1
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Salek S, Byers JC. Influence of Particle Size on Mass Transport during the Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Single Silver Particles Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:8494-8500. [PMID: 39133521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Single entity electrochemical measurements enable insight into the electrocatalytic activity of individual particles based on composition, shape, and crystallographic orientation. In addition to structural effects, particle size can further influence electrocatalytic activity and reaction mechanisms through mass transport effects. In this work, electrodeposition was used to grow well-separated silver particles of varying sizes from 100 to 500 nm in radius. Using a multimicroscopy approach of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy, the electrocatalytic current of individual silver particles toward the oxygen reduction reaction was evaluated as a function of their size. It was found that the current density increased with decreasing particle radius, which was correlated to the mass transport of oxygen to the silver particle, demonstrating the importance of size dependent mass transport effects that can occur at the single particle level using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy and opening new opportunities for quantitative electrocatalysis measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Salek
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
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2
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Clarke TB, Krushinski LE, Vannoy KJ, Colón-Quintana G, Roy K, Rana A, Renault C, Hill ML, Dick JE. Single Entity Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39018111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Making a measurement over millions of nanoparticles or exposed crystal facets seldom reports on reactivity of a single nanoparticle or facet, which may depart drastically from ensemble measurements. Within the past 30 years, science has moved toward studying the reactivity of single atoms, molecules, and nanoparticles, one at a time. This shift has been fueled by the realization that everything changes at the nanoscale, especially important industrially relevant properties like those important to electrocatalysis. Studying single nanoscale entities, however, is not trivial and has required the development of new measurement tools. This review explores a tale of the clever use of old and new measurement tools to study electrocatalysis at the single entity level. We explore in detail the complex interrelationship between measurement method, electrocatalytic material, and reaction of interest (e.g., carbon dioxide reduction, oxygen reduction, hydrazine oxidation, etc.). We end with our perspective on the future of single entity electrocatalysis with a key focus on what types of measurements present the greatest opportunity for fundamental discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Kingshuk Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Megan L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Gaudin LF, Wright IR, Harris-Lee TR, Jayamaha G, Kang M, Bentley CL. Five years of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM): new insights and innovations. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12345-12367. [PMID: 38874335 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a nanopipette-based technique which enables measurement of localised electrochemistry. SECCM has found use in a wide range of electrochemical applications, and due to the wider uptake of this technique in recent years, new applications and techniques have been developed. This minireview has collected all SECCM research articles published in the last 5 years, to demonstrate and celebrate the recent advances, and to make it easier for SECCM researchers to remain well-informed. The wide range of SECCM applications is demonstrated, which are categorised here into electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, photoelectrochemistry, biological materials, energy storage materials, corrosion, electrosynthesis, and instrumental development. In the collection of this library of SECCM studies, a few key trends emerge. (1) The range of materials and processes explored with SECCM has grown, with new applications emerging constantly. (2) The instrumental capabilities of SECCM have grown, with creative techniques being developed from research groups worldwide. (3) The SECCM research community has grown significantly, with adoption of the SECCM technique becoming more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan F Gaudin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - India R Wright
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - Thom R Harris-Lee
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Gunani Jayamaha
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Minkyung Kang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
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4
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Zhang L, Wahab OJ, Jallow AA, O’Dell ZJ, Pungsrisai T, Sridhar S, Vernon KL, Willets KA, Baker LA. Recent Developments in Single-Entity Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8036-8055. [PMID: 38727715 PMCID: PMC11112546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - O. J. Wahab
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - A. A. Jallow
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Z. J. O’Dell
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - T. Pungsrisai
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - S. Sridhar
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - K. L. Vernon
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - K. A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - L. A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
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5
