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Mensah GAK, Schaefer KG, Roberts AG, King GM, Bartlett MG. Probing the Mechanisms Underlying the Transport of the Vinca Alkaloids by P-glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1960-1974. [PMID: 38527618 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of many cancer drugs is hindered by P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a cellular pump that removes drugs from cells. To improve chemotherapy, drugs capable of evading Pgp must be developed. Despite similarities in structure, vinca alkaloids (VAs) show disparate Pgp-mediated efflux ratios. ATPase activity and binding affinity studies show at least two binding sites for the VAs: high- and low-affinity sites that stimulate and inhibit the ATPase activity rate, respectively. The affinity for ATP from the ATPase kinetics curve for vinblastine (VBL) at the high-affinity site was 2- and 9-fold higher than vinorelbine (VRL) and vincristine (VCR), respectively. Conversely, VBL had the highest Km (ATP) for the low-affinity site. The dissociation constants (KDs) determined by protein fluorescence quenching were in the order VBL < VRL< VCR. The order of the KDs was reversed at higher substrate concentrations. Acrylamide quenching of protein fluorescence indicate that the VAs, either at 10 µM or 150 µM, predominantly maintain Pgp in an open-outward conformation. When 3.2 mM AMPPNP was present, 10 µM of either VBL, VRL, or VCR cause Pgp to shift to an open-outward conformation, while 150 µM of the VAs shifted the conformation of Pgp to an intermediate orientation, between opened inward and open-outward. However, the conformational shift induced by saturating AMPPNP and VCR condition was less than either VBL or VRL in the presence of AMPPNP. At 150 µM, atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the VAs shift Pgp population to a predominantly open-inward conformation. Additionally, STDD NMR studies revealed comparable groups in VBL, VRL, and VCR are in contact with the protein during binding. Our results, when coupled with VAs-microtubule structure-activity relationship studies, could lay the foundation for developing next-generation VAs that are effective as anti-tumor agents. A model that illustrates the intricate process of Pgp-mediated transport of the VAs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gershon A K Mensah
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Katherine G Schaefer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arthur G Roberts
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Gavin M King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Joint with Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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2
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Novischi SYP, Karoly-Lakatos A, Chok K, Bonifer C, Becker-Baldus J, Glaubitz C. Probing the allosteric NBD-TMD crosstalk in the ABC transporter MsbA by solid-state NMR. Commun Biol 2024; 7:43. [PMID: 38182790 PMCID: PMC10770068 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The ABC transporter MsbA plays a critical role in Gram-negative bacteria in the regulation of the outer membrane by translocating core-LPS across the inner membrane. Additionally, a broad substrate specificity for lipophilic drugs has been shown. The allosteric interplay between substrate binding in the transmembrane domains and ATP binding and turnover in the nucleotide-binding domains must be mediated via the NBD/TMD interface. Previous studies suggested the involvement of two intracellular loops called coupling helix 1 and 2 (CH1, CH2). Here, we demonstrate by solid-state NMR spectroscopy that substantial chemical shift changes within both CH1 and CH2 occur upon substrate binding, in the ATP hydrolysis transition state, and upon inhibitor binding. CH2 is domain-swapped within the MsbA structure, and it is noteworthy that substrate binding induces a larger response in CH2 compared to CH1. Our data demonstrate that CH1 and CH2 undergo structural changes as part of the TMD-NBD cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Phoebe Novischi
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Karoly-Lakatos
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerby Chok
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Bonifer
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johanna Becker-Baldus
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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3
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Laiolo J, Graikioti DG, Barbieri CL, Joray MB, Antoniou AI, Vera DMA, Athanassopoulos CM, Carpinella MC. Novel betulin derivatives as multidrug reversal agents targeting P-glycoprotein. Sci Rep 2024; 14:70. [PMID: 38167542 PMCID: PMC10762177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a powerful means of cancer treatment but its efficacy is compromised by the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly linked to the efflux transporter ABCB1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Based on the chemical structure of betulin, identified in our previous work as an effective modulator of the P-gp function, a series of analogs were designed, synthesized and evaluated as a source of novel inhibitors. Compounds 6g and 6i inhibited rhodamine 123 efflux in the P-gp overexpressed leukemia cells, K562/Dox, at concentrations of 0.19 µM and 0.39 µM, respectively, and increased the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin at the submicromolar concentration of 0.098 µM. Compounds 6g and 6i were able to restore the sensitivity of K562/Dox to Dox at 0.024 µM and 0.19 µM, respectively. Structure-activity relationship analysis and molecular modeling revealed important information about the structural features conferring activity. All the active compounds fitted in a specific region involving mainly transmembrane helices (TMH) 4-6 from one homologous half and TMH 7 and 12 from the other, also showing close contacts with TMH 6 and 12. Compounds that bound preferentially to another region were inactive, regardless of their free energy of binding. It should be noted that compounds 6g and 6i were devoid of toxic effects against peripheral blood mononuclear normal cells and erythrocytes. The data obtained indicates that both compounds might be proposed as scaffolds for obtaining promising P-gp inhibitors for overcoming MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Laiolo
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Dafni G Graikioti
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Cecilia L Barbieri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - QUIAMM - INBIOTEC CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana B Joray
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC and CIDIE CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Antonia I Antoniou
