1
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Kloudová B, Vrkoslav V, Polášek M, Bosáková Z, Cvačka J. Structural characterization of wax esters using ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05434-2. [PMID: 39030399 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Wax esters play critical roles in biological systems, serving functions from energy storage to chemical signaling. Their diversity is attributed to variations in alcohol and acyl chains, including their length, branching, and the stereochemistry of double bonds. Traditional analysis by mass spectrometry with collisional activations (CID, HCD) offers insights into acyl chain lengths and unsaturation level. Still, it falls short in pinpointing more nuanced structural features like the position of double bonds. As a solution, this study explores the application of 213-nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) for the detailed structural analysis of wax esters. It is shown that lithium adducts provide unique fragments as a result of Norrish and Norrish-Yang reactions at the ester moieties and photoinduced cleavages of double bonds. The product ions are useful for determining chain lengths and localizing double bonds. UVPD spectra of various wax esters are presented systematically, and the effect of activation time is discussed. The applicability of tandem mass spectrometry with UVPD is demonstrated for wax esters from natural sources. The UHPLC analysis of jojoba oil proves the compatibility of MS2 UVPD with the chromatography time scale, and a direct infusion is used to analyze wax esters from vernix caseosa. Data shows the potential of UVPD and its combination with CID or HCD in advancing our understanding of wax ester structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kloudová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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2
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Hohenwallner K, Lamp LM, Peng L, Nuske M, Hartler J, Reid GE, Rampler E. FAIMS Shotgun Lipidomics for Enhanced Class- and Charge-State Separation Complemented by Automated Ganglioside Annotation. Anal Chem 2024; 96. [PMID: 39028917 PMCID: PMC11295132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of gangliosides is extremely challenging, given their structural complexity, lack of reference standards, databases, and software solutions. Here, we introduce a fast 6 min high field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) shotgun lipidomics workflow, along with a dedicated software solution for ganglioside detection. By ramping FAIMS compensation voltages, ideal ranges for different ganglioside classes were obtained. FAIMS revealed both class- and charge-state separation behavior based on the glycan headgroup moiety. The number of sialic acids attached to the glycan moiety correlates positively with their preferred charge states, i.e., trisialylated gangliosides were mainly present as [M - 3H]3- ions, whereas [M - 4H]4- and [M - 5H]5- ions were observed for GQ1 and GP1. For data evaluation, we developed a shotgun/FAIMS extension for the open-source Lipid Data Analyzer (LDA), enabling automated annotation of gangliosides up to the molecular lipid species level. This extension utilized combined orthogonal fragmentation spectra from CID, HCD, and 213 nm UVPD ion activation methods and covers 29 ganglioside classes, including acetylated and fucosylated modifications. With our new workflow and software extension 117 unique gangliosides species were identified in porcine brain extracts. While conventional shotgun lipidomics favored the observation of singly charged ganglioside species, the utilization of FAIMS made multiply charged lipid species accessible, resulting in an increased number of detected species, primarily due to an improved signal-to-noise ratio arising from FAIMS charge state filtering. Therefore, this FAIMS-driven workflow, complemented by new software capabilities, offers a promising strategy for complex ganglioside and glycosphingolipid characterization in shotgun lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hohenwallner
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Liuyu Peng
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Madison Nuske
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jürgen Hartler
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Gavin E. Reid
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University
of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21
Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Evelyn Rampler
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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3
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Peters-Clarke TM, Coon JJ, Riley NM. Instrumentation at the Leading Edge of Proteomics. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7976-8010. [PMID: 38738990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Trenton M Peters-Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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4
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Li Y, Wang Y, Guo K, Tseng KF, Zhang X, Sun W. Aza-Prilezhaev Aziridination-Enabled Multidimensional Analysis of Isomeric Lipids via High-Resolution U-Shaped Mobility Analyzer-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7111-7119. [PMID: 38648270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Unsaturated lipids constitute a significant portion of the lipidome, serving as players of multifaceted functions involving cellular signaling, membrane structure, and bioenergetics. While derivatization-assisted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) remains the gold standard technique in lipidome, it mainly faces challenges in efficiently labeling the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) and differentiating isomeric lipids in full dimension. This presents a need for new orthogonal methodologies. Herein, a metal- and additive-free aza-Prilezhaev aziridination (APA)-enabled ion mobility mass spectrometric method is developed for probing multiple levels of unsaturated lipid isomerization with high sensitivity. Both unsaturated polar and nonpolar lipids can be efficiently labeled in the form of N-H aziridine without significant side reactions. The signal intensity can be increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude, achieving the nM detection limit. Abundant site-specific fragmentation ions indicate C═C location and sn-position in MS/MS spectra. Better yet, a stable monoaziridination product is dominant, simplifying the spectrum for lipids with multiple double bonds. Coupled with a U-shaped mobility analyzer, identification of geometric isomers and separation of different lipid classes can be achieved. Additionally, a unique pseudo MS3 mode with UMA-QTOF MS boosts the sensitivity for generating diagnostic fragments. Overall, the current method provides a comprehensive solution for deep-profiling lipidomics, which is valuable for lipid marker discovery in disease monitoring and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Kang Guo
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Kuo-Feng Tseng
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhang
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Wenjian Sun
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
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5
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Guo X, Cao W, Fan X, Chen Q, Wu L, Ma X, Ouyang Z, Zhang W. MS 3 Imaging Enables the Simultaneous Analysis of Phospholipid C═C and sn-Position Isomers in Tissues. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4259-4265. [PMID: 38418962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) imaging of lipids in tissues with high structure specificity is challenging in the effective fragmentation of position-selective structures and the sensitive detection of multiple lipid isomers. Herein, we develop an MS3 imaging method for the simultaneous analysis of phospholipid C═C and sn-position isomers by on-tissue photochemical derivatization, nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI), and a dual-linear ion trap MS system. A novel laser-based sensing probe is developed for the real-time adjustment of the probe-to-surface distance for nano-DESI. This method is validated in mouse brain and kidney sections, showing its capability of sensitive resolving and imaging of the fatty acyl chain composition, the sn-position, and the C═C location of phospholipids in an MS3 scan. MS3 imaging of phospholipids has shown the capability of differentiation of cancerous, fibrosis, and adjacent normal regions in liver cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guo
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenbo Cao
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaomin Fan
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of TCM Clinical Pharmacy, Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Lun Wu
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442008, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Rahman M, Marzullo B, Holman SW, Barrow M, Ray AD, O’Connor PB. Advancing PROTAC Characterization: Structural Insights through Adducts and Multimodal Tandem-MS Strategies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:285-299. [PMID: 38197777 PMCID: PMC10853971 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are specialized molecules that bind to a target protein and a ubiquitin ligase to facilitate protein degradation. Despite their significance, native PROTACs have not undergone tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. To address this gap, we conducted a pioneering investigation on the fragmentation patterns of two PROTACs in development, dBET1 and VZ185. Employing diverse cations (sodium, lithium, and silver) and multiple tandem-MS techniques, we enhanced their structural characterization. Notably, lithium cations facilitated comprehensive positive-mode coverage for dBET1, while negative polarity mode offered richer insights. Employing de novo structure determination on 2DMS data from degradation studies yielded crucial insights. In the case of VZ185, various charge states were observed, with [M + 2H]2+ revealing fewer moieties than [M + H]+ due to charge-related factors. Augmenting structural details through silver adducts suggested both charge-directed and charge-remote fragmentation. This comprehensive investigation identifies frequently dissociated bonds across multiple fragmentation techniques, pinpointing optimal approaches for elucidating PROTAC structures. The findings contribute to advancing our understanding of PROTACs, pivotal for their continued development as promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rahman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Bryan Marzullo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Stephen W. Holman
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, U.K.