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Gaudin LF, Funston AM, Bentley CL. Drop-cast gold nanoparticles are not always electrocatalytically active for the borohydride oxidation reaction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7243-7258. [PMID: 38756820 PMCID: PMC11095372 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The next-generation of energy devices rely on advanced catalytic materials, especially electrocatalytic nanoparticles (NPs), to achieve the performance and cost required to reshape the energy landscape towards a more sustainable and cleaner future. It has become imperative to maximize the performance of the catalyst, both through improvement of the intrinsic activity of the NP, and by ensuring all particles are performing at the level of their capability. This requires not just a structure-function understanding of the catalytic material, but also an understanding of how the catalyst performance is impacted by its environment (substrate, ligand, etc.). The intrinsic activity and environment of catalytic particles on a support may differ wildly by particle, thus it is essential to build this understanding from a single-entity perspective. To achieve this herein, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) has been used, which is a droplet-based scanning probe technique which can encapsulate single NPs, and apply a voltage to the nanoparticle whilst measuring its resulting current. Using SECCM, single AuNPs have been encapsulated, and their activity for the borohydride oxidation reaction (BOR) is measured. A total of 268 BOR-active locations were probed (178 single particles) and a series of statistical analyses were performed in order to make the following discoveries: (1) a certain percentage of AuNPs display no BOR activity in the SECCM experiment (67.4% of single NPs), (2) visibly-similar particles display wildly varied BOR activities which cannot be explained by particle size, (3) the impact of cluster size (#NP at a single location) on a selection of diagnostic electrochemical parameters can be easily probed with SECCM, (4) exploratory statistical correlation between these parameters can be meaningfully performed with SECCM, and (5) outlying "abnormal" NP responses can be probed on a particle-by-particle basis. Each one of these findings is its own worthwhile study, yet this has been achieved with a single SECCM scan. It is hoped that this research will spur electrochemists and materials scientists to delve deeper into their substantial datasets in order to enhance the structure-function understanding, to bring about the next generation of high-performance electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan F Gaudin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia
| | - Alison M Funston
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia
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6
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Jayamaha G, Maleki M, Bentley CL, Kang M. Practical guidelines for the use of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). Analyst 2024; 149:2542-2555. [PMID: 38632960 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) has emerged as a transformative technology for electrochemical materials characterisation and the study of single entities, garnering global adoption by numerous research groups. While details on the instrumentation and operational principles of SECCM are readily available, the growing need for practical guidelines, troubleshooting strategies, and a systematic overview of applications and trends has become increasingly evident. This tutorial review addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive guide to the practical application of SECCM. The review begins with a discussion of recent developments and trends in the application of SECCM, before providing systematic approaches to (and the associated troubleshooting associated with) instrumental set up, probe fabrication, substrate preparation and the deployment of environmental (e.g., atmosphere and humidity) control. Serving as an invaluable resource, this tutorial review aims to equip researchers and practitioners entering the field with a comprehensive guide to essential considerations for conducting successful SECCM experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunani Jayamaha
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Mahin Maleki
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Minkyung Kang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
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7
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Xie RC, Gao J, Wang SC, Li H, Wang W. Optically Imaging In Situ Effects of Electrochemical Cycling on Single Nanoparticle Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38285921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Single-nanoparticle studies often need one or a series of nanoparticle populations that are designed with differences in a nominally particular structural parameter to clarify the structure-activity relationship (SAR). However, the heterogeneity of various properties within any population would make it rather difficult to approach an ideal one-parameter control. In situ modification ensures the same nanoparticle to be investigated and also avoids complicating effects from the otherwise often needed ex situ operations. Herein, we apply electrochemical cycling to single platinum nanoparticles and optically examine their SAR. An electrocatalytic fluorescent microscopic method is established to evaluate the apparent catalytic activity of a number of single nanoparticles toward the oxygen reduction reaction. Meanwhile, dark-field microscopy with the substrate electrode under a cyclic potential control is found to be able to assess the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of single nanoparticles via induced chloride redox electrochemistry. Consequently, nanoparticles with drastically increased catalytic activity are discovered to have larger ECSAs upon potential regulation, and interestingly, there are also a few particles with decreased activity, as opposed to the overall trend, that all develop a smaller ECSA in the process. The deactivated nanoparticles against the overall enhancement effects of potential cycling are revealed for the first time. As such, the SAR of single nanoparticles when subjected to an in situ structural control is optically demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Chen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Si-Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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8
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Fan Y, Walls M, Salzemann C, Noël JM, Kanoufi F, Courty A, Lemineur JF. Metal Core-Shell Nanoparticle Supercrystals: From Photoactivation of Hydrogen Evolution to Photocorrosion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305402. [PMID: 37492940 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Gas nanobubbles are directly linked to many important chemical reactions. While they can be detrimental to operational devices, they also reflect the local activity at the nanoscale. Here, supercrystals made of highly monodisperse Ag@Pt core-shell nanoparticles are first grown onto a solid support and fully characterized by electron microscopies and X-ray scattering. Supercrystals are then used as a plasmonic photocatalytic platform for triggering the hydrogen evolution reaction. The catalytic activity is measured operando at the single supercrystal level by high-resolution optical microscopy, which allows gas nanobubble nucleation to be probed at the early stage with high temporal resolution and the amount of gas molecules trapped inside them to be quantified. Finally, a correlative microscopy approach and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy help to decipher the mechanisms at the origin of the local degradation of the supercrystals during catalysis, namely nanoscale erosion and corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Fan
