1
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Favell JW, Bui DT, Li J, Han L, Kitova EN, Schmidt EN, Brassard R, Kitov PI, St-Pierre Y, Mahal LK, Lemieux MJ, Macauley MS, Klassen JS. Elusive Protein-Glycosphingolipid Interactions Revealed by Membrane Anchor-Assisted Native Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21700-21709. [PMID: 39052014 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) present in cell membranes are implicated in a wide range of biological processes. However, studying GSL binding is hindered by the paucity of purified GSLs and the weak affinities typical of monovalent GBP-GSL interactions. Native mass spectrometry (nMS) performed using soluble model membranes is a promising approach for the discovery of GBP ligands, but the detection of weak interactions remains challenging. The present work introduces MEmbrane ANchor-assisted nMS (MEAN-nMS) for the detection of low-affinity GBP-GSL complexes. The assay utilizes a membrane anchor, produced by covalent cross-linking of the GBP and a lipid in the membrane, to localize the GBP on the surface and promote GSL binding. Ligands are identified by nMS detection of intact GBP-GSL complexes (MEAN-nMS) or using a catch-and-release (CaR) strategy, wherein GSLs are released from GBP-GSL complexes upon collisional activation and detected (MEAN-CaR-nMS). To establish reliability, a library of purified gangliosides incorporated into nanodiscs was screened against human immune lectins, and the results compared with affinities of the corresponding ganglioside oligosaccharides. Without a membrane anchor, nMS analysis yielded predominantly false negatives. In contrast, all ligands were identified by MEAN-(CaR)-nMS, with no false positives. To highlight the potential of MEAN-CaR-nMS for ligand discovery, a natural library of GSLs was incorporated into nanodiscs and screened against human and viral proteins to uncover elusive ligands. Finally, nMS-based detection of GSL ligands directly from cells is demonstrated. This breakthrough paves the way for shotgun glycomics screening using intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Favell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Duong T Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Edward N Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Raelynn Brassard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Pavel I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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2
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Kundu S, Rohokale R, Lin C, Chen S, Biswas S, Guo Z. Bifunctional glycosphingolipid (GSL) probes to investigate GSL-interacting proteins in cell membranes. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100570. [PMID: 38795858 PMCID: PMC11261293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are abundant glycolipids on cells and essential for cell recognition, adhesion, signal transduction, and so on. However, their lipid anchors are not long enough to cross the membrane bilayer. To transduce transmembrane signals, GSLs must interact with other membrane components, whereas such interactions are difficult to investigate. To overcome this difficulty, bifunctional derivatives of II3-β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-GA2 (GalNAc-GA2) and β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-ceramide (GlcNAc-Cer) were synthesized as probes to explore GSL-interacting membrane proteins in live cells. Both probes contain photoreactive diazirine in the lipid moiety, which can crosslink with proximal membrane proteins upon photoactivation, and clickable alkyne in the glycan to facilitate affinity tag addition for crosslinked protein pull-down and characterization. The synthesis is highlighted by the efficient assembly of simple glycolipid precursors followed by on-site lipid remodeling. These probes were employed to profile GSL-interacting membrane proteins in HEK293 cells. The GalNAc-GA2 probe revealed 312 distinct proteins, with GlcNAc-Cer probe-crosslinked proteins as controls, suggesting the potential influence of the glycan on GSL functions. Many of the proteins identified with the GalNAc-GA2 probe are associated with GSLs, and some have been validated as being specific to this probe. The versatile probe design and experimental protocols are anticipated to be widely applicable to GSL research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajendra Rohokale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chuwei Lin
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Shayak Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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3
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Sergeeva Y, Yeung SY, Sellergren B. Heteromultivalent Ligand Display on Reversible Self-Assembled Monolayers (rSAMs): A Fluidic Platform for Tunable Influenza Virus Recognition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3139-3146. [PMID: 38197122 PMCID: PMC10811624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We report on the design of heteromultivalent influenza A virus (IAV) receptors based on reversible self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) featuring two distinct mobile ligands. The principal layer building blocks consist of α-(4-amidinophenoxy)alkanes decorated at the ω-position with sialic acid (SA) and the neuraminidase inhibitor Zanamivir (Zan), acting as two mobile ligands binding to the complementary receptors hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) on the virus surface. From ternary amphiphile mixtures comprising these ligands, the amidines spontaneously self-assemble on top of carboxylic acid-terminated SAMs to form reversible mixed monolayers (rSAMs) that are easily tunable with respect to the ligand ratio. We show that this results in the ability to construct surfaces featuring a very strong affinity for the surface proteins and specific virus subtypes. Hence, an rSAM prepared from solutions containing 15% SA and 10% Zan showed an exceptionally high affinity and selectivity for the avian IAV H7N9 (Kd = 11 fM) that strongly exceeded the affinity for other subtypes (H3N2, H5N1, H1N1). Changing the SA/Zan ratio resulted in changes in the relative preference between the four tested subtypes, suggesting this to be a key parameter for rapid adjustments of both virus affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Sergeeva
