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Azman AA, Muhd Noor ND, Leow ATC, Mohd Noor SA, Mohamad Ali MS. Identification and characterization of a promiscuous metallohydrolase in metallo-β-lactamase superfamily from a locally isolated organophosphate-degrading Bacillus sp. strain S3wahi. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132395. [PMID: 38761915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In this present study, characteristics and structure-function relationship of an organophosphate-degrading enzyme from Bacillus sp. S3wahi were described. S3wahi metallohydrolase, designated as S3wahi-MH (probable metallohydrolase YqjP), featured the conserved αβ/βα metallo-β-lactamase-fold (MBL-fold) domain and a zinc bimetal at its catalytic site. The metal binding site of S3wahi-MH also preserves the H-X-H-X-D-H motif, consisting of specific amino acids at Zn1 (Asp69, His70, Asp182, and His230) and Zn2 (His65, His67, and His137). The multifunctionality of S3wahi-MH was demonstrated through a steady-state kinetic study, revealing its highest binding affinity (KM) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) for OP compound, paraoxon, with values of 8.09 × 10-6 M and 4.94 × 105 M-1 s-1, respectively. Using OP compound, paraoxon, as S3wahi-MH native substrate, S3wahi-MH exhibited remarkable stability over a broad temperature range, 20 °C - 60 °C and a broad pH tolerance, pH 6-10. Corresponded to S3wahi-MH thermal stability characterization, the estimated melting temperature (Tm) was found to be 72.12 °C. S3wahi-MH was also characterized with optimum catalytic activity at 30 °C and pH 8. Additionally, the activity of purified S3wahi-MH was greatly enhanced in the presence of 1 mM and 5 mM of manganese (Mn2+), showing relative activities of 1323.68 % and 2073.68 %, respectively. The activity of S3wahi-MH was also enhanced in the presence of DMSO and DMF, showing relative activities of 270.37 % and 307.41 %, respectively. The purified S3wahi-MH retained >60 % residual activity after exposure to non-ionic Tween series surfactants. Nevertheless, the catalytic activity of S3wahi-MH was severely impacted by the treatment of SDS, even at low concentrations. Considering its enzymatic properties and promiscuity, S3wahi-MH emerges as a promising candidate as a bioremediation tool in wide industrial applications, including agriculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Aisyah Azman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Noor Dina Muhd Noor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aminah Mohd Noor
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
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Li H, Lu C, Liu Z, Xiang F, Liu B, Wang H, Chang J, Pan L, Chen Y, Chen J. Advancements in bioscavenger mediated detoxification of organophosphorus poisoning. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae089. [PMID: 38863796 PMCID: PMC11163184 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphorus compounds, widely used in agriculture and industry, pose a serious threat to human health due to their acute neurotoxicity. Although traditional interventions for organophosphate poisoning are effective, they often come with significant side effects. Objective This paper aims to evaluate the potential of enzymes within biological organisms as organophosphorus bioclearing agents. It analyses the technical challenges in current enzyme research, such as substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and immunogenicity, while exploring recent advancements in the field. Methods A comprehensive review of literature related to detoxifying enzymes or proteins was conducted. Existing studies on organophosphorus bioclearing agents were summarised, elucidating the biological detoxification mechanisms, with a particular focus on advancements in protein engineering and novel delivery methods. Results Current bioclearing agents can be categorised into stoichiometric and catalytic bioclearing agents, both of which have shown some success in preventing organophosphate poisoning. Technological advancements have significantly improved various properties of bioclearing agents, yet challenges remain, particularly in substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and immunogenicity. Future research will focus on expanding the substrate spectrum, enhancing catalytic efficiency, prolonging in vivo half-life, and developing convenient administration methods. Conclusion With the progression of clinical trials, bioclearing agents are expected to become widely used as a new generation of therapeutic organophosphate detoxifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexi Li
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 31666 of PLA, 1 New City Courtyard, Jinyang Town, Liangzhou District, Wuwei, Gansu 733000, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 94347 of PLA, 24 Wenfu Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Fengshun Xiang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, 30 South Central Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Chen
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 32169 of PLA, 100 Shuangyong East Road, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
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da Silva VB, Mahy JP, Brazzolotto X, Renard PY, Ricoux R, Legros J. Detoxification of V-Nerve Agents Assisted by a Microperoxidase: New Pathway Revealed by the Use of a Relevant VX Simulant. Chembiochem 2024:e202400137. [PMID: 38591336 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The biocatalyzed oxidative detoxification of the V-series simulant PhX, by mean of the microperoxidase AcMP11, affords the corresponding phosphonothioate as the prominent product instead of the classical P-S and P-O bond cleavage. While PhX is structurally very close to the live agent VX (the methyl group is replaced by a phenyl), assessment with other surrogates missing the nucleophilic amino function displayed more resistance under the same conditions with no phosphonothioate observed. These encouraging results highlight 1) the efficacy of AcMP11 microperoxidase to efficiently detoxify V-series organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA), and 2) the necessity to use representative alkyl or aryl phosphonothioates simulants such as PhX bearing the appropriate side chain as well as the P-O and P-S cleavable bond to mimic accurately the V-series OPNA to prevent false positive or false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Rémy Ricoux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Legros