- MONARIS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Michael Walls
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Caroline Salzemann
- MONARIS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, F-75013, France
| | | | - Alexa Courty
- MONARIS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
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9
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Lai Z, Liu M, Bi P, Huang F, Jin Y. Perspectives on Corrosion Studies Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: Challenges and Opportunities. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15833-15850. [PMID: 37844123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) allows for electrochemical imaging at the micro- or nanoscale by confining the electrochemical reaction cell in a small meniscus formed at the end of a micro- or nanopipette. This technique has gained popularity in electrochemical imaging due to its high-throughput nature. Although it shows considerable application potential in corrosion science, there are still formidable and exciting challenges to be faced, particularly relating to the high-throughput characterization and analysis of microelectrochemical big data. The objective of this perspective is to arouse attention and provide opinions on the challenges, recent progress, and future prospects of the SECCM technique to the electrochemical society, particularly from the viewpoint of corrosion scientists. Specifically, four main topics are systematically reviewed and discussed: (1) the development of SECCM; (2) the applications of SECCM for corrosion studies; (3) the challenges of SECCM in corrosion studies; and (4) the opportunities of SECCM for corrosion science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogui Lai
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Peng Bi
- Laboratory for Nuclear Materials, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Feifei Huang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
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10
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Godeffroy L, Shkirskiy V, Noël JM, Lemineur JF, Kanoufi F. Fuelling electrocatalysis at a single nanoparticle by ion flow in a nanoconfined electrolyte layer. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:441-465. [PMID: 37427498 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
We explore the possibility of coupling the transport of ions and water in a nanochannel with the chemical transformation of a reactant at an individual catalytic nanoparticle (NP). Such configuration could be interesting for constructing artificial photosynthesis devices coupling the asymmetric production of ions at the catalytic NP, with the ion selectivity of the nanochannels acting as ion pumps. Herein we propose to observe how such ion pumping can be coupled to an electrochemical reaction operated at the level of an individual electrocatalytic Pt NP. This is achieved by confining a (reservoir) droplet of electrolyte to within a few micrometres away from an electrocatalytic Pt NP on an electrode. While the region of the electrode confined by the reservoir and the NP are cathodically polarised, operando optical microscopy reveals the growth of an electrolyte nanodroplet on top of the NP. This suggests that the electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction operates at the NP and that an electrolyte nanochannel is formed - acting as an ion pump - between the reservoir and the NP. We have described here the optically imaged phenomena and their relevance to the characterization of the electrolyte nanochannel linking the NPs to the electrolyte microreservoir. Additionally, we have addressed the capacity of the nanochannel to transport ions and solvent flow to the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, France.
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11
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Li R, Makogon A, Galochkina T, Lemineur JF, Kanoufi F, Shkirskiy V. Unsupervised Analysis of Optical Imaging Data for the Discovery of Reactivity Patterns in Metal Alloy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300214. [PMID: 37382395 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Operando wide-field optical microscopy imaging yields a wealth of information about the reactivity of metal interfaces, yet the data are often unstructured and challenging to process. In this study, the power of unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithms is harnessed to analyze chemical reactivity images obtained dynamically by reflectivity microscopy in combination with ex situ scanning electron microscopy to identify and cluster the chemical reactivity of particles in Al alloy. The ML analysis uncovers three distinct clusters of reactivity from unlabeled datasets. A detailed examination of representative reactivity patterns confirms the chemical communication of generated OH- fluxes within particles, as supported by statistical analysis of size distribution and finite element modelling (FEM). The ML procedures also reveal statistically significant patterns of reactivity under dynamic conditions, such as pH acidification. The results align well with a numerical model of chemical communication, underscoring the synergy between data-driven ML and physics-driven FEM approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
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12
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Godeffroy L, Makogon A, Gam Derouich S, Kanoufi F, Shkirskiy V. Imaging and Quantifying the Chemical Communication between Single Particles in Metal Alloys. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37327768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The communication within particle agglomerates in industrial alloys can have a significant impact on the macroscopic reactivity, putting a high demand on the adaptation of wide-field methodologies to clarify this phenomenon. In this work, we report the application of correlated optical microscopies probing operando both local pH and local surface chemical transformation correlated with identical location scanning electron microscopy to quantify in situ the structure reactivity of particle agglomerates of foreign elements in the Al alloy. The optical operando analyses allow us (i) to reveal and quantify the local production of OH- from proton and oxygen reduction at individual Si- or Fe-rich microparticles and (ii) to quantify (and model) the chemical communication between these active sites, within a few micrometer range, on the local chemical transformation of the material. Wide-field image analysis highlights the statistical importance of chemical communication that may introduce a new conceptual framework for the understanding of the mechanisms in related fields of charge transfer, electrocatalysis, and corrosion.