| | - Mark Barrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Ray
- New
Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology &
Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, U.K.
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
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7
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Wood PL, Erol E. Construction of a Bacterial Lipidomics Analytical Platform: Pilot Validation with Bovine Paratuberculosis Serum. Metabolites 2023; 13:809. [PMID: 37512516 PMCID: PMC10383236 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipidomics analyses of bacteria offer the potential to detect and monitor infections in a host since many bacterial lipids are not present in mammals. To evaluate this omics approach, we first built a database of bacterial lipids for representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our lipidomics analysis of the reference bacteria involved high-resolution mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization with less than a 1.0 ppm mass error. The lipidomics profiles of bacterial cultures clearly distinguished between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the case of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) serum, we monitored two unique bacterial lipids that we also monitored in Mycobacterium avian subspecies PTB. These were PDIM-B C82, a phthiodiolone dimycocerosate, and the trehalose monomycolate hTMM 28:1, constituents of the bacterial cell envelope in mycolic-containing bacteria. The next step will be to determine if lipidomics can detect subclinical PTB infections which can last 2-to-4 years in bovine PTB. Our data further suggest that it will be worthwhile to continue building our bacterial lipidomics database and investigate the further utility of this approach in other infections of veterinary and human clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Erdal Erol
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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8
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Hormann FL, Sommer S, Heiles S. Formation and Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Doubly Charged Lipid-Metal Ion Complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37315187 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are major components of most eukaryotic cell membranes. Changes in metabolic states are often accompanied by phospholipid structure variations. The structural changes of phospholipids are the hallmark of disease states, or specific lipid structures have been associated with distinct organisms. Prime examples are microorganisms that synthesize phospholipids with, for example, different branched chain fatty acids. Assignment and relative quantitation of structural isomers of phospholipids that arise from attachment of different fatty acids to the glycerophospholipid backbone are difficult with routine tandem mass spectrometry or with liquid chromatography without authentic standards. In this work, we report on the observation that all investigated phospholipid classes form doubly charged lipid-metal ion complexes during electrospray ionization (ESI) and show that these complexes can be used to assign lipid classes and fatty acid moieties, distinguish isomers of branched chain fatty acids, and relatively quantify these isomers in positive-ion mode. Use of water free methanol and addition of divalent metal salts (100 mol %) to ESI spray solutions afford highly abundant doubly charged lipid-metal ion complexes (up to 70 times of protonated compounds). Higher-energy collisional dissociation and collision-induced dissociation of doubly charged complexes yield a diverse set of lipid class-dependent fragment ions. In common for all lipid classes is the liberation of fatty acid-metal adducts that yield fragment ions from the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain upon activation. This ability is used to pinpoint sites of branching in saturated fatty acids and is showcased for free fatty acids as well as glycerophospholipids. The analytical utility of doubly charged phospholipid-metal ion complexes is demonstrated by distinguishing fatty acid branching-site isomers in phospholipid mixtures and relatively quantifying the corresponding isomeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix-Levin Hormann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Lipidomics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Sommer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Heiles
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Lipidomics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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9
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Shenault DM, McLuckey SA, Franklin ET. Localization of cyclopropyl groups and alkenes within glycerophospholipids using gas-phase ion/ion chemistry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4913. [PMID: 36916143 PMCID: PMC10014902 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun lipid analysis using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is a common approach for the identification and characterization of glycerophohspholipids GPs. ESI-MS/MS, with the aid of collision-induced dissociation (CID), enables the characterization of GP species at the headgroup and fatty acyl sum compositional levels. However, important structural features that are often present, such as carbon-carbon double bond(s) and cyclopropane ring(s), can be difficult to determine. Here, we report the use of gas-phase charge inversion reactions that, in combination with CID, allow for more detailed structural elucidation of GPs. CID of a singly deprotonated GP, [GP - H]- , generates FA anions, [FA - H]- . The fatty acid anions can then react with doubly charged cationic magnesium tris-phenanthroline complex, [Mg(Phen)3 ]2+ , to form charge inverted complex cations of the form [FA - H + MgPhen2 ]+ . CID of the complex generates product ion spectral patterns that allow for the identification of carbon-carbon double bond position(s) as well as the sites of cyclopropyl position(s) in unsaturated lipids. This approach to determining both double bond and cyclopropane positions is demonstrated with GPs for the first time using standards and is applied to lipids extracted from Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- De’Shovon M. Shenault
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084
| | - Elissia T. Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084
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10