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000, Rouen, France
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4
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Kronenberg J, Chu S, Olsen A, Britton D, Halvorsen L, Guo S, Lakshmi A, Chen J, Kulapurathazhe MJ, Baker CA, Wadsworth BC, Van Acker CJ, Lehman JG, Otto TC, Renfrew PD, Bonneau R, Montclare JK. Computational Design of Phosphotriesterase Improves V-Agent Degradation Efficiency. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202300263. [PMID: 38426687 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are a class of neurotoxic acetylcholinesterase inhibitors including widely used pesticides as well as nerve agents such as VX and VR. Current treatment of these toxins relies on reactivating acetylcholinesterase, which remains ineffective. Enzymatic scavengers are of interest for their ability to degrade OPs systemically before they reach their target. Here we describe a library of computationally designed variants of phosphotriesterase (PTE), an enzyme that is known to break down OPs. The mutations G208D, F104A, K77A, A80V, H254G, and I274N broadly improve catalytic efficiency of VX and VR hydrolysis without impacting the structure of the enzyme. The mutation I106 A improves catalysis of VR and L271E abolishes activity, likely due to disruptions of PTE's structure. This study elucidates the importance of these residues and contributes to the design of enzymatic OP scavengers with improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kronenberg
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Stanley Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Andrew Olsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Dustin Britton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Leif Halvorsen
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Shengbo Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Ashwitha Lakshmi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Maria Jinu Kulapurathazhe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Cetara A Baker
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - Benjamin C Wadsworth
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - Cynthia J Van Acker
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - John G Lehman
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - Tamara C Otto
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - P Douglas Renfrew
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States
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5
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Dym O, Aggarwal N, Ashani Y, Leader H, Albeck S, Unger T, Hamer-Rogotner S, Silman I, Tawfik DS, Sussman JL. The impact of molecular variants, crystallization conditions and the space group on ligand-protein complexes: a case study on bacterial phosphotriesterase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:992-1009. [PMID: 37860961 PMCID: PMC10619419 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A bacterial phosphotriesterase was employed as an experimental paradigm to examine the effects of multiple factors, such as the molecular constructs, the ligands used during protein expression and purification, the crystallization conditions and the space group, on the visualization of molecular complexes of ligands with a target enzyme. In this case, the ligands used were organophosphates that are fragments of the nerve agents and insecticides on which the enzyme acts as a bioscavenger. 12 crystal structures of various phosphotriesterase constructs obtained by directed evolution were analyzed, with resolutions of up to 1.38 Å. Both apo forms and holo forms, complexed with the organophosphate ligands, were studied. Crystals obtained from three different crystallization conditions, crystallized in four space groups, with and without N-terminal tags, were utilized to investigate the impact of these factors on visualizing the organophosphate complexes of the enzyme. The study revealed that the tags used for protein expression can lodge in the active site and hinder ligand binding. Furthermore, the space group in which the protein crystallizes can significantly impact the visualization of bound ligands. It was also observed that the crystallization precipitants can compete with, and even preclude, ligand binding, leading to false positives or to the incorrect identification of lead drug candidates. One of the co-crystallization conditions enabled the definition of the spaces that accommodate the substituents attached to the P atom of several products of organophosphate substrates after detachment of the leaving group. The crystal structures of the complexes of phosphotriesterase with the organophosphate products reveal similar short interaction distances of the two partially charged O atoms of the P-O bonds with the exposed β-Zn2+ ion and the buried α-Zn2+ ion. This suggests that both Zn2+ ions have a role in stabilizing the transition state for substrate hydrolysis. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the challenges and considerations involved in studying the crystal structures of ligand-protein complexes, highlighting the importance of careful experimental design and rigorous data analysis in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the resulting phosphotriesterase-organophosphate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Dym
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nidhi Aggarwal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yacov Ashani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Haim Leader
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Unger
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelly Hamer-Rogotner
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan S. Tawfik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joel L. Sussman
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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6
