRAPCI-MS method provides a rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput technique in the real-time analysis of gaseous small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- Center for Advanced Analysis and Computational Science , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Dingzhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Hongtu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Guobi Chai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Binbin Lu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shihao Sun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Jianxun Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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Standardization procedures for real-time breath analysis by secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4883-4898. [PMID: 30989265 PMCID: PMC6611759 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the attractiveness of breath analysis as a non-invasive means to retrieve relevant metabolic information, its introduction into routine clinical practice remains a challenge. Among all the different analytical techniques available to interrogate exhaled breath, secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) offers a number of advantages (e.g., real-time, yet wide, metabolome coverage) that makes it ideal for untargeted and targeted studies. However, so far, SESI-HRMS has relied mostly on lab-built prototypes, making it difficult to standardize breath sampling and subsequent analysis, hence preventing further developments such as multi-center clinical studies. To address this issue, we present here a number of new developments. In particular, we have characterized a new SESI interface featuring real-time readout of critical exhalation parameters such as CO2, exhalation flow rate, and exhaled volume. Four healthy subjects provided breath specimens over a period of 1 month to characterize the stability of the SESI-HRMS system. A first assessment of the repeatability of the system using a gas standard revealed a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.9%. Three classes of aldehydes, namely 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, 2-alkenals and 4-hydroxy-2,6-alkedienals―hypothesized to be markers of oxidative stress―were chosen as representative metabolites of interest to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of this breath analysis analytical platform. Median and interquartile ranges (IQRs) of CVs for CO2, exhalation flow rate, and exhaled volume were 3.2% (1.5%), 3.1% (1.9%), and 5.0% (4.6%), respectively. Despite the high repeatability observed for these parameters, we observed a systematic decay in the signal during repeated measurements for the shorter fatty aldehydes, which eventually reached a steady state after three/four repeated exhalations. In contrast, longer fatty aldehydes showed a steady behavior, independent of the number of repeated exhalation maneuvers. We hypothesize that this highly molecule-specific and individual-independent behavior may be explained by the fact that shorter aldehydes (with higher estimated blood-to-air partition coefficients; approaching 100) mainly get exchanged in the airways of the respiratory system, whereas the longer aldehydes (with smaller estimated blood-to-air partition coefficients; approaching 10) are thought to exchange mostly in the alveoli. Exclusion of the first three exhalations from the analysis led to a median CV (IQR) of 6.7 % (5.5 %) for the said classes of aldehydes. We found that such intra-subject variability is in general much lower than inter-subject variability (median relative differences between subjects 48.2%), suggesting that the system is suitable to capture such differences. No batch effect due to sampling date was observed, overall suggesting that the intra-subject variability measured for these series of aldehydes was biological rather than technical. High correlations found among the series of aldehydes support this notion. Finally, recommendations for breath sampling and analysis for SESI-HRMS users are provided with the aim of harmonizing procedures and improving future inter-laboratory comparisons. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Gaugg MT, Engler A, Bregy L, Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Eiffert L, Bruderer T, Zenobi R, Sinues P, Kohler M. Molecular breath analysis supports altered amino acid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2019; 24:437-444. [PMID: 30681243 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is complex and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recent findings indicate elevated levels of proline and other amino acids in lung tissue of IPF patients which may also be of diagnostic value. Following these findings, we hypothesized that such altered metabolic profiles would be mirrored in exhaled breath and could therefore be captured non-invasively in real time. METHODS We aimed to validate these results using real-time exhaled breath analysis by secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, which can provide a non-invasive, painless and fast insight into the metabolism. Breath analysis was performed in a matched 1:1 case-control study involving 21 patients with IPF and 21 control subjects. RESULTS We found significantly (P < 0.05) elevated levels of proline, 4-hydroxyproline, alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine and allysine in breath of IPF patients, whereas pyroglutamic acid and phenylalanine did not show significant differences. This coincides with the amino acid's abundance in pulmonary tissue indicating that our observations reflect progressing fibrosis. In addition, amino acid levels correlated across subjects, further supporting a common underlying pathway. We were able to obtain a cross-validated area under the curve of 0.86, suggesting that these increased amino acid levels in exhaled breath have the potential to be used as biomarkers for IPF. CONCLUSION We could validate previous findings of elevated lung tissue amino acid levels in IPF and show that online breath analysis might be a practical tool for a rapid screening for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thomas Gaugg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Engler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bregy
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lara Eiffert
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Bruderer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Sinues
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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