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13
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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14
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Tetteh EB, Valavanis D, Daviddi E, Xu X, Santana Santos C, Ventosa E, Martín-Yerga D, Schuhmann W, Unwin PR. Fast Li-ion Storage and Dynamics in TiO 2 Nanoparticle Clusters Probed by Smart Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214493. [PMID: 36469735 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anatase TiO2 is a promising material for Li-ion (Li+ ) batteries with fast charging capability. However, Li+ (de)intercalation dynamics in TiO2 remain elusive and reported diffusivities span many orders of magnitude. Here, we develop a smart protocol for scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) with in situ optical microscopy (OM) to enable the high-throughput charge/discharge analysis of single TiO2 nanoparticle clusters. Directly probing active nanoparticles revealed that TiO2 with a size of ≈50 nm can store over 30 % of the theoretical capacity at an extremely fast charge/discharge rate of ≈100 C. This finding of fast Li+ storage in TiO2 particles strengthens its potential for fast-charging batteries. More generally, smart SECCM-OM should find wide applications for high-throughput electrochemical screening of nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.,Analytical Chemistry-, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry-, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
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15
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Ciocci P, Valavanis D, Meloni GN, Lemineur J, Unwin PR, Kanoufi F. Optical Super‐Localisation of Single Nanoparticle Nucleation and Growth in Nanodroplets. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ciocci
- Université Paris Cité ITODYS, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Dimitrios Valavanis
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N. Meloni
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemistry Department of Fundamental Chemistry University of São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
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16
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Searles EK, Gomez E, Lee S, Ostovar B, Link S, Landes CF. Single-Particle Photoluminescence and Dark-Field Scattering during Charge Density Tuning. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:318-325. [PMID: 36603176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-particle spectroelectrochemistry provides optical insight into understanding physical and chemical changes occurring on the nanoscale. While changes in dark-field scattering during electrochemical charging are well understood, changes to the photoluminescence of plasmonic nanoparticles under similar conditions are less studied. Here, we use correlated single-particle photoluminescence and dark-field scattering to compare their plasmon modulation at applied potentials. We find that changes in the emission of a single gold nanorod during charge density tuning of intraband photoluminescence can be attributed to changes in the Purcell factor and absorption cross section. Finally, modulation of interband photoluminescence provides an additional constructive observable, giving promise for establishing dual channel sensing in spectroelectrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Eric Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Christy F Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
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17
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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18
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Rahman MM, Tolbert CL, Saha P, Halpern JM, Hill CM. On-Demand Electrochemical Fabrication of Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21275-21282. [PMID: 36399100 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered nanoparticle arrays are attractive platforms for a variety of analytical applications, but the fabrication of such arrays is generally challenging. Here, it is demonstrated that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) can be used as a powerful, instantly reconfigurable tool for the fabrication of ordered nanoparticle arrays. Using SECCM, Ag nanoparticle arrays were straightforwardly fabricated via electrodeposition at the interface between a substrate electrode and an electrolyte-filled pipet. By dynamically monitoring the currents flowing in an SECCM cell, individual nucleation and growth events could be detected and controlled to yield individual nanoparticles of controlled size. Characterization of the resulting arrays demonstrate that this SECCM-based approach enables spatial control of nanoparticle location comparable with the terminal diameter of the pipet employed and straightforward control over the volume of material deposited at each site within an array. These results provide further evidence for the utility of probe-based electrochemical techniques such as SECCM as tools for surface modification in addition to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maksudur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Chloe L Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Partha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Halpern
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire03824, United States
| | - Caleb M Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
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19
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Godeffroy L, Lemineur JF, Shkirskiy V, Miranda Vieira M, Noël JM, Kanoufi F. Bridging the Gap between Single Nanoparticle Imaging and Global Electrochemical Response by Correlative Microscopy Assisted By Machine Vision. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200659. [PMID: 35789075 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nanostructuration of an electrochemical interface dictates its micro- and macroscopic behavior. It is generally highly complex and often evolves under operating conditions. Electrochemistry at these nanostructurations can be imaged both operando and/or ex situ at the single nanoobject or nanoparticle (NP) level by diverse optical, electron, and local probe microscopy techniques. However, they only probe a tiny random fraction of interfaces that are by essence highly heterogeneous. Given the above background, correlative multimicroscopy strategy coupled to electrochemistry in a droplet cell provides a unique solution to gain mechanistic insights in electrocatalysis. To do so, a general machine-vision methodology is depicted enabling the automated local identification of various physical and chemical descriptors of NPs (size, composition, activity) obtained from multiple complementary operando and ex situ microscopy imaging of the electrode. These multifarious microscopically probed descriptors for each and all individual NPs are used to reconstruct the global electrochemical response. Herein the methodology unveils the competing processes involved in the electrocatalysis of hydrogen evolution reaction at nickel based NPs, showing that Ni metal activity is comparable to that of platinum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
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20