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Yu J, Fu Y, Cao Z. QM/MM and MM MD Simulations on Enzymatic Degradation of the Nerve Agent VR by Phosphotriesterase. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7462-7471. [PMID: 37584503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
V-type nerve agents are hardly degraded by phosphotriesterase (PTE). Interestingly, the PTE variant of BHR-73MNW can effectively improve the hydrolytic efficiency of VR, especially for its Sp-enantiomer. Here, the whole enzymatic degradation of both Sp and Rp enantiomers of VR by the wild-type PTE and its variant BHR-73MNW was investigated by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations and MM molecular dynamics simulations. Present results indicate that the degradation of VR can be initiated by the nucleophilic attack of the bridging OH- and the zinc-bound water molecule. The QM/MM-predicted energy barriers for the hydrolytic process of Sp-VR are 19.8 kcal mol-1 by the variant with water as a nucleophile and 22.0 kcal mol-1 by the wild-type PTE with OH- as a nucleophile, and corresponding degraded products are bound to the dinuclear metal site in monodentate and bidentate coordination modes, respectively. The variant effectively increases the volume of the large pocket, allowing more water molecules to enter the active pocket and resulting in the improvement of the degradation efficiency of Sp-VR. The hydrolysis of Rp-VR is triggered only by the hydroxide with an energy span of 20.6 kcal mol-1 for the wild-type PTE and 20.7 kcal mol-1 for the variant BHR-73-MNW PTE. Such mechanistic insights into the stereoselective degradation of VR by PTE and the role of water may inspire further studies to improve the catalytic efficiency of PTE toward the detoxification of nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuzhuang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Job L, Köhler A, Eichinger A, Testanera M, Escher B, Worek F, Skerra A. Structural and Functional Analysis of a Highly Active Designed Phosphotriesterase for the Detoxification of Organophosphate Nerve Agents Reveals an Unpredicted Conformation of the Active Site Loop. Biochemistry 2023; 62:942-955. [PMID: 36752589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds (OPs) pose a severe threat if misused in military conflicts or by terrorists. Administration of a hydrolytic enzyme that can decompose the circulating nerve agent into non-toxic metabolites in vivo offers a potential treatment. A promising candidate is the homo-dimeric phosphotriesterase originating from the bacterium Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE), which has been subject to several rational and combinatorial protein design studies. A series of engineered versions with much improved catalytic efficiencies toward medically relevant nerve agents was described, carrying up to 22 mutations per enzyme subunit. To provide a basis for further rational design, we have determined the crystal structure of the highly active variant 10-2-C3(C59V/C227V)─stabilized against oxidation by substitution of two unpaired Cys residues─in complex with a substrate analogue at 1.5 Å resolution. Unexpectedly, the long loop segment (residues 253-276) that covers the active site shows a totally new conformation, with drastic structural deviations up to 19 Å, which was neither predicted in any of the preceding protein design studies nor seen in previous crystallographic analyses of less far evolved enzyme versions. Inspired by this structural insight, additional amino acid exchanges were introduced and their effects on protein stability as well as on the catalytic efficiency toward several neurotoxic OPs were investigated. Somewhat surprisingly, our results suggest that the presently available engineered version of BdPTE, in spite of its design on the basis of partly false structural assumptions, constitutes a fairly optimized enzyme for the detoxification of relevant OP nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Andreas Eichinger
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mauricio Testanera
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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8
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Job L, Köhler A, Testanera M, Escher B, Worek F, Skerra A. Engineering of a phosphotriesterase with improved stability and enhanced activity for detoxification of the pesticide metabolite malaoxon. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad020. [PMID: 37941439 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are still widely applied but pose a severe toxicological threat if misused. For in vivo detoxification, the application of hydrolytic enzymes potentially offers a promising treatment. A well-studied example is the phosphotriesterase of Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE). Whereas wild-type BdPTE can hydrolyse pesticides like paraoxon, chlorpyrifos-oxon and mevinphos with high catalytic efficiencies, kcat/KM >2 × 107 M-1 min-1, degradation of malaoxon is unsatisfactory (kcat/KM ≈ 1 × 104 M-1 min-1). Here, we report the rational engineering of BdPTE mutants with improved properties and their efficient production in Escherichia coli. As result, the mutant BdPTE(VRNVVLARY) exhibits 37-fold faster malaoxon hydrolysis (kcat/KM = 4.6 × 105 M-1 min-1), together with enhanced expression yield, improved thermal stability and reduced susceptibility to oxidation. Therefore, this BdPTE mutant constitutes a powerful candidate to develop a biocatalytic antidote for the detoxification of this common pesticide metabolite as well as related OP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstr, 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Mauricio Testanera
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstr, 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Fan F, Zheng YC, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Lyu C, Chen L, Huang J, Cao Z. QM/MM and MM MD simulations on decontamination of the V-type nerve agent VX by phosphotriesterase: Toward a comprehensive understanding of steroselectivity and activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10933-10943. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to deadly toxicity and high environmental stability of the nerve agent VX, an efficient decontamination approach is desperately needed in tackling its severe threat to human secu-rity. The enzymatic...
