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Ji Z, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Li X, Li H. Surface Modification of ETFE Membrane and PTFE Membrane by Atmospheric DBD Plasma. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050510. [PMID: 35629836 PMCID: PMC9147111 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine resin membranes with excellent chemical resistance have great potential for the application of high-performance chemical protective clothing. However, it is difficult to integrate fluorine resins into other materials such as fabrics due to their lower surface energy and poor bondability, making the fabrication of composite fabrics and the further seal splicing challenging. In this study, atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in helium (He) and helium/acrylic acid (He/AA) mixture atmospheres were used to modify two kinds of fluorine resins, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. The surface chemical properties, physical morphology, hydrophilicity and adhesion strength of the fluororesin membranes before and after plasma treatments were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the plasma treatment can modify the membrane surface at the nanoscale level without damaging the main body of the membrane. The hydrophilicity of the plasma-treated membrane was improved with the water contact angle decreasing from 95.83° to 49.9° for the ETFE membrane and from 109.9° to 67.8° for the PTFE membrane, respectively. The He plasma creates active sites on the membrane surface as well as etching the membrane surface, increasing the surface roughness. The He/AA plasma treatment introduces two types of polyacrylic acid (PAA)—deposited polyacrylic acid (d-PAA) and grafted polyacrylic acid (g-PAA)—on the membrane surface. Even after ultrasonic washing with acetone, g-PAA still existed stably and, as a result, improved the polarity and adhesion strength of fluororesin membranes. This work provides useful insights into the modification mechanism of DBD plasma on fluorine resins, with implications for developing effective strategies of integrating fluorine resin membrane to chemical protective clothing fabrics.
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Sifat AA, Jahng J, Potma EO. Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) - principles and implementations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4208-4222. [PMID: 35510630 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a scan probe technique that offers images with spectroscopic contrast at a spatial resolution in the nanometer range. PiFM utilizes the non-propagating, enhanced near field at the apex of a sharp tip to locally induce a polarization in the sample, which in turn produces an additional force acting on the cantilevered tip. This photo-induced force, though in the pN range or less, can be extracted from the oscillation properties of the cantilever, thus enabling the generation of photo-induced force maps. Since its inception in 2010, the PiFM technique has grown into a useful nano-spectrocopic tool that has expanded its reach in terms of imaging capabilities and applications. In this review, we present various technical implementations of the PiFM approach. In addition, we discuss the physical origin of the PiFM signal, highlighting the contributions from dipole-dipole forces as well as forces that derive from photo-thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Anjum Sifat
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Hyperspectral Nano-imaging Lab, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Eric O Potma
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Wang H, Xie Q, Xu XG. Super-resolution mid-infrared spectro-microscopy of biological applications through tapping mode and peak force tapping mode atomic force microscope. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114080. [PMID: 34906646 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small biomolecules at the subcellular level are building blocks for the manifestation of complex biological activities. However, non-intrusive in situ investigation of biological systems has been long daunted by the low spatial resolution and poor sensitivity of conventional light microscopies. Traditional infrared (IR) spectro-microscopy can enable label-free visualization of chemical bonds without extrinsic labeling but is still bound by Abbe's diffraction limit. This review article introduces a way to bypass the optical diffraction limit and improve the sensitivity for mid-IR methods - using tip-enhanced light nearfield in atomic force microscopy (AFM) operated in tapping and peak force tapping modes. Working principles of well-established scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and two relatively new techniques, namely, photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) and peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy, will be briefly presented. With ∼ 10-20 nm spatial resolution and monolayer sensitivity, their recent applications in revealing nanoscale chemical heterogeneities in a wide range of biological systems, including biomolecules, cells, tissues, and biomaterials, will be reviewed and discussed. We also envision several future improvements of AFM-based tapping and peak force tapping mode nano-IR methods that permit them to better serve as a versatile platform for uncovering biological mechanisms at the fundamental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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Jakob DS, Li N, Zhou H, Xu XG. Integrated Tapping