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Xia F, Wan JB. Chemical derivatization strategy for mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:432-452. [PMID: 34486155 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, serving as the structural components of cellular membranes, energy storage, and signaling molecules, play the essential and multiple roles in biological functions of mammals. Mass spectrometry (MS) is widely accepted as the first choice for lipid analysis, offering good performance in sensitivity, accuracy, and structural characterization. However, the untargeted qualitative profiling and absolute quantitation of lipids are still challenged by great structural diversity and high structural similarity. In recent decade, chemical derivatization mainly targeting carboxyl group and carbon-carbon double bond of lipids have been developed for lipidomic analysis with diverse advantages: (i) offering more characteristic structural information; (ii) improving the analytical performance, including chromatographic separation and MS sensitivity; (iii) providing one-to-one chemical isotope labeling internal standards based on the isotope derivatization regent in quantitative analysis. Moreover, the chemical derivatization strategy has shown great potential in combination with ion mobility mass spectrometry and ambient mass spectrometry. Herein, we summarized the current states and advances in chemical derivatization-assisted MS techniques for lipidomic analysis, and their strengths and challenges are also given. In summary, the chemical derivatization-based lipidomic approach has become a promising and reliable technique for the analysis of lipidome in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
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11
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Sahonero-Canavesi DX, Siliakus MF, Abdala Asbun A, Koenen M, von Meijenfeldt FAB, Boeren S, Bale NJ, Engelman JC, Fiege K, Strack van Schijndel L, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Villanueva L. Disentangling the lipid divide: Identification of key enzymes for the biosynthesis of membrane-spanning and ether lipids in Bacteria. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8652. [PMID: 36525503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial membranes are composed of fatty acids (FAs) ester-linked to glycerol-3-phosphate, while archaea have membranes made of isoprenoid chains ether-linked to glycerol-1-phosphate. Many archaeal species organize their membrane as a monolayer of membrane-spanning lipids (MSLs). Exceptions to this "lipid divide" are the production by some bacterial species of (ether-bound) MSLs, formed by tail-to-tail condensation of FAs resulting in the formation of (iso) diabolic acids (DAs), which are the likely precursors of paleoclimatological relevant branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether molecules. However, the enzymes responsible for their production are unknown. Here, we report the discovery of bacterial enzymes responsible for the condensation reaction of FAs and for ether bond formation and confirm that the building blocks of iso-DA are branched iso-FAs. Phylogenomic analyses of the key biosynthetic genes reveal a much wider diversity of potential MSL (ether)-producing bacteria than previously thought, with importantt implications for our understanding of the evolution of lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana X Sahonero-Canavesi
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Melvin F Siliakus
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Abdala Asbun
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Michel Koenen
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - F A Bastiaan von Meijenfeldt
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, Netherlands
| | - Nicole J Bale
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Julia C Engelman
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Fiege
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Lora Strack van Schijndel
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, PO Box 80.021, Utrecht 3508 TA, Netherlands
| | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, PO Box 80.021, Utrecht 3508 TA, Netherlands
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12
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Blevins MS, Shields SWJ, Cui W, Fallatah W, Moser AB, Braverman NE, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization and Quantitation of Ether-Linked Glycerophospholipids in Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder Tissue by Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12621-12629. [PMID: 36070546 PMCID: PMC9631334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological impact of ether glycerophospholipids (GP) in peroxisomal disorders and other diseases makes them significant targets as biomarkers for diagnostic assays or deciphering pathology of the disorders. Ether lipids include both plasmanyl and plasmenyl lipids, which each contain an ether or a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 linkage position, respectively. This linkage, in contrast to traditional diacyl GPs, precludes their detailed characterization by mass spectrometry via traditional collisional-based MS/MS techniques. Additionally, the isomeric nature of plasmanyl and plasmenyl pairs of ether lipids introduces a further level of complexity that impedes analysis of these species. Here, we utilize 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS) for detailed characterization of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) plasmenyl and plasmanyl lipids in mouse brain tissue. 213 nm UVPD-MS enables the successful differentiation of these four ether lipid subtypes for the first time. We couple this UVPD-MS methodology to reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for characterization and relative quantitation of ether lipids from normal and diseased (Pex7 deficiency modeling the peroxisome biogenesis disorder, RCDP) mouse brain tissue, highlighting the ability to pinpoint specific structural features of ether lipids that are important for monitoring aberrant lipid metabolism in peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel W J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Wedad Fallatah
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ann B Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Transient Complexity of E. coli Lipidome Is Explained by Fatty Acyl Synthesis and Cyclopropanation. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090784. [PMID: 36144187 PMCID: PMC9500627 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the case of many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, the composition of lipid molecules, termed the lipidome, temporally adapts to different environmental conditions and thus modifies membrane properties to permit growth and survival. Details of the relationship between the environment and lipidome composition are lacking, particularly for growing cultures under either favourable or under stress conditions. Here, we highlight compositional lipidome changes by describing the dynamics of molecular species throughout culture-growth phases. We show a steady cyclopropanation of fatty acyl chains, which acts as a driver for lipid diversity. There is a bias for the cyclopropanation of shorter fatty acyl chains (FA 16:1) over longer ones (FA 18:1), which likely reflects a thermodynamic phenomenon. Additionally, we observe a nearly two-fold increase in saturated fatty acyl chains in response to the presence of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, with consequences for membrane fluidity and elasticity, and ultimately bacterial stress tolerance. Our study provides the detailed quantitative lipidome composition of three E. coli strains across culture-growth phases and at the level of the fatty acyl chains and provides a general reference for phospholipid composition changes in response to perturbations. Thus, lipidome diversity is largely transient and the consequence of lipid synthesis and cyclopropanation.