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - D Mariano A Vera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - QUIAMM - INBIOTEC CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | | | - María C Carpinella
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC and CIDIE CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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4
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Sajid A, Rahman H, Ambudkar SV. Advances in the structure, mechanism and targeting of chemoresistance-linked ABC transporters. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:762-779. [PMID: 37714963 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently display intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemically diverse anticancer drugs, limiting therapeutic success. Among the main mechanisms of this multidrug resistance is the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that mediate drug efflux, and, specifically, ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1 are known to cause cancer chemoresistance. High-resolution structures, biophysical and in silico studies have led to tremendous progress in understanding the mechanism of drug transport by these ABC transporters, and several promising therapies, including irradiation-based immune and thermal therapies, and nanomedicine have been used to overcome ABC transporter-mediated cancer chemoresistance. In this Review, we highlight the progress achieved in the past 5 years on the three transporters, ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1, that are known to be of clinical importance. We address the molecular basis of their broad substrate specificity gleaned from structural information and discuss novel approaches to block the function of ABC transporters. Furthermore, genetic modification of ABC transporters by CRISPR-Cas9 and approaches to re-engineer amino acid sequences to change the direction of transport from efflux to import are briefly discussed. We suggest that current information regarding the structure, mechanism and regulation of ABC transporters should be used in clinical trials to improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutics for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andaleeb Sajid
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hadiar Rahman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Singh K, Patil RB, Patel V, Remenyik J, Hegedűs T, Goda K. Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Quercetin and Cyanidin-3O-Sophoroside on ABCB1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11341. [PMID: 37511101 PMCID: PMC10379049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein, Pgp) protein is an active exporter expressed in the plasma membrane of cells forming biological barriers. In accordance with its broad substrate spectrum and tissue expression pattern, it affects the pharmacokinetics of numerous chemotherapeutic drugs and it is involved in unwanted drug-drug interactions leading to side effects or toxicities. When expressed in tumor tissues, it contributes to the development of chemotherapy resistance in malignancies. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular details of the ligand-ABCB1 interactions is of crucial importance. In a previous study, we found that quercetin (QUR) hampers both the transport and ATPase activity of ABCB1, while cyandin-3O-sophroside (C3S) stimulates the ATPase activity and causes only a weak inhibition of substrate transport. In the current study, when QUR and C3S were applied together, both a stronger ATPase inhibition and a robust decrease in substrate transport were observed, supporting their synergistic ABCB1 inhibitory effect. Similar to cyclosporine A, a potent ABCB1 inhibitor, co-treatment with QUR and C3S shifted the conformational equilibrium to the "inward-facing" conformer of ABCB1, as it was detected by the conformation-selective UIC2 mAb. To gain deeper insight into the molecular details of ligand-ABCB1 interactions, molecular docking experiments and MD simulations were also carried out. Our in silico studies support that QUR and C3S can bind simultaneously to ABCB1. The most favourable ligand-ABCB1 interaction is obtained when C3S binds to the central substrate binding site and QUR occupies the "access tunnel". Our results also highlight that the strong ABCB1 inhibitory effect of the combined treatment with QUR and C3S may be exploited in chemotherapy protocols for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tumors or for improving drug delivery through pharmacological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljeet Singh
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rajesh B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, OffSinhgad Road, Vadgaon (Bk), Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Patel
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hegedűs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Biophysical Virology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Goda
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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6
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Hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry of integral membrane proteins in native-like environments: current scenario and the way forward. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:187-200. [PMID: 36876893 PMCID: PMC10070480 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) perform a range of diverse functions and their dysfunction underlies numerous pathological conditions. Consequently, IMPs constitute most drug targets, and the elucidation of their mechanism of action has become an intense field of research. Historically, IMP studies have relied on their extraction from membranes using detergents, which have the potential to perturbate their structure and dynamics. To circumnavigate this issue, an array of membrane mimetics has been developed that aim to reconstitute IMPs into native-like lipid environments that more accurately represent the biological membrane. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has emerged as a versatile tool for probing protein dynamics in solution. The continued development of HDX-MS methodology has allowed practitioners to investigate IMPs using increasingly native-like membrane mimetics, and even pushing the study of IMPs into the in vivo cellular environment. Consequently, HDX-MS has come of age and is playing an ever-increasingly important role in the IMP structural biologist toolkit. In the present mini-review, we discuss the evolution of membrane mimetics in the HDX-MS context, focusing on seminal publications and recent innovations that have led to this point. We also discuss state-of-the-art methodological and instrumental advancements that are likely to play a significant role in the generation of high-quality HDX-MS data of IMPs in the future.