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Lemineur JF, Wang H, Wang W, Kanoufi F. Emerging Optical Microscopy Techniques for Electrochemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:57-82. [PMID: 35216529 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-015943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An optical microscope is probably the most intuitive, simple, and commonly used instrument to observe objects and discuss behaviors through images. Although the idea of imaging electrochemical processes operando by optical microscopy was initiated 40 years ago, it was not until significant progress was made in the last two decades in advanced optical microscopy or plasmonics that it could become a mainstream electroanalytical strategy. This review illustrates the potential of different optical microscopies to visualize and quantify local electrochemical processes with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution (below the diffraction limit), up to the single object level with subnanoparticle or single-molecule sensitivity. Developed through optically and electrochemically active model systems, optical microscopy is now shifting to materials and configurations focused on real-world electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;
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21
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Molina NY, Pungsrisai T, O'Dell ZJ, Paranzino B, Willets KA. The Hidden Role of the Supporting Electrode for Creating Heterogeneity in Single Entity Electrochemistry. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Y. Molina
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Tipsiri Pungsrisai
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Zachary J. O'Dell
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Bianca Paranzino
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
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22
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Liu G, Hao L, Li H, Zhang K, Yu X, Li D, Zhu X, Hao D, Ma Y, Ma L. Topography Mapping with Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5248-5254. [PMID: 35312291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), synchronously visualizing the topography and electrochemical activity, could be used to directly correlate the structure and activity of materials nanoscopically. However, its topographical measurement is largely restricted by the size and stability of the meniscus droplet formed at the end of the nanopipette. In this paper, we report a scheme that could reliably gain several tens nanometer resolution (≥65 nm) of SECCM using homemade ∼50 nm inner diameter probes. Furthermore, the topography and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of ∼45 nm self-assembled Au nanoparticles monolayer were simultaneously recorded successfully. This scheme could make mapping of both topologic and chemical properties of samples in the nanometer regime with SECCM routinely, which potentially can largely expand the field of SECCM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Liu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Luzhen Hao
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Kaimin Zhang
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xue Yu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Danni Hao
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Ma
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,State Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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23
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Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Meloni GN, Morris P, Lemineur JF, McPherson IJ, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. Hybrid scanning electrochemical cell microscopy-interference reflection microscopy (SECCM-IRM): tracking phase formation on surfaces in small volumes. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:122-148. [PMID: 34909815 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the combination of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and interference reflection microscopy (IRM) to produce a compelling technique for the study of interfacial processes and to track the SECCM meniscus status in real-time. SECCM allows reactions to be confined to well defined nm-to-μm-sized regions of a surface, and for experiments to be repeated quickly and easily at multiple locations. IRM is a highly surface-sensitive technique which reveals processes happening (very) close to a substrate with temporal and spatial resolution commensurate with typical electrochemical techniques. By using thin transparent conductive layers on glass as substrates, IRM can be coupled to SECCM, to allow real-time in situ optical monitoring of the SECCM meniscus and of processes that occur within it at the electrode/electrolyte interface. We first use the technique to assess the stability of the SECCM meniscus during voltammetry at an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode at close to neutral pH, demonstrating that the meniscus contact area is rather stable over a large potential window and reproducible, varying by only ca. 5% over different SECCM approaches. At high cathodic potentials, subtle electrowetting is easily detected and quantified. We also look inside the meniscus to reveal surface changes at extreme cathodic potentials, assigned to the possible formation of indium nanoparticles. Finally, we examine the effect of meniscus size and driving potential on CaCO3 precipitation at the ITO electrode as a result of electrochemically-generated pH swings. We are able to track the number, spatial distribution and morphology of material with high spatiotemporal resolution and rationalise some of the observed deposition patterns with finite element method modelling of reactive-transport. Growth of solid phases on surfaces from solution is an important pathway to functional materials and SECCM-IRM provides a means for in situ or in operando visualisation and tracking of these processes with improved fidelity. We anticipate that this technique will be particularly powerful for the study of phase formation processes, especially as the high throughput nature of SECCM-IRM (where each spot is a separate experiment) will allow for the creation of large datasets, exploring a wide experimental parameter landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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24
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Su H, Wang W. Dynamically Monitoring the Photodeposition of Single Cocatalyst Nanoparticles on Semiconductors via Fluorescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11915-11919. [PMID: 34424667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Loading of cocatalysts through photodeposition has been considered as one of the most promising methods to improve the photocatalytic activities of semiconductors, because of the advantages of intimate contact, easy preparation, and site-directed loading. While extensive efforts have been made to characterize the cocatalysts after synthesis, the growth kinetics of cocatalysts during photodeposition is largely a black box, thus leading to relatively empirical optimizations on the loading strategies of cocatalysts to date. Herein, we dynamically imaged the photodeposition of single cocatalysts on semiconductors via a wide-field fluorescence (FL) microscope, utilizing g-C3N4 sheets and CdS nanowires as models. This capability was based on the quenching effect of cocatalysts on the intrinsic FL emission of semiconductors. Single cocatalyst study revealed that FL emission of photocatalysts decayed monoexponentially during photodeposition, and cocatalysts possessed a self-limited growth. The significant heterogeneities (differences) of cocatalysts during photodeposition were also uncovered, regarding the apparent induction time, deposition rate and FL quenching amplitude. These informations were difficult to be accessed using the ex situ characterization. Programmable photodeposition and dissolution of CoxP were also realized, utilizing a focused laser beam with a spot size of <1 μm. This work explored the hidden details of the growth of cocatalysts during photodeposition, opening up a new avenue to optimize photodeposition for rationally designing more efficient photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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25