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14
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Zhang W, Jian R, Zhao J, Liu Y, Xia Y. Deep-lipidotyping by mass spectrometry: recent technical advances and applications. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100219. [PMID: 35489417 PMCID: PMC9213770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth structural characterization of lipids is an essential component of lipidomics. There has been a rapid expansion of mass spectrometry methods that are capable of resolving lipid isomers at various structural levels over the past decade. These developments finally make deep-lipidotyping possible, which provides new means to study lipid metabolism and discover new lipid biomarkers. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods for identification of complex lipids beyond the species (known headgroup information) and molecular species (known chain composition) levels. These include identification at the levels of carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) location and sn-position as well as characterization of acyl chain modifications. We also discuss the integration of isomer-resolving MS/MS methods with different lipid analysis workflows and their applications in lipidomics. The results showcase the distinct capabilities of deep-lipidotyping in untangling the metabolism of individual isomers and sensitive phenotyping by using relative fractional quantitation of the isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ruijun Jian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biological, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biological, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yikun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biological, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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15
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Lin Q, Li P, Jian R, Xia Y. Localization of Intrachain Modifications in Bacterial Lipids Via Radical-Directed Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:714-721. [PMID: 35195000 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intrachain modifications of membrane glycerophospholipids (GPLs) due to formation of the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C), cyclopropane ring, and methyl branching are crucial for bacterial membrane homeostasis. Conventional collision-induced dissociation (CID) of even-electron ions of GPL favors charge-directed fragmentation channels, and thus little structurally informative fragments can be detected for locating intrachain modifications. In this study, we report a radical-directed dissociation (RDD) approach for characterization of the intrachain modifications within phosphoethanolamines (PEs), a major lipid component in bacterial membrane. In this method, a radical precursor that can produce benzyl or pyridine methyl radical upon low-energy CID at high efficiency is conjugated onto the amine group of PEs. The carbon-centered radical ions subsequently initiate RDD along the fatty acyl chain, producing fragment patterns key to the assignment and localization of intrachain modifications including C═C, cyclopropane rings, and methyl branching. Besides intrachain fragmentation, RDD on the glycerol backbone produces fatty acyl loss as radicals, allowing one to identify the fatty acyl chain composition of PE. Moreover, RDD of lyso-PEs produces radical losses for distinguishing the sn-isomers. The above RDD approach has been incorporated onto a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry workflow and applied for the analysis of lipid extracts from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruijun Jian
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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16
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Li HF, Zhao J, Cao W, Zhang W, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Site-Specific Photochemical Reaction for Improved C=C Location Analysis of Unsaturated Lipids by Ultraviolet Photodissociation. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9783602. [PMID: 35252873 PMCID: PMC8859641 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9783602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the complexity of the lipidome requires the development of novel approaches to facilitate structural identification and characterization of lipid species with isomer-level discrimination. Ultraviolet photodissociation tandem mass spectrometry (UVPD MS/MS) is a promising tool for structure determination of lipids. The sensitivity of UVPD for lipid analysis however is limited mainly due to weak absorption of UV photons by a C=C. Herein, a C=C site-specific derivatization, the Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction, was used to incorporate a chromophore to the C=C moiety in fatty acyls, leading to significantly improved UVPD efficiency and sensitivity for pinpointing C=C locations. The wavelength-dependent photodissociation of the PB products demonstrated 4-CF3-benzophenone as the best reagent for UVPD in terms of the efficiency of generating C=C diagnostic fragments and simplicity for C=C location assignments. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach for the shotgun profiling of C=C location isomers in different lipid classes from complex lipid extracts, highlighting its potential to advancing the identification of the C=C bond locations in unsaturated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Sanders JD, Shields SW, Escobar EE, Lanzillotti MB, Butalewicz JP, James VK, Blevins MS, Sipe SN, Brodbelt JS. Enhanced Ion Mobility Separation and Characterization of Isomeric Phosphatidylcholines Using Absorption Mode Fourier Transform Multiplexing and Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4252-4259. [PMID: 35239318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of phospholipids plays a critical role in cellular membrane dynamics, energy storage, and cellular signaling. Despite its importance, the extent of this diversity has only recently come into focus, largely owing to advances in separation science and mass spectrometry methodology and instrumentation. Characterization of glycerophospholipid (GP) isomers differing only in their acyl chain configurations and locations of carbon-carbon double bonds (C═C) remains challenging due to the need for both effective separation of isomers and advanced tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technologies capable of double-bond localization. Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) coupled with MS can provide both fast separation and accurate determination of collision cross section (CCS) of molecules but typically lacks the resolving power needed to separate phospholipid isomers. Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) can provide unambiguous double-bond localization but is challenging to implement on the timescales of modern commercial drift tube time-of-flight mass spectrometers. Here, we present a novel method for coupling DTIMS with a UVPD-enabled Orbitrap mass spectrometer using absorption mode Fourier transform multiplexing that affords simultaneous localization of double bonds and accurate CCS measurements even when isomers cannot be fully resolved in the mobility dimension. This method is demonstrated on two- and three-component mixtures and shown to provide CCS measurements that differ from those obtained by individual analysis of each component by less than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel W Shields
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Edwin E Escobar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael B Lanzillotti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jamie P Butalewicz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Virginia K James
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarah N Sipe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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18
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Macias LA, Brodbelt JS. Enhanced Characterization of Cardiolipins via Hybrid 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3268-3277. [PMID: 35135194 PMCID: PMC9284920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CLs) constitute a structurally complex class of glycerophospholipids with a unique tetraacylated structure accompanied by distinctive functional roles. Aberrations in the composition of this lipid class have been associated with disease states, spurring interest in the development of new approaches to differentiate the structures of diverse CLs in complex mixtures. The structural characterization of these complex lipids using conventional methods, however, suffers from limited resolution and frequently proves unable to discern subtle yet biologically significant features such as unsaturation sites or acyl chain position assignments. Here, we describe the synergistic use of chemical derivatization and hybrid dissociation techniques to characterize CL from complex biological mixtures with both double bond and sn positional isomer resolution in a shotgun mass spectrometry strategy. Utilizing (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMSD), CL phosphate groups were methylated to promote positive-mode ionization by the production of metal-cationized lipids, enabling structural interrogation via hybrid higher-energy collisional activation/ultraviolet photodissociation (HCD/UVPD). This combination of TMSD derivatization and HCD/UVPD fragmentation results in diagnostic product ions that permit distinction and relative quantitation of sn-stereoisomers and the localization of double bonds. Applying this strategy to a total lipid extract from a thyroid carcinoma revealed a previously unreported 18:2/18:1 motif, elucidating a structural feature unique to the lipid class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Macias
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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19
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Multi-Omic Analysis to Characterize Metabolic Adaptation of the E. coli Lipidome in Response to Environmental Stress. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020171. [PMID: 35208246 PMCID: PMC8880424 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an adaptive survival response to exogenous stress, bacteria undergo dynamic remodelling of their lipid metabolism pathways to alter the composition of their cellular membranes. Here, using Escherichia coli as a well characterised model system, we report the development and application of a ‘multi-omics’ strategy for comprehensive quantitative analysis of the temporal changes in the lipidome and proteome profiles that occur under exponential growth phase versus stationary growth phase conditions i.e., nutrient depletion stress. Lipidome analysis performed using ‘shotgun’ direct infusion-based ultra-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry revealed a quantitative decrease in total lipid content under stationary growth phase conditions, along with a significant increase in the mol% composition of total cardiolipin, and an increase in ‘odd-numbered’ acyl-chain length containing glycerophospholipids. The inclusion of field asymmetry ion mobility spectrometry was shown to enable the enrichment and improved depth of coverage of low-abundance cardiolipins, while ultraviolet photodissociation-tandem mass spectrometry facilitated more complete lipid structural characterisation compared with conventional collision-induced dissociation, including unambiguous assignment of the odd-numbered acyl-chains as containing cyclopropyl modifications. Proteome analysis using data-dependent acquisition nano-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified 83% of the predicted E. coli lipid metabolism enzymes, which enabled the temporal dependence associated with the expression of key enzymes responsible for the observed adaptive lipid metabolism to be determined, including those involved in phospholipid metabolism (e.g., ClsB and Cfa), fatty acid synthesis (e.g., FabH) and degradation (e.g., FadA/B,D,E,I,J and M), and proteins involved in the oxidative stress response resulting from the generation of reactive oxygen species during β-oxidation or lipid degradation.