Mode Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Photoinduced Force Microscopy for Correlative Chemical and Surface Potential Mapping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102495. [PMID: 34310045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a popular technique for mapping the surface potential at the nanoscale through measurement of the Coulombic force between an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and sample. The lateral resolution of conventional KPFM variants is limited to between ≈35 and 100 nm in ambient conditions due to the long-range nature of the Coulombic force. In this article, a novel way of generating the Coulombic force in tapping mode KPFM without the need for an external AC driving voltage is presented. A field-effect transistor (FET) is used to directly switch the electrical connectivity of the tip and sample on and off periodically. The resulting Coulomb force induced by Fermi level alignment of the tip and sample results in a detectable change of the cantilever oscillation at the FET-switching frequency. The resulting FET-switched KPFM delivers a spatial resolution of ≈25 nm and inherits the high operational speed of the AFM tapping mode. Moreover, the FET-switched KPFM is integrated with photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), enabling simultaneous acquisitions of high spatial resolution chemical distributions and surface potential maps. The integrated FET-switched KPFM with PiFM is expected to facilitate characterizations of nanoscale electrical properties of photoactive materials, semiconductors, and ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Nengxu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huanping Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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Goikoetxea M, Amenabar I, Chimenti S, Paulis M, Leiza JR, Hillenbrand R. Cross-Sectional Chemical Nanoimaging of Composite Polymer Nanoparticles by Infrared Nanospectroscopy. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Goikoetxea
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iban Amenabar
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Stefano Chimenti
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maria Paulis
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Leiza
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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Wang H, Wang L, Janzen E, Edgar JH, Xu XG. Total Internal Reflection Peak Force Infrared Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 93:731-736. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - James H. Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Xiaoji G. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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Li W, Wang H, Xu XG, Yu Y. Simultaneous Nanoscale Imaging of Chemical and Architectural Heterogeneity on Yeast Cell Wall Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6169-6177. [PMID: 32419466 PMCID: PMC7882198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Particles extracted from yeast cell walls are naturally occurring immunomodulators with significant therapeutic applications. Their biological function has been thought to be a consequence of the overall chemical composition. In contrast, here we achieve direct nanoscale visualization of the compositional and structural heterogeneity of yeast cell wall particles and demonstrate that such nanoscale heterogeneity directly influences the receptor function of immune cells. By combining peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, we achieve simultaneous chemical, topographical, and mechanical mapping of cell wall particles extracted from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with ≈6 nm resolution. We show that polysaccharides (β-glucan and chitin) and proteins are organized in specific nonuniform structures, and their heterogeneous spatial organization leads to heterogeneous recruitment of receptors on immune cell membranes. Our findings indicate that the biological function of yeast cell wall particles depends on not only their overall composition but also the nanoscale distribution of the different cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Wang H, Janzen E, Wang L, Edgar JH, Xu XG. Probing Mid-Infrared Phonon Polaritons in the Aqueous Phase. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3986-3991. [PMID: 32320254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phonon polaritons (PhPs) are collective phonon oscillations with hybridized electromagnetic fields, which concentrate mid-infrared optical fields that can match molecular vibrations. The utilization of PhPs holds the promise for chemical sensing tools and polariton-enhanced nanospectroscopy. However, investigations and innovations on PhPs in the aqueous phase remain stagnant because of the lack of in situ mid-infrared nanoimaging methods in water. Strong infrared absorption from water prohibits optical delivery and detection in the mid-infrared for scattering-type near-field microscopy. Here, we present our solution: the detection of photothermal responses caused by the excitation of PhPs by liquid phase peak force infrared (LiPFIR) microscopy. Characteristic interference fringes of PhPs in 10B isotope-enriched h-BN were measured in the aqueous phase and their dispersion relationship extracted. LiPFIR enables the measurement of mid-infrared PhPs in the fluid phase, opening possibilities and facilitating the development of mid-IR phonon polaritonics in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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