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Saha P, Rahman MM, Hill CM. Borohydride oxidation electrocatalysis at individual, shape‐controlled Au nanoparticles. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Saha
- Department of Chemistry University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | | | - Caleb M. Hill
- Department of Chemistry University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
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26
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Sundaresan V, Cutri AR, Metro J, Madukoma CS, Shrout JD, Hoffman AJ, Willets KA, Bohn PW. Potential dependent spectroelectrochemistry of electrofluorogenic dyes on indium‐tin oxide. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Allison R. Cutri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Jarek Metro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Chinedu S. Madukoma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- Eck Institute for Global Health University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Joshua D. Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- Eck Institute for Global Health University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Anthony J. Hoffman
- Department of Electrical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | | | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
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27
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Godeffroy L, Ciocci P, Nsabimana A, Miranda Vieira M, Noël JM, Combellas C, Lemineur JF, Kanoufi F. Deciphering Competitive Routes for Nickel-Based Nanoparticle Electrodeposition by an Operando Optical Monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16980-16983. [PMID: 34101324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrodeposition of earth-abundant iron group metals such as nickel is difficult to characterize by simple electrochemical analyses since the reduction of their metal salts often competes with inhibiting reactions. This makes the mechanistic interpretation sometimes contradictory, preventing unambiguous predictions about the nature and structure of the electrodeposited material. Herein, the complexity of Ni nanoparticles (NPs) electrodeposition on indium tin oxide (ITO) is unraveled operando and at a single entity NP level by optical microscopy correlated to ex situ SEM imaging. Our correlative approach allows differentiating the dynamics of formation of two different NP populations, metallic Ni and Ni(OH)2 with a <25 nm limit of detection, their formation being ruled by the competition between Ni2+ and water reduction. At the single NP level this results in a self-terminated growth, an information which is most often hidden in ensemble averaged measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Unviersité de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, 75006, Paris, France
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28
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Deciphering Competitive Routes for Nickel‐Based Nanoparticle Electrodeposition by an Operando Optical Monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Strasser JW, Hersbach TJP, Liu J, Lapp AS, Frenkel AI, Crooks RM. Electrochemical Cleaning Stability and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of 1‐2 nm Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Au Nanoparticles. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette W. Strasser
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J. P. Hersbach
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Physics Manhattan College Riverdale NY 10471 USA
| | - Aliya S. Lapp
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
- Division of Chemistry Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
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30
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Bentley CL. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy for the study of (nano)particle electrochemistry: From the sub‐particle to ensemble level. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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31
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Jiang W, Wei W, Yuan T, Liu S, Niu B, Wang H, Wang W. Tracking the optical mass centroid of single electroactive nanoparticles reveals the electrochemically inactive zone. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8556-8562. [PMID: 34221337 PMCID: PMC8221172 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01623g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The inevitable microstructural defects, including cracks, grain boundaries and cavities, make a portion of the material inaccessible to electrons and ions, becoming the incentives for electrochemically inactive zones in single entity. Herein, we introduced dark field microscopy to study the variation of scattering spectrum and optical mass centroid (OMC) of single Prussian blue nanoparticles during electrochemical reaction. The "dark zone" embedded in a single electroactive nanoparticle resulted in the incomplete reaction, and consequently led to the misalignment of OMC for different electrochemical intermediate states. We further revealed the dark zones such as lattice defects in the same entity, which were externally manifested as the fixed pathway for OMC for the migration of potassium ions. This method opens up enormous potentiality to optically access the heterogeneous intraparticle dark zones, with implications for evaluating the crystallinity and electrochemical recyclability of single electroactive nano-objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University 210023 China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University 210023 China
| | - Tinglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University 210023 China
| | - Shasha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University 210023 China
| | - Ben Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University 210023 China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University 210023 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University 210023 China
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32
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Lin M, Zhou Y, Bu L, Bai C, Tariq M, Wang H, Han J, Huang X, Zhou X. Single-Nanoparticle Coulometry Method with High Sensitivity and High Throughput to Study the Electrochemical Activity and Oscillation of Single Nanocatalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007302. [PMID: 33719172 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To explore nanocatalysts with high electro-catalytic performance and less loading of precious metals, efforts have been made to develop electrochemical methods with high spatial resolution at the single nanoparticle level. Herein, a highly sensitive single-nanoparticle coulometry method is successfully developed to study the electrochemical activity and oscillation of single PtTe nanocatalysts. Based on microbattery reactions involving the formic acid electro-oxidation and the deposition of Ag on the single PtTe nanocatalyst surface, this method enables the transition from the undetectable sub-fA electric signal of the formic acid electro-oxidation into strong localized surface plasmon resonance scattering signal of Ag detected by dark-field microscopy. The lowest limiting current for a single nanocatalyst is found to be as low as 25.8 aA. Different trends of activity versus the formic acid concentration and types of activity of the single nanocatalyst have been discovered. Unveiled frequency-amplitude graph shows that the two electrochemical oscillation modes of low frequency with high amplitude and vice versa coexist in a single PtTe nanocatalyst, indicating the abundantly smooth surfaces and defects of nanocatalysts. This conducted study will open up the new avenue for further behavioral and mechanistic investigation of more types of nanocatalysts in the electrochemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Lin