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10
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Stigler L, Köhler A, Koller M, Job L, Escher B, Potschka H, Thiermann H, Skerra A, Worek F, Wille T. Post-VX exposure treatment of rats with engineered phosphotriesterases. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:571-583. [PMID: 34962578 PMCID: PMC8837561 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The biologically stable and highly toxic organophosphorus nerve agent (OP) VX poses a major health threat. Standard medical therapy, consisting of reactivators and competitive muscarinic receptor antagonists, is insufficient. Recently, two engineered mutants of the Brevundimonas diminuta phosphotriesterase (PTE) with enhanced catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 21 to 38 × 106 M−1 min−1) towards VX and a preferential hydrolysis of the more toxic P(−) enantiomer were described: PTE-C23(R152E)-PAS(100)-10-2-C3(I106A/C59V/C227V/E71K)-PAS(200) (PTE-2), a single-chain bispecific enzyme with a PAS linker and tag having enlarged substrate spectrum, and 10-2-C3(C59V/C227V)-PAS(200) (PTE-3), a stabilized homodimeric enzyme with a double PASylation tag (PAS-tag) to reduce plasma clearance. To assess in vivo efficacy, these engineered enzymes were tested in an anesthetized rat model post-VX exposure (~ 2LD50) in comparison with the recombinant wild-type PTE (PTE-1), dosed at 1.0 mg kg−1 i.v.: PTE-2 dosed at 1.3 mg kg−1 i.v. (PTE-2.1) and 2.6 mg kg−1 i.v. (PTE-2.2) and PTE-3 at 1.4 mg kg−1 i.v. Injection of the mutants PTE-2.2 and PTE-3, 5 min after s.c. VX exposure, ensured survival and prevented severe signs of a cholinergic crisis. Inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) could not be prevented. However, medulla oblongata and diaphragm AChE activity was partially preserved. All animals treated with the wild-type enzyme, PTE-1, showed severe cholinergic signs and died during the observation period of 180 min. PTE-2.1 resulted in the survival of all animals, yet accompanied by severe signs of OP poisoning. This study demonstrates for the first time efficient detoxification in vivo achieved with low doses of heterodimeric PTE-2 as well as PTE-3 and indicates the suitability of these engineered enzymes for the development of highly effective catalytic scavengers directed against VX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stigler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marianne Koller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Day GJ, Zhang WH, Carter BM, Xiao W, Sambrook MR, Perriman AW. A Rationally Designed Supercharged Protein-Enzyme Chimera Self-Assembles In Situ to Yield Bifunctional Composite Textiles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60433-60445. [PMID: 34894651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically active materials for the enhancement of personalized protective equipment (PPE) could be advantageous to help alleviate threats posed by neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds (OPs). Accordingly, a chimeric protein comprised of a supercharged green fluorescent protein (scGFP) and phosphotriesterase from Agrobacterium radiobacter (arPTE) was designed to drive the polymer surfactant (S-)-mediated self-assembly of microclusters to produce robust, enzymatically active materials. The chimera scGFP-arPTE was structurally characterized via circular dichroism spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering, and its biophysical properties were determined. Significantly, the chimera exhibited greater thermal stability than the native constituent proteins, as well as a higher catalytic turnover number (kcat). Furthermore, scGFP-arPTE was electrostatically complexed with monomeric S-, driving self-assembly into [scGFP-arPTE][S-] nanoclusters, which could be dehydrated and cross-linked to yield enzymatically active [scGFP-arPTE][S-] porous films with a high-order structure. Moreover, these clusters could self-assemble within cotton fibers to generate active composite textiles without the need for the pretreatment of the fabrics. Significantly, the resulting materials maintained the biophysical activities of both constituent proteins and displayed recyclable and persistent activity against the nerve agent simulant paraoxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Day
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - William H Zhang
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ben M Carter
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Sambrook
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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12
