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Zhong Y, Dan Y, Cai Y, Lin J, Huang X, Mahmoud O, Hald ES, Kumar A, Fang Q, Mahmoud SS. Efficient Malaria Parasite Detection From Diverse Images of Thick Blood Smears for Cross-Regional Model Accuracy. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 4:226-233. [PMID: 38059069 PMCID: PMC10697288 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2023.3328435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Goal: The purpose of this work is to improve malaria diagnosis efficiency by integrating smartphones with microscopes. This integration involves image acquisition and algorithmic detection of malaria parasites in various thick blood smear (TBS) datasets sourced from different global regions, including low-quality images from Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: This approach combines image segmentation and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to distinguish between white blood cells, artifacts, and malaria parasites. A portable system integrates a microscope with a graphical user interface to facilitate rapid malaria detection from smartphone images. We trained the CNN model using open-source data from the Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Results: The validation process, using microscopic TBS from both the training dataset and an additional dataset from Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrated that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 97.74% ± 0.05% and an F1-score of 97.75% ± 0.04%. Remarkably, our proposed model with AlexNet surpasses the reported literature performance of 96.32%. Conclusions: This algorithm shows promise in aiding malaria-stricken regions, especially those with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Ying Dan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Xiaoyao Huang
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | | | - Eric S. Hald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Seedahmed S. Mahmoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
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Baptista V, Costa MS, Calçada C, Silva M, Gil JP, Veiga MI, Catarino SO. The Future in Sensing Technologies for Malaria Surveillance: A Review of Hemozoin-Based Diagnosis. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3898-3911. [PMID: 34735120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early and effective malaria diagnosis is vital to control the disease spread and to prevent the emergence of severe cases and death. Currently, malaria diagnosis relies on optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests; however, these require a drop of blood, are time-consuming, or are not specific and sensitive enough for reliable detection of low-level parasitaemia. Thus, there is an urge for simpler, prompt, and accurate alternative diagnostic methods. Particularly, hemozoin has been increasingly recognized as an attractive biomarker for malaria detection. As the disease proliferates, parasites digest host hemoglobin, in the process releasing toxic haem that is detoxified into an insoluble crystal, the hemozoin, which accumulates along with infection progression. Given its magnetic, optical, and acoustic unique features, hemozoin has been explored for new label-free diagnostic methods. Thereby, herein, we review the hemozoin-based malaria detection methods and critically discuss their challenges and potential for the development of an ideal diagnostic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Baptista
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana S. Costa
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Gil
- Stockholm Malaria Center, Department of Microbiology and Tumour Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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Gopal AA, Kazarine A, Dubach JM, Wiseman PW. Recent advances in nonlinear microscopy: Deep insights and polarized revelations. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 130:105896. [PMID: 33253831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy is a technique that utilizes nonlinear interactions between light and matter to image fluorescence and scattering phenomena in biological tissues. Very high peak intensities from focused short pulsed lasers are required for nonlinear excitation due to the extremely low probability of the simultaneous arrival of multiple photons of lower energy to excite fluorophores or interact with selective structures for harmonic generation. Combined with reduced scattering from the utilization of longer wavelengths, the inherent spatial confinement associated with achieving simultaneous arrival of photons within the focal volume enables deep imaging with low out-of-focus background for nonlinear imaging. This review provides an introduction to the different contrast mechanisms available with nonlinear imaging and instrumentation commonly used in nonlinear microscopy. Furthermore, we discuss some recent advances in nonlinear microscopy to extend the imaging penetration depth, conduct histopathological investigations on fresh tissues and examine the molecular order and orientation of molecules using polarization nonlinear microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Gopal
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Kazarine
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J M Dubach
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P W Wiseman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hu X, Zhang Y, Guzun D, Ware ME, Mazur YI, Lienau C, Salamo GJ. Photoluminescence of InAs/GaAs quantum dots under direct two-photon excitation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10930. [PMID: 32616829 PMCID: PMC7331710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been a hotbed for various fundamental research and device applications over the past decades. Among them, InAs/GaAs quantum dots have shown great potential for applications in quantum information, quantum computing, infrared photodetection, etc. Though intensively studied, some of the optical nonlinear properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots, specifically the associated two-photon absorption of the wetting and barrier layers, have not been investigated yet. Here we report a study of the photoluminescence of these dots by using direct two-photon excitation. The quadratic power law dependence of the photoluminescence intensity, together with the ground-state resonant peak of quantum dots appearing in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum, unambiguously confirms the occurrence of the direct two-photon absorption in the dots. A three-level rate equation model is proposed to describe the photogenerated carrier dynamics in the quantum dot-wetting layer-GaAs system. Moreover, higher-order power law dependence of photoluminescence intensity is observed on both the GaAs substrate and the wetting layer by two-photon excitation, which is accounted for by a model involving the third-harmonic generation at the sample interface. Our results open a door for understanding the optical nonlinear effects associated with this fundamentally and technologically important platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hu
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Dorel Guzun
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Morgan E Ware
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yuriy I Mazur
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institute of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl Von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gregory J Salamo
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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Kazarine A, Gopal AA, Wiseman PW. Nonlinear microscopy of common histological stains reveals third harmonic generation harmonophores. Analyst 2019; 144:3239-3249. [PMID: 30920574 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its invention over a hundred years ago, histological analysis using coloured dye staining remains the gold standard for histopathology. While these stains provide critical information for a variety of diagnostic purposes, they offer limited two-dimensional histological information. Extending classical histological analysis to three dimensions requires novel imaging approaches such as multiphoton microscopy. Multiphoton microscopy enables multimodal, three-dimensional imaging of histologically stained samples. Specifically, third harmonic generation (THG), a nonlinear optical process in which three incident photons are combined into one by the sample, allows high contrast imaging of tissues stained with absorbing dyes, which in turn act as harmonophores. While this technique has previously been applied to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) tissue sections, we extend this approach to other commonly used histological stains to demonstrate further potential applications of the technique. We demonstrate THG imaging of both human skin and liver tissue stained with H&E, Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) and Picrosirius Red stains. We find that these stains provide excellent contrast as THG harmonophores, enabling high resolution imaging of histological samples. THG imaging of the Verhoeff stain enables easy detection of elastic fibers while Picrosirius Red acts as an effective harmonophore for imaging collagen fibers of all sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kazarine
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
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