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20
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Frankfater C, Fujiwara H, Williams SJ, Minnaard A, Hsu FF. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycolic Acids by Multiple-Stage Linear Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:149-159. [PMID: 34842433 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells are known to synthesize very long chain (C60-90) structurally complex mycolic acids with various functional groups. In this study, we applied linear ion-trap (LIT) multiple-stage mass spectrometry (MSn), combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry to study the mechanisms underlying the fragmentation processes of mycolic acid standards desorbed as lithiated adduct ions by ESI. This is followed by structural characterization of a Mtb mycolic acid family (Bovine strain). Using the insight fragmentation processes gained from the study, we are able to achieve a near complete characterization of the whole mycolic acid family, revealing the identity of the α-alkyl chain, the location of the functional groups including methyl, methoxy, and keto groups along the meroaldehyde chain in each lipid species. This study showcased the power of LIT MSn toward structural determination of complex lipids in a mixture, which would be otherwise very difficult to define using other analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Frankfater
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 United States
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 United States
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adriaan Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 United States
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21
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Jaisinghani N, Seeliger JC. Recent advances in the mass spectrometric profiling of bacterial lipids. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:145-153. [PMID: 34600165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the lipids of bacteria presents a predicament that may not be broadly recognized in a field dominated by the biology and biochemistry of eukaryotic - and especially, mammalian - lipids. Bacteria make multifarious metabolites that contain fatty acyl chains of unusual length and unsaturation attached to assorted headgroups, including sugars and fatty alcohols. Lipid profiling approaches developed for eukaryotic lipids often fail to detect, resolve, or identify bacterial lipids due to their wide range of polarities (including very hydrophobic species) and diverse positional and stereochemical variations. Global lipid profiling, or lipidomics, of bacteria has thus developed as a separate mission with methodological and scientific considerations tailored to the biology of these organisms. In this review, we summarize findings primarily from the last three years that exemplify recent advances and continuing challenges to learning about bacterial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Jaisinghani
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Jessica C Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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22
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Heiles S. Advanced tandem mass spectrometry in metabolomics and lipidomics-methods and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5927-5948. [PMID: 34142202 PMCID: PMC8440309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics are new drivers of the omics era as molecular signatures and selected analytes allow phenotypic characterization and serve as biomarkers, respectively. The growing capabilities of untargeted and targeted workflows, which primarily rely on mass spectrometric platforms, enable extensive charting or identification of bioactive metabolites and lipids. Structural annotation of these compounds is key in order to link specific molecular entities to defined biochemical functions or phenotypes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), first and foremost collision-induced dissociation (CID), is the method of choice to unveil structural details of metabolites and lipids. But CID fragment ions are often not sufficient to fully characterize analytes. Therefore, recent years have seen a surge in alternative tandem MS methodologies that aim to offer full structural characterization of metabolites and lipids. In this article, principles, capabilities, drawbacks, and first applications of these "advanced tandem mass spectrometry" strategies will be critically reviewed. This includes tandem MS methods that are based on electrons, photons, and ion/molecule, as well as ion/ion reactions, combining tandem MS with concepts from optical spectroscopy and making use of derivatization strategies. In the final sections of this review, the first applications of these methodologies in combination with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry imaging are highlighted and future perspectives for research in metabolomics and lipidomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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23
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Freeman C, Hynds HM, Carpenter JM, Appala K, Bimpeh K, Barbarek S, Gatto C, Wilkinson BJ, Hines KM. Revealing Fatty Acid Heterogeneity in Staphylococcal Lipids with Isotope Labeling and RPLC-IM-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2376-2385. [PMID: 34014662 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Up to 80% of the fatty acids in Staphylococcus aureus membrane lipids are branched, rather than straight-chain, fatty acids. The branched fatty acids (BCFAs) may have either an even or odd number of carbons, and the branch position may be at the penultimate carbon (iso) or the antepenultimate (anteiso) carbon of the tail. This results in two sets of isomeric fatty acid species with the same number of carbons that cannot be resolved by mass spectrometry. The isomer/isobar challenge is further complicated when the mixture of BCFAs and straight-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are esterified into diacylated lipids such as the phosphatidylglycerol (PG) species of the S. aureus membrane. No conventional chromatographic method has been able to resolve diacylated lipids containing mixtures of SCFAs, anteiso-odd, iso-odd, and iso-even BCFAs. A major hurdle to method development in this area is the lack of relevant analytical standards for lipids containing BCFA isomers. The diversity of the S. aureus lipidome and its naturally high levels of BCFAs present an opportunity to explore the potential of resolving diacylated lipids containing BCFAs and SFCAs. Using our knowledge of lipid and fatty acid biosynthesis in S. aureus, we have used a stable-isotope-labeling strategy to develop and validate a 30 min C18 reversed-phase liquid chromatography method combined with traveling-wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry to provide resolution of diacylated lipids based on the number of BCFAs that they contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hannah M Hynds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jana M Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Keerthi Appala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kingsley Bimpeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Shannon Barbarek
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Craig Gatto
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Brian J Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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24
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Bonney JR, Prentice BM. Perspective on Emerging Mass Spectrometry Technologies for Comprehensive Lipid Structural Elucidation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6311-6322. [PMID: 33856206 PMCID: PMC8177724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids and metabolites are of interest in many clinical and research settings because it is the metabolome that is increasingly recognized as a more dynamic and sensitive molecular measure of phenotype. The enormous diversity of lipid structures and the importance of biological structure-function relationships in a wide variety of applications makes accurate identification a challenging yet crucial area of research in the lipid community. Indeed, subtle differences in the chemical structures of lipids can have important implications in cellular metabolism and many disease pathologies. The speed, sensitivity, and molecular specificity afforded by modern mass spectrometry has led to its widespread adoption in the field of lipidomics on many different instrument platforms and experimental workflows. However, unambiguous and complete structural identification of lipids by mass spectrometry remains challenging. Increasingly sophisticated tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) approaches are now being developed and seamlessly integrated into lipidomics workflows to meet this challenge. These approaches generally either (i) alter the type of ion that is interrogated or (ii) alter the dissociation method in order to improve the structural information obtained from the MS/MS experiment. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in both ion type alteration and ion dissociation methods for lipid identification by mass spectrometry. This discussion is aimed to engage investigators involved in fundamental ion chemistry and technology developments as well as practitioners of lipidomics and its many applications. The rapid rate of technology development in recent years has accelerated and strengthened the ties between these two research communities. We identify the common characteristics and practical figures of merit of these emerging approaches and discuss ways these may catalyze future directions of lipid structural elucidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Bonney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Boone M Prentice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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25