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yingke Zhou
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lingzheng Bu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chuang Bai
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jinli Han
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhou
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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33
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Lemineur JF, Ciocci P, Noël JM, Ge H, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Imaging and Quantifying the Formation of Single Nanobubbles at Single Platinum Nanoparticles during the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2643-2653. [PMID: 33523639 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While numerous efforts have been made toward the design of sustainable and efficient nanocatalysts of the hydrogen evolution reaction, there is a need for the operando observation and quantification of the formation of gas nanobubbles (NBs) involved in this electrochemical reaction. It is achieved herein through interference reflection microscopy coupled to electrochemistry and optical modeling. In addition to analyzing the geometry and growth rate of individual NBs at single nanocatalysts, the toolbox offered by superlocalization and quantitative label-free optical microscopy allows analyzing the geometry (contact angle and footprint with surface) of individual NBs and their growth rate. It turns out that, after a few seconds, NBs are steadily growing while they are fully covering the Pt nanoparticles that allowed their nucleation and their pinning on the electrode surface. It then raises relevant questions related to gas evolution catalysts, such as, for example, does the evaluation of NB growth at the single nanocatalyst really reflect its electrochemical activity?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Hongxin Ge
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
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34
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Hill JW, Hill CM. Directly visualizing carrier transport and recombination at individual defects within 2D semiconductors. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5102-5112. [PMID: 34163749 PMCID: PMC8179556 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07033e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional semiconductors (2DSCs) are promising materials for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. While the fabrication of 2DSCs with thicknesses down to the monolayer limit has been demonstrated through a variety of routes, a robust understanding of carrier transport within these materials is needed to guide the rational design of improved practical devices. In particular, the influence of different types of structural defects on transport is critical, but difficult to interrogate experimentally. Here, a new approach to visualizing carrier transport within 2DSCs, Carrier Generation-Tip Collection Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (CG-TC SECCM), is described which is capable of providing information at the single-defect level. In this approach, carriers are locally generated within a material using a focused light source and detected as they drive photoelectrochemical reactions at a spatially-offset electrolyte interface created through contact with a pipet-based probe, allowing carrier transport across well-defined, µm-scale paths within a material to be directly interrogated. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated through studies of minority carrier transport within mechanically-exfoliated n-type WSe2 nanosheets. CG-TC SECCM imaging experiments carried out within pristine basal planes revealed highly anisotropic hole transport, with in-plane and out-of-plane hole diffusion lengths of 2.8 µm and 5.8 nm, respectively. Experiments were also carried out to probe recombination across individual step edge defects within n-WSe2 which suggest a significant surface charge (∼5 mC m-2) exists at these defects, significantly influencing carrier transport. Together, these studies demonstrate a powerful new approach to visualizing carrier transport and recombination within 2DSCs, down to the single-defect level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave Laramie WY 82071 USA
| | - Caleb M Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave Laramie WY 82071 USA
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35
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Lemineur JF, Noël JM, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Revealing the sub-50 ms electrochemical conversion of silver halide nanocolloids by stochastic electrochemistry and optical microscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15128-15136. [PMID: 32657309 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03799k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silver based ionic crystal nanoparticles (NPs) are interesting nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion, e.g. their colloidal solutions could be used as a reversible redox nanofluid in semi-solid redox flow cells. In this context, the reductive transformation of Brownian silver halide, AgX, NPs into silver NPs is probed by single NP electrochemistry, complemented by operando high resolution monitoring. However, their light sensitivity and poor conductivity make the operando monitoring of their chemical activity challenging. The electrochemical collisions of single AgX NPs onto a negatively biased electrode evidence a full conversion through multiple reduction steps within 3-10 ms. This is further corroborated by simulation of the conversion process and operando through a high resolution optical microscopy technique (Backside Absorbing Layer Microscopy, BALM). Both techniques are interesting strategies to infer at the single NP level the intrinsic charge capacity and charging rate of redox active Brownian nanomaterials, demonstrating the interest of the fast and reversible AgX/Ag system as a redox nanofluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
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36
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Choi M, Siepser NP, Jeong S, Wang Y, Jagdale G, Ye X, Baker LA. Probing Single-Particle Electrocatalytic Activity at Facet-Controlled Gold Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1233-1239. [PMID: 31917592 PMCID: PMC7727918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction reactions (i.e., the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen reduction reaction) at individual, faceted Au nanocubes (NCs) and nano-octahedra (ODs) expressing predominantly {100} and {111} crystal planes on the surface, respectively, were studied by nanoscale voltammetric mapping. Cyclic voltammograms were collected at individual nanoparticles (NPs) with scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and correlated with particle morphology imaged by electron microscopy. Nanoscale measurements from a statistically informative set of individual NPs revealed that Au NCs have superior HER electrocatalytic activity compared to that of Au ODs, in good agreement with macroscale cyclic voltammetry measurements. Au NCs exhibited more particle-to-particle variation in catalytic activity compared to that with Au ODs. The approach of single-particle SECCM imaging coupled with macroscale CV on well-defined NPs provides a powerful toolset for the design and activity assessment of nanoscale electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Soojin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Gargi Jagdale