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Bigley AN, Harvey SP, Narindoshvili T, Raushel FM. Substrate Analogues for the Enzyme-Catalyzed Detoxification of the Organophosphate Nerve Agents-Sarin, Soman, and Cyclosarin. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2875-2887. [PMID: 34494832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The G-type nerve agents, sarin (GB), soman (GD), and cyclosarin (GF), are among the most toxic compounds known. Much progress has been made in evolving the enzyme phosphotriesterase (PTE) from Pseudomonas diminuta for the decontamination of the G-agents; however, the extreme toxicity of the G-agents makes the use of substrate analogues necessary. Typical analogues utilize a chromogenic leaving group to facilitate high-throughput screening, and substitution of an O-methyl for the P-methyl group found in the G-agents, in an effort to reduce toxicity. Till date, there has been no systematic evaluation of the effects of these substitutions on catalytic activity, and the presumed reduction in toxicity has not been tested. A series of 21 G-agent analogues, including all combinations of O-methyl, p-nitrophenyl, and thiophosphate substitutions, have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to unveil the stereoselectivity and catalytic activity of PTE variants against the authentic G-type nerve agents. The potential toxicity of these analogues was evaluated by measuring the rate of inactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). All of the substitutions reduced inactivation of AChE by more than 100-fold, with the most effective being the thiophosphate analogues, which reduced the rate of inactivation by about 4-5 orders of magnitude. The analogues were found to reliably predict changes in catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of the PTE variants and led to the identification of the BHR-30 variant, which has no apparent stereoselectivity against GD and a kcat/Km of 1.4 × 106, making it the most efficient enzyme for GD decontamination reported till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bigley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Steven P Harvey
- US Army DEVCOM-CBC, FCDD-CBR-CC E3400, 5183 Blackhawk Rd. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Tamari Narindoshvili
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Frank M Raushel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 7784, United States
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13
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Köhler A, Escher B, Job L, Koller M, Thiermann H, Skerra A, Worek F. Catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of engineered phosphotriesterases towards structurally different nerve agents in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2815-2823. [PMID: 34160649 PMCID: PMC8298220 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly toxic organophosphorus nerve agents, especially the extremely stable and persistent V-type agents such as VX, still pose a threat to the human population and require effective medical countermeasures. Engineered mutants of the Brevundimonas diminuta phosphotriesterase (BdPTE) exhibit enhanced catalytic activities and have demonstrated detoxification in animal models, however, substrate specificity and fast plasma clearance limit their medical applicability. To allow better assessment of their substrate profiles, we have thoroughly investigated the catalytic efficacies of five BdPTE mutants with 17 different nerve agents using an AChE inhibition assay. In addition, we studied one BdPTE version that was fused with structurally disordered PAS polypeptides to enable delayed plasma clearance and one bispecific BdPTE with broadened substrate spectrum composed of two functionally distinct subunits connected by a PAS linker. Measured kcat/KM values were as high as 6.5 and 1.5 × 108 M-1 min-1 with G- and V-agents, respectively. Furthermore, the stereoselective degradation of VX enantiomers by the PASylated BdPTE-4 and the bispecific BdPTE-7 were investigated by chiral LC-MS/MS, resulting in a several fold faster hydrolysis of the more toxic P(-) VX stereoisomer compared to P(+) VX. In conclusion, the newly developed enzymes BdPTE-4 and BdPTE-7 have shown high catalytic efficacy towards structurally different nerve agents and stereoselectivity towards the toxic P(-) VX enantiomer in vitro and offer promise for use as bioscavengers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Köhler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, 80937, Munich, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marianne Koller
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Jacquet P, Rémy B, Bross RPT, van Grol M, Gaucher F, Chabrière E, de Koning MC, Daudé D. Enzymatic Decontamination of G-Type, V-Type and Novichok Nerve Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8152. [PMID: 34360916 PMCID: PMC8347808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are highly toxic compounds inhibiting cholinergic enzymes in the central and autonomic nervous systems and neuromuscular junctions, causing severe intoxications in humans. Medical countermeasures and efficient decontamination solutions are needed to counteract the toxicity of a wide spectrum of harmful OPNAs including G, V and Novichok agents. Here, we describe the use of engineered OPNA-degrading enzymes for the degradation of various toxic agents including insecticides, a series of OPNA surrogates, as well as real chemical warfare agents (cyclosarin, sarin, soman, tabun, VX, A230, A232, A234). We demonstrate that only two enzymes can degrade most of these molecules at high concentrations (25 mM) in less than 5 min. Using surface assays adapted from NATO AEP-65 guidelines, we further show that enzyme-based solutions can decontaminate 97.6% and 99.4% of 10 g∙m-2 of soman- and VX-contaminated surfaces, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate that these enzymes can degrade ethyl-paraoxon down to sub-inhibitory concentrations of acetylcholinesterase, confirming their efficacy from high to micromolar doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Benjamin Rémy