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Sasiene ZJ, Mendis PM, Jackson GP. Quantitative Assessment of Six Different Reagent Gases for Charge Transfer Dissociation (CTD) of Biological Ions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 462:116532. [PMID: 33679212 PMCID: PMC7928426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2021.116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer dissociation mass spectrometry (CTD-MS) has been shown to induce high energy fragmentation of biological ions in the gas phase and provide fragmentation spectra similar to extreme ultraviolet photodissociation (XUVPD). To date, CTD has typically employed helium cations with kinetic energies between 4-10 keV to initiate radical-directed fragmentation of analytes. However, as a reagent, helium has recently been listed as a critical mineral that is becoming scarcer and more expensive, so this study explored the potential for using cheaper and more readily available reagent gases. A model peptide, bradykinin, and a model oligosaccharide, κ-carrageenan with a degree of polymerization of 4, were fragmented using a variety of CTD reagent gases, which included helium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, argon and lab air. The CTD results were also contrasted with low-energy collision-induced dissociation (LE-CID), which were collected on the same 3D ion trap. Using constant reagent ion fluxes and kinetic energies, all five alterative reagent gases generated remarkably consistent sequence coverage and fragmentation efficiencies relative to He-CTD, which suggests that the ionization energy of the reagent gas has a negligible effect on the activation of the biological ions. The CTD efficiencies of all the gases ranged from 11-13% for bradykinin and 7-8% for κ-carrageenan. Within these tight ranges, the abundance of the CTnoD peak of bradykinin and the efficiency of CTD fragmentation of bradykinin both correlated with the ionization energy of the CTD reagent gas, which suggests that resonant charge transfer plays a small role in the activation of this peptide. The majority of the excitation energy for bradykinin and for κ-carrageenan comes from an electron stopping mechanism, which is described by long-range interactions between the reagent cations and electrons in the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of the biological ions. The CTD spectra do not provide any evidence for covalently bound products between the biological ions and the more-reactive gases like hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which implies that the high kinetic energies of the reagent ions make them unavailable for covalent reactions. This work demonstrates that any of the substitute reagent gases tested are viable options for future CTD-MS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA
| | - Praneeth M. Mendis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA
| | - Glen P. Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA
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26
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Randolph CE, Shenault DM, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Localization of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond and Cyclopropane Sites in Cardiolipins via Gas-Phase Charge Inversion Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:455-464. [PMID: 33370110 PMCID: PMC8557092 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CLs) are comprised of two phosphatic acid moieties bound to a central glycerol backbone and are substituted with four acyl chains. Consequently, a vast number of distinct CL structures are possible in different biological contexts, representing a significant analytical challenge. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) has become a widely used approach for the detection, characterization, and quantitation of complex lipids, including CLs. Central to this approach is fragmentation of the [CLs - H]- or [CL - 2H]2- anions by collision-induced dissociation (CID). Product ions in the resulting tandem mass spectra confirm the CL subclass assignment and reveal the numbers of carbons and degrees of unsaturation in each of the acyl chains. Conventional CID, however, affords limited structural elucidation of the fatty acyl chains, failing to discriminate isomers arising from different site(s) of unsaturation or cyclopropanation and potentially obscuring their metabolic origins. Here, we report the application of charge inversion ion/ion chemistry in the gas phase to enhance the structural elucidation of CLs. Briefly, CID of [CL - H]2- anions generated via negative ion ESI allowed for the assignment of individual fatty acyl substituents and phosphatidic acid moieties. Next, gas-phase derivatization of the resulting CL product ions, including fatty acyl carboxylate anions, was effected with gas-phase ion/ion charge inversion reactions with tris-phenanthroline magnesium reagent dications. Subsequent isolation and activation of the charge-inverted fatty acyl complex cations permitted the localization of both carbon-carbon double bond and cyclopropane motifs within each of the four acyl chains of CLs. This approach was applied to the de novo elucidation of unknown CLs in a biological extract revealing distinct isomeric populations and regiochemical relationships between double bonds and carbocyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | | | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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27
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Zhao X, Xia Y. Characterization of Fatty Acyl Modifications in Phosphatidylcholines and Lysophosphatidylcholines via Radical-Directed Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:560-568. [PMID: 33444004 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) are the major structural components of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, while lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) are critical intermediates in lipid remodeling. Conventional tandem mass spectrometric (MSn) methods via collision-induced dissociation (CID) are blind to intrachain modifications such as the location of the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) and methyl branching point. In this study, we demonstrate that almost complete structural information can be inferred from a single MS2 CID spectrum of the bicarbonate anion adducts of PC or LPC ([M + HCO3]-), including the identity of the headgroup, composition of fatty acyl chains, their sn-positions, the location of C═C, and the point of methyl branching in fatty acyls. We have integrated this MS2 CID method onto liquid chromatography for the analysis LPCs in human plasma, revealing the existence of multiple sn-isomers, branched chain isomers, and C═C location isomers of LPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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28
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Lee TH, Hofferek V, Sani MA, Separovic F, Reid GE, Aguilar MI. The impact of antibacterial peptides on bacterial lipid membranes depends on stage of growth. Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:399-418. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Impact of maculatin 1.1 on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) derived from early growth phase (EGP) or stationary growth phase (SGP) E. coli lipid extracts, monitored by atomic force microscopy which images bilayer morphology in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vinzenz Hofferek
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E. Reid
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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29