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Xingchen Ye
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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37
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Wang L, Meng T, Zhao D, Jia H, An S, Yang X, Wang H, Zhang Y. An enzyme-free electrochemical biosensor based on well monodisperse Au nanorods for ultra-sensitive detection of telomerase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 148:111834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Evans RC, Nilsson ZN, Sambur JB. High-Throughput Single-Nanoparticle-Level Imaging of Electrochemical Ion Insertion Reactions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14983-14991. [PMID: 31682115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle electrodes are attractive for electrochemical energy storage applications because their nanoscale dimensions decrease ion transport distances and generally increase ion insertion/extraction efficiency. However, nanoparticles vary in size, shape, defect density, and surface composition, which warrants their investigation at the single-nanoparticle level. Here we demonstrate a nondestructive high-throughput electro-optical imaging approach to quantitatively measure electrochemical ion insertion reactions at the single-nanoparticle level. Electro-optical measurements relate the optical density change of a nanoparticle to redox changes of elements in the particle under working electrochemical conditions. We benchmarked this technique by studying Li-ion insertion in hexagonal tungsten oxide (h-WO3) nanorods during chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry. Interestingly, the optically detected current response revealed underlying processes that are hidden in the conventional electrochemical current measurements. This imaging technique may be applied to 13 nm particles and a wide range of electrochemical systems such as electrochromic smart windows, batteries, solid oxide fuel cells, and sensors.
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39
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Ornelas IM, Unwin PR, Bentley CL. High-Throughput Correlative Electrochemistry-Microscopy at a Transmission Electron Microscopy Grid Electrode. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14854-14859. [PMID: 31674764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As part of the revolution in electrochemical nanoscience, there is growing interest in using electrochemistry to create nanostructured materials and to assess properties at the nanoscale. Herein, we present a platform that combines scanning electrochemical cell microscopy with ex situ scanning transmission electron microscopy to allow the ready creation of an array of nanostructures coupled with atomic-scale analysis. As an illustrative example, we explore the electrodeposition of Pt at carbon-coated transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid supports, where in a single high-throughput experiment it is shown that Pt nanoparticle (PtNP) density increases and size polydispersity decreases with increasing overpotential (i.e., driving force). Furthermore, the coexistence of a range of nanostructures, from single atoms to aggregates of crystalline PtNPs, during the early stages of electrochemical nucleation and growth supports a nonclassical aggregative growth mechanism. Beyond this exemplary system, the presented correlative electrochemistry-microscopy approach is generally applicable to solve ubiquitous structure-function problems in electrochemical science and beyond, positioning it as a powerful platform for the rational design of functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Ornelas
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
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40
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Trindell JA, Duan Z, Henkelman G, Crooks RM. Well-Defined Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for the Refinement of Theory. Chem Rev 2019; 120:814-850. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Trindell
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Zhiyao Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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41
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Tarnev T, Aiyappa HB, Botz A, Erichsen T, Ernst A, Andronescu C, Schuhmann W. Elektrochemische Rasterzellmikroskopie einzelner ZIF‐basierter Nanokompositpartikel als Elektrokatalysatoren für die Sauerstoffentwicklung in alkalischen Medien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Harshitha Barike Aiyappa
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Thomas Erichsen
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Andrzej Ernst
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE Center for Nanointegration University Duisburg Essen Carl-Benz-Str. 199 47057 Duisburg Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
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42
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Tarnev T, Aiyappa HB, Botz A, Erichsen T, Ernst A, Andronescu C, Schuhmann W. Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy Investigation of Single ZIF-Derived Nanocomposite Particles as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14265-14269. [PMID: 31347751 PMCID: PMC6790716 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
"Single entity" measurements are central for an improved understanding of the function of nanoparticle-based electrocatalysts without interference arising from mass transfer limitations and local changes of educt concentration or the pH value. We report a scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) investigation of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67)-derived Co-N-doped C composite particles with respect to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Surmounting the surface wetting issues as well as the potential drift through the use of a non-interfering Os complex as free-diffusing internal redox potential standard, SECCM could be successfully applied in alkaline media. SECCM mapping reveals activity differences relative to the number of particles in the wetted area of the droplet landing zone. The turnover frequency (TOF) is 0.25 to 1.5 s-1 at potentials between 1.7 and 1.8 V vs. RHE, respectively, based on the number of Co atoms in each particle. Consistent values at locations with varying number of particles demonstrates OER performance devoid of macroscopic film effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harshitha Barike Aiyappa
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Erichsen
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrzej Ernst
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration University Duisburg Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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43
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Walmsley JD, Hill JW, Saha P, Hill CM. Probing Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction at Individual Cu Nanostructures via Optically Targeted Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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