- Department of Biomedical
Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty
of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical
Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty
of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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4
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Verhoef CJA, Kay DF, van Dijck L, Doveston RG, Brunsveld L, Leney AC, Cossar PJ. Tracking the mechanism of covalent molecular glue stabilization using native mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6756-6762. [PMID: 37350830 PMCID: PMC10284121 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01732j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular glues are powerful tools for the control of protein-protein interactions. Yet, the mechanisms underlying multi-component protein complex formation remain poorly understood. Native mass spectrometry (MS) detects multiple protein species simultaneously, providing an entry to elucidate these mechanisms. Here, for the first time, covalent molecular glue stabilization was kinetically investigated by combining native MS with biophysical and structural techniques. This approach elucidated the stoichiometry of a multi-component protein-ligand complex, the assembly order, and the contributions of covalent versus non-covalent binding events that govern molecular glue activity. Aldehyde-based molecular glue activity is initially regulated by cooperative non-covalent binding, followed by slow covalent ligation, further enhancing stabilization. This study provides a framework to investigate the mechanisms of covalent small molecule ligation and informs (covalent) molecular glue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo J A Verhoef
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Danielle F Kay
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Lars van Dijck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Richard G Doveston
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Aneika C Leney
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Peter J Cossar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
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5
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Schmidt EN, Lamprinaki D, McCord KA, Joe M, Sojitra M, Waldow A, Nguyen J, Monyror J, Kitova EN, Mozaneh F, Guo XY, Jung J, Enterina JR, Daskhan GC, Han L, Krysler AR, Cromwell CR, Hubbard BP, West LJ, Kulka M, Sipione S, Klassen JS, Derda R, Lowary TL, Mahal LK, Riddell MR, Macauley MS. Siglec-6 mediates the uptake of extracellular vesicles through a noncanonical glycolipid binding pocket. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2327. [PMID: 37087495 PMCID: PMC10122656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory Siglecs are controlled by their glycoprotein and glycolipid ligands. Siglec-glycolipid interactions are often studied outside the context of a lipid bilayer, missing the complex behaviors of glycolipids in a membrane. Through optimizing a liposomal formulation to dissect Siglec-glycolipid interactions, it is shown that Siglec-6 can recognize glycolipids independent of its canonical binding pocket, suggesting that Siglec-6 possesses a secondary binding pocket tailored for recognizing glycolipids in a bilayer. A panel of synthetic neoglycolipids is used to probe the specificity of this glycolipid binding pocket on Siglec-6, leading to the development of a neoglycolipid with higher avidity for Siglec-6 compared to natural glycolipids. This neoglycolipid facilitates the delivery of liposomes to Siglec-6 on human mast cells, memory B-cells and placental syncytiotrophoblasts. A physiological relevance for glycolipid recognition by Siglec-6 is revealed for the binding and internalization of extracellular vesicles. These results demonstrate a unique and physiologically relevant ability of Siglec-6 to recognize glycolipids in a membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Kelli A McCord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maju Joe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mirat Sojitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ayk Waldow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jasmine Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Physiology University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John Monyror
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fahima Mozaneh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xue Yan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jhon R Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gour C Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda R Krysler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Basil P Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marianne Kulka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Meghan R Riddell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Physiology University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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6