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Randolph CE, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Enhancing detection and characterization of lipids using charge manipulation in electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104970. [PMID: 32890498 PMCID: PMC7606777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heightened awareness regarding the implication of disturbances in lipid metabolism with respect to prevalent human-related pathologies demands analytical techniques that provide unambiguous structural characterization and accurate quantitation of lipids in complex biological samples. The diversity in molecular structures of lipids along with their wide range of concentrations in biological matrices present formidable analytical challenges. Modern mass spectrometry (MS) offers an unprecedented level of analytical power in lipid analysis, as many advancements in the field of lipidomics have been facilitated through novel applications of and developments in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). ESI allows for the formation of intact lipid ions with little to no fragmentation and has become widely used in contemporary lipidomics experiments due to its sensitivity, reproducibility, and compatibility with condensed-phase modes of separation, such as liquid chromatography (LC). Owing to variations in lipid functional groups, ESI enables partial chemical separation of the lipidome, yet the preferred ion-type is not always formed, impacting lipid detection, characterization, and quantitation. Moreover, conventional ESI-MS/MS approaches often fail to expose diverse subtle structural features like the sites of unsaturation in fatty acyl constituents or acyl chain regiochemistry along the glycerol backbone, representing a significant challenge for ESI-MS/MS. To overcome these shortcomings, various charge manipulation strategies, including charge-switching, have been developed to transform ion-type and charge state, with aims of increasing sensitivity and selectivity of ESI-MS/MS approaches. Importantly, charge manipulation approaches afford enhanced ionization efficiency, improved mixture analysis performance, and access to informative fragmentation channels. Herein, we present a critical review of the current suite of solution-based and gas-phase strategies for the manipulation of lipid ion charge and type relevant to ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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30
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Buenger EW, Reid GE. Shedding light on isomeric FAHFA lipid structures using 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:311-323. [PMID: 32957827 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720960341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of biological active lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory functions. Given that structure and function are intimately related, we report here the use of direct infusion multi-stage hybrid tandem mass spectrometry involving sequential Collisional Activated Dissociation (CAD) and 213 nm UltraViolet PhotoDissociation (UVPD), as a novel technique for the unambiguous denovo identification and detailed structural characterisation of FAHFA lipid ions, including determination of the esterified fatty acid identity, the hydroxy fatty acid identity and position of esterification, and localization of the site(s) of endogenous unsaturations, without need for chromatographic separation or authentic reference standards. The utility of this approach is demonstrated for the identification of individual FAHFA lipids introduced to the mass spectrometer in positive ionization mode as their lithiated adducts, as well as from mixtures containing isomeric FAHFA species with differing esterification sites, including those that are not resolved by current liquid chromatography methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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31
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Blevins MS, James VK, Herrera CM, Purcell AB, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Unsaturation Elements and Other Modifications of Phospholipids in Bacteria: New Insight from Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9146-9155. [PMID: 32479092 PMCID: PMC7384744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids (GPLs), one of the main components of bacterial cell membranes, exhibit high levels of structural complexity that are directly correlated with biophysical membrane properties such as permeability and fluidity. This structural complexity arises from the substantial variability in the individual GPL structural components such as the acyl chain length and headgroup type and is further amplified by the presence of modifications such as double bonds and cyclopropane rings. Here we use liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution and high-mass-accuracy ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry for the most in-depth study of bacterial GPL modifications to date. In doing so, we unravel a diverse array of unexplored GPL modifications, ranging from acyl chain hydroxyl groups to novel headgroup structures. Along with characterizing these modifications, we elucidate general trends in bacterial GPL unsaturation elements and thus aim to decipher some of the biochemical pathways of unsaturation incorporation in bacterial GPLs. Finally, we discover aminoacyl-PGs not only in Gram-positive bacteria but also in Gram-negative C. jejuni, advancing our knowledge of the methods of surface charge modulation that Gram-negative organisms may adopt for antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Virginia K James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Carmen M Herrera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alexandria B Purcell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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32
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Narreddula VR, Sadowski P, Boase NRB, Marshall DL, Poad BLJ, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Structural elucidation of hydroxy fatty acids by photodissociation mass spectrometry with photolabile derivatives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8741. [PMID: 32012356 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Eicosanoids are short-lived bio-responsive lipids produced locally from oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) via a cascade of enzymatic or free radical reactions. Alterations in the composition and concentration of eicosanoids are indicative of inflammation responses and there is strong interest in developing analytical methods for the sensitive and selective detection of these lipids in biological mixtures. Most eicosanoids are hydroxy FAs (HFAs), which present a particular analytical challenge due to the presence of regioisomers arising from differing locations of hydroxylation and unsaturation within their structures. METHODS In this study, the recently developed derivatization reagent 1-(3-(aminomethyl)-4-iodophenyl)pyridin-1-ium (4-I-AMPP+ ) was applied to a representative set of HFAs including bioactive eicosanoids. Photodissociation (PD) mass spectra obtained at 266 nm of 4-I-AMPP+ -modified HFAs exhibit abundant product ions arising from photolysis of the aryl-iodide bond within the derivative with subsequent migration of the radical to the hydroxyl group promoting fragmentation of the FA chain and facilitating structural assignment. RESULTS Representative polyunsaturated HFAs (from the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid families) were derivatized with 4-I-AMPP+ and subjected to a reversed-phase liquid chromatography workflow that afforded chromatographic resolution of isomers in conjunction with structurally diagnostic PD mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS PD of these complex HFAs was found to be sensitive to the locations of hydroxyl groups and carbon-carbon double bonds, which are structural properties strongly associated with the biosynthetic origins of these lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R Narreddula
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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33
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Klein DR, Blevins MS, Macias LA, Douglass MV, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Localization of Double Bonds in Bacterial Glycerophospholipids Using 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation in the Negative Mode. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5986-5993. [PMID: 32212719 PMCID: PMC7385702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The need for detailed structural characterization of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) for many types of biologically motivated applications has led to the development of novel mass spectrometry-based methodologies that utilize alternative ion activation methods. Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) has shown great utility for localizing sites of unsaturation within acyl chains and to date has predominantly been used for positive mode analysis of GPLs. In the present work, UVPD is used to localize sites of unsaturation in GPL anions. Similar to UVPD mass spectra of GPL cations, UVPD of deprotonated or formate-adducted GPLs yields diagnostic fragment ions spaced 24 Da apart. This method was integrated into a liquid chromatography workflow and used to evaluate profiles of sites of unsaturation of lipids in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). When assigning sites of unsaturation, E. coli was found to contain all unsaturation elements at the same position relative to the terminal methyl carbon of the acyl chain; the first carbon participating in a site of unsaturation was consistently seven carbons along the acyl chain when counting carbons from the terminal methyl carbon. GPLs from A. baumannii exhibited more variability in locations of unsaturation. For GPLs containing sites of unsaturation in both acyl chains, an MS3 method was devised to assign sites to specific acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Luis A Macias