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7
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Bonito CA, Ferreira RJ, Ferreira MJU, Gillet JP, Cordeiro MNDS, Dos Santos DJVA. Long-range communication between transmembrane- and nucleotide-binding domains does not depend on drug binding to mutant P-glycoprotein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14428-14437. [PMID: 36858814 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2181633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of four P-gp mutations (G185V, G830V, F978A and ΔF335) on drug-binding and efflux-related signal-transmission mechanism was comprehensively evaluated in the presence of ligands within the drug-binding pocket (DBP), experimentally related with changes in their drug efflux profiles. The severe repacking of the transmembrane helices (TMH), induced by mutations and exacerbated by the presence of ligands, indicates that P-gp is sensitive to perturbations in the transmembrane region. Alterations on drug-binding were also observed as a consequence of the TMH repacking, but were not always correlated with alterations on ligands binding mode and/or binding affinity. Finally, and although all P-gp variants holo systems showed considerable changes in the intracellular coupling helices/nucleotide-binding domain (ICH-NBD) interactions, they seem to be primarily induced by the mutation itself rather than by the presence of ligands within the DBP. The data further suggest that the changes in drug efflux experimentally reported are mostly related with changes on drug specificity rather than effects on signal-transmission mechanism. We also hypothesize that an increase in the drug-binding affinity may also be related with the decreased drug efflux, while minor changes in binding affinities are possibly related with the increased drug efflux observed in transfected cells.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia A Bonito
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Ferreira
- Red Glead Discovery AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria-José U Ferreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jean-Pierre Gillet
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, URPhyM, NARILIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - M Natália D S Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel J V A Dos Santos
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Jones PM, George AM. The Switch and Reciprocating Models for the Function of ABC Multidrug Exporters: Perspectives on Recent Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032624. [PMID: 36768947 PMCID: PMC9917156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters comprise a large superfamily of primary active transporters, which are integral membrane proteins that couple energy to the uphill vectorial transport of substrates across cellular membranes, with concomitant hydrolysis of ATP. ABC transporters are found in all living organisms, coordinating mostly import in prokaryotes and export in eukaryotes. Unlike the highly conserved nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), sequence conservation in the transmembrane domains (TMDs) is low, with their divergent nature likely reflecting a need to accommodate a wide range of substrate types in terms of mass and polarity. An explosion in high resolution structural analysis over the past decade and a half has produced a wealth of structural information for ABCs. Based on the structures, a general mechanism for ABC transporters has been proposed, known as the Switch or Alternating Access Model, which holds that the NBDs are widely separated, with the TMDs and NBDs together forming an intracellular-facing inverted "V" shape. Binding of two ATPs and the substrate to the inward-facing conformation induces a transition to an outward conformation. Despite this apparent progress, certainty around the transport mechanism for any given ABC remains elusive. How substrate binding and transport is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis is not known, and there is a large body of biochemical and biophysical data that is at odds with the widely separated NBDs being a functional physiological state. An alternative Constant Contact model has been proposed in which the two NBSs operate 180 degrees out of phase with respect to ATP hydrolysis, with the NBDs remaining in close proximity throughout the transport cycle and operating in an asymmetric allosteric manner. The two models are discussed in the light of recent nuclear magnetic resonance and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analyses of three ABC exporters.
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Karthika C, Sureshkumar R, Zehravi M, Akter R, Ali F, Ramproshad S, Mondal B, Tagde P, Ahmed Z, Khan FS, Rahman MH, Cavalu S. Multidrug Resistance of Cancer Cells and the Vital Role of P-Glycoprotein. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:897. [PMID: 35743927 PMCID: PMC9227591 DOI: 10.3390/life12060897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a major factor in the multidrug resistance phenotype in cancer cells. P-gp is a protein that regulates the ATP-dependent efflux of a wide range of anticancer medicines and confers resistance. Due to its wide specificity, several attempts have been made to block the action of P-gp to restore the efficacy of anticancer drugs. The major goal has been to create molecules that either compete with anticancer medicines for transport or function as a direct P-gp inhibitor. Despite significant in vitro success, there are presently no drugs available in the clinic that can "block" P-gp-mediated resistance. Toxicity, unfavourable pharmacological interactions, and a variety of pharmacokinetic difficulties might all be the reason for the failure. On the other hand, P-gp has a significant effect in the body. It protects the vital organs from the entry of foreign bodies and other toxic chemicals. Hence, the inhibitors of P-gp should not hinder its action in the normal cells. To develop an effective inhibitor of P-gp, thorough background knowledge is needed in this field. The main aim of this review article was to set forth the merits and demerits of the action of P-gp on cancer cells as well as on normal cells. The influence of P-gp on cancer drug delivery and the contribution of P-gp to activating drug resistance were also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmala Karthika
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Raman Sureshkumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University Alkharj, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Faraat Ali
- Department of Licensing and Enforcement, Laboratory Services, Botswana Medicines Regulatory Authority (BoMRA), Gaborone 999106, Botswana;
| | - Sarker Ramproshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ranada Prasad Shaha University, Narayanganj 1400, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Banani Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy, Ranada Prasad Shaha University, Narayanganj 1400, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Priti Tagde
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Mahala Campus, Community College, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat S. Khan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dhahran Al Janoub, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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