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Klamer Z, Haab B. Combined Analysis of Multiple Glycan-Array Datasets: New Explorations of Protein-Glycan Interactions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10925-10933. [PMID: 34319080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycan arrays are indispensable for learning about the specificities of glycan-binding proteins. Despite the abundance of available data, the current analysis methods do not have the ability to interpret and use the variety of data types and to integrate information across datasets. Here, we evaluated whether a novel, automated algorithm for glycan-array analysis could meet that need. We developed a regression-tree algorithm with simultaneous motif optimization and packaged it in software called MotifFinder. We applied the software to analyze data from eight different glycan-array platforms with widely divergent characteristics and observed an accurate analysis of each dataset. We then evaluated the feasibility and value of the combined analyses of multiple datasets. In an integrated analysis of datasets covering multiple lectin concentrations, the software determined approximate binding constants for distinct motifs and identified major differences between the motifs that were not apparent from single-concentration analyses. Furthermore, an integrated analysis of data sources with complementary sets of glycans produced broader views of lectin specificity than produced by the analysis of just one data source. MotifFinder, therefore, enables the optimal use of the expanding resource of the glycan-array data and promises to advance the studies of protein-glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Klamer
- Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Brian Haab
- Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
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7
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Du Y, Du Y, Cui M, Liu Z. Characterization of the Noncovalent Interactions between Lysozyme and Panaxadiol Glycosides by Intensity-Fading – Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization – Mass Spectrometry (IF-MALDI-MS). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1867995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Du
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Du
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Cui
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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8
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Kostelic MM, Zak CK, Jayasekera HS, Marty MT. Assembly of Model Membrane Nanodiscs for Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5972-5979. [PMID: 33797873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) with nanodiscs is a promising technique for characterizing membrane protein and peptide interactions in lipid bilayers. However, prior studies have used nanodiscs made of only one or two lipids, which lack the complexity of a natural lipid bilayer. To better model specific biological membranes, we developed model mammalian, bacterial, and mitochondrial nanodiscs with up to four different phospholipids. Careful selection of lipids with similar masses that balance the fluidity and curvature enabled these complex nanodiscs to be assembled and resolved with native MS. We then applied this approach to characterize the specificity and incorporation of LL-37, a human antimicrobial peptide, in single-lipid nanodiscs versus model bacterial nanodiscs. Overall, development of these model membrane nanodiscs reveals new insights into the assembly of complex nanodiscs and provides a useful toolkit for studying membrane protein, peptide, and lipid interactions in model biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Kostelic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ciara K Zak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hiruni S Jayasekera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Michael T Marty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Keener
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Michael T. Marty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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10
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Han L, Xue X, Roy R, Kitova EN, Zheng RB, St-Pierre Y, Lowary TL, Klassen JS. Neoglycolipids as Glycosphingolipid Surrogates for Protein Binding Studies Using Nanodiscs and Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14189-14196. [PMID: 32940034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in the membranes of cells are implicated in a wide variety of normal and pathophysiological processes. Despite the critical biological roles these interactions play, the GSL ligands of most GBPs have not yet been identified. The limited availability of purified GSLs represents a significant challenge to the discovery and characterization of biologically relevant GBP-GSL interactions. The present work investigates the use of neoglycolipids (NGLs) as surrogates for GSLs for catch-and-release-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CaR-ESI-MS)-based screening, implemented with nanodiscs, for the discovery of GSL ligands. Three pairs of NGLs based on the blood group type A and B trisaccharides, with three different lipid head groups but all with "ring-closed" monosaccharide residue at the reducing end, were synthesized. The incorporation efficiencies (into nanodiscs) of the NGLs and their affinities for a fragment of family 51 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) identified an amide-linked 1,3-di-O-hexadecyl-glycerol moiety as the optimal lipid structure. Binding measurements performed on cholera toxin B subunit homopentamer (CTB5) and nanodiscs containing an NGL consisting of the optimal lipid moiety and the GM1 ganglioside pentasaccharide yielded affinities similar, within a factor of 2, to those of native GM1. Finally, nanodiscs containing the optimal A and B trisaccharide NGLs, as well as the corresponding NGLs of lactose, A type 2 tetrasaccharide, and the GM1 and GD2 pentasaccharides were screened against the family 51 CBM, human galectin-7, and CTB5 to illustrate the potential of NGLs to accelerate the discovery of GSL ligands of GBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xiaochao Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rashmi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ruixiang Blake Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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