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Martin V Douglass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, College of Arts and Sciences, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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34
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Brodbelt JS, Morrison LJ, Santos I. Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Biological Molecules. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3328-3380. [PMID: 31851501 PMCID: PMC7145764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of new ion-activation/dissociation methods continues to be one of the most active areas of mass spectrometry owing to the broad applications of tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and structural characterization of molecules. This Review will showcase the impact of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) as a frontier strategy for generating informative fragmentation patterns of ions, especially for biological molecules whose complicated structures, subtle modifications, and large sizes often impede molecular characterization. UVPD energizes ions via absorption of high-energy photons, which allows access to new dissociation pathways relative to more conventional ion-activation methods. Applications of UVPD for the analysis of peptides, proteins, lipids, and other classes of biologically relevant molecules are emphasized in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lindsay J. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Inês Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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35
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Blevins MS, Kim D, Crittenden CM, Hong S, Yeh HC, Petty JT, Brodbelt JS. Footprints of Nanoscale DNA-Silver Cluster Chromophores via Activated-Electron Photodetachment Mass Spectrometry. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14070-14079. [PMID: 31755695 PMCID: PMC7047740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA-templated silver clusters (AgC) are fluorescent probes and biosensors whose electronic spectra can be tuned by their DNA hosts. However, the underlying rules that relate DNA sequence and structure to DNA-AgC fluorescence and photophysics are largely empirical. Here, we employ 193 nm activated electron photodetachment (a-EPD) mass spectrometry as a hybrid MS3 approach to gain structural insight into these nanoscale chromophores. Two DNA-AgC systems are investigated with a 20 nt single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and a 28 nt hybrid hairpin/single-stranded DNA (hpDNA). Both oligonucleotides template Ag10 clusters, but the two complexes are distinct chromophores: the former has a violet absorption at 400 nm with no observable emission, while the latter has a blue-green absorption at 490 nm with strong green emission at 550 nm. Via identification of both apo and holo (AgC-containing) sequence ions generated upon a-EPD and mapping areas of sequence dropout, specific DNA regions that encapsulate the AgC are assigned and attributed to the coordination with the DNA nucleobases. These a-EPD footprints are distinct for the two complexes. The ssDNA contacts the cluster via four nucleobases (CCTT) in the central region of the strand, whereas the hpDNA coordinates the cluster via 13 nucleobases (TTCCCGCCTTTTG) in the double-stranded region of the hairpin. This difference is consistent with prior X-ray scattering spectra and suggests that the clusters can adapt to different DNA hosts. More importantly, the a-EPD footprints directly identify the nucleobases that are in direct contact with the AgC. As these contacting nucleobases can tune the electronic structures of the Ag core and protect the AgC from collisional quenching in solution, understanding the DNA-silver contacts within these complexes will facilitate future biosensor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dahye Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | | | - Soonwoo Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Petty
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Corresponding Author:.
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36
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Gao X, Liu W, Mei J, Xie J. Quantitative Analysis of Cold Stress Inducing Lipidomic Changes in Shewanella putrefaciens Using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:E4609. [PMID: 31888284 PMCID: PMC6943694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens is a well-known specific spoilage organism (SSO) and cold-tolerant microorganism in refrigerated fresh marine fish. Cold-adapted mechanism includes increased fluidity of lipid membranes by the ability to finely adjust lipids composition. In the present study, the lipid profile of S. putrefaciens cultivated at 30, 20, 10, 4, and 0 °C was explored using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to discuss the effect of lipid composition on cold-adapted tolerance. Lipidomic analysis detected a total of 27 lipid classes and 606 lipid molecular species in S. putrefaciens cultivated at 30, 20, 10, 4, and 0 °C. S. putrefaciens cultivated at 30 °C (SP-30) had significantly higher content of glycerolipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids, and fatty acids compared with that at 0 °C (SP-0); however, the lower content of phospholipids (13.97%) was also found in SP-30. PE (30:0), PE (15:0/15:0), PE (31:0), PA (33:1), PE (32:1), PE (33:1), PE (25:0), PC (22:0), PE (29:0), PE (34:1), dMePE (15:0/16:1), PE (31:1), dMePE (15:1/15:0), PG (34:2), and PC (11:0/11:0) were identified as the most abundant lipid molecular species in S. putrefaciens cultivated at 30, 20, 10, 4, and 0 °C. The increase of PG content contributes to the construction of membrane lipid bilayer and successfully maintains membrane integrity under cold stress. S. putrefaciens cultivated at low temperature significantly increased the total unsaturated liquid contents but decreased the content of saturated liquid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (X.G.); (W.L.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- School of Health and Social Care, Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College, Shanghai 201415, China
| | - Wenru Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (X.G.); (W.L.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (X.G.); (W.L.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (X.G.); (W.L.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
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37
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Macias LA, Feider CL, Eberlin LS, Brodbelt JS. Hybrid 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry Localizes Cardiolipin Unsaturations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12509-12516. [PMID: 31490676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing alternative MS/MS strategies to distinguish isomeric lipids has become a high impact goal in shotgun lipidomics. Novel approaches have been developed to resolve structural features that are not discernible by traditional shotgun methods and have consequently promoted the discovery of new disease biomarkers. However, these methods have largely been limited to characterizing lipids with low structural complexity. Here, ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) strategies for phospholipid characterization are expanded for analysis of cardiolipins (CL), a class of phospholipids that exhibits a higher degree of structural complexity. A hybrid collision induced dissociation/193 nm UVPD (CID/UVPD) approach was implemented to pinpoint the location of both double bond and cyclopropyl unsaturations on the four acyl chains of CLs. This strategy was complemented with CID for the de novo elucidation of unknown CLs in biological extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Macias
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Clara L Feider
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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38
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Mishra VK, Buter J, Blevins MS, Witte MD, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Brodbelt JS, Minnaard AJ. Total Synthesis of an Immunogenic Trehalose Phospholipid from Salmonella Typhi and Elucidation of Its sn-Regiochemistry by Mass Spectrometry. Org Lett 2019; 21:5126-5131. [PMID: 31247773 PMCID: PMC6614791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diphosphatidyltrehalose (diPT) is an immunogenic glycolipid, recently isolated from Salmonella Typhi. Despite rigorous structure elucidation, the sn-position of the acyl chains on the glycerol backbone had not been unequivocally established. A stereoselective synthesis of diPT and its regioisomer is reported herein. Using a hybrid MS3 approach combining collisional dissociation and ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry for analysis of the regioisomers and natural diPT, the regiochemistry of the acyl chains of this abundant immunostimulatory glycolipid was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Mishra
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Martin D Witte
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , 3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - D Branch Moody
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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