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Rowdy P. T. Bross
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - Floriane Gaucher
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Unité Microbe Evolution Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Martijn C. de Koning
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
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15
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Köhler A, Job L, Worek F, Skerra A. Inhibition of an organophosphate-detoxifying bacterial phosphotriesterase by albumin and plasma thiol components. Toxicol Lett 2021; 350:194-201. [PMID: 34303790 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphotriesterase of the bacterium Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE) is a naturally occurring enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents as well as pesticides and offers a potential treatment of corresponding intoxications. While BdPTE mutants with improved catalytic efficiencies against several OPs have been described, unexpectedly, less efficient breakdown of an OP was observed upon application in an animal model compared with in vitro measurements. Here, we describe detailed inhibition studies with the high-activity BdPTE mutant 10-2C3(C59M/C227A) by human plasma components, indicating that this enzyme is inhibited by serum albumin. The inhibitory activity is mediated by depletion of crucial zinc ions from the BdPTE active site, either via the known high-affinity zinc binding site of albumin or via chemical complex formation with its free thiol side chain at position Cys34. Albumin pre-charged with zinc ions or carrying a chemically blocked Cys34 side chain showed significantly reduced inhibitory activity; in fact, the combination of both measures completely abolished BdPTE inhibition. Consequently, the available zinc ion concentration in blood plays an important role for BdPTE activity in vivo and should be taken into account for therapeutic development and application of a catalytic OP scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Köhler
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Laura Job
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Arne Skerra
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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16
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Poirier L, Jacquet P, Plener L, Masson P, Daudé D, Chabrière E. Organophosphorus poisoning in animals and enzymatic antidotes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25081-25106. [PMID: 29959732 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are neurotoxic molecules developed as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs). Most of them are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in nervous systems, and are therefore responsible for numerous poisonings around the world. Many animal models have been studied over the years in order to decipher the toxicity of OPs and to provide insights for therapeutic and decontamination purposes. Environmental impact on wild animal species has been analyzed to understand the consequences of OP uses in agriculture. In complement, various laboratory models, from invertebrates to aquatic organisms, rodents and primates, have been chosen to study chronic and acute toxicity as well as neurobehavioral impact, immune response, developmental disruption, and other pathological signs. Several decontamination approaches were developed to counteract the poisoning effects of OPs. Among these, enzyme-based strategies are particularly attractive as they allow efficient external decontamination without toxicity or environmental impact and may be of interest for treatment. Approaches using bioscavengers for prophylaxis, treatment, and external decontamination are emphasized and their potential is discussed in the light of toxicological observations from various animal models. The relevance of animal models, regarding their cholinergic system and the abundance of naturally protecting enzymes, is also discussed for better extrapolation of results to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Poirier
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Plener
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Chabrière
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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17
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Wang L, Sun Y. Engineering organophosphate hydrolase for enhanced biocatalytic performance: A review. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Dong J, Sun X, Zhen N, Li Z, Liu D, Zou B, Dai Q, Chi Y, Chen SL, Poblet JM, Hu C. Oxidative detoxification of nerve agent VX simulant by polyoxoniobate: Experimental and theoretical insights. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Lee N, Yun H, Lee C, Lee Y, Kim E, Kim S, Jeon H, Yu C, Rho J. Engineered Recombinant PON1-OPH Fusion Hybrids: Potentially Effective Catalytic Bioscavengers against Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Analogs. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:144-153. [PMID: 33144547 PMCID: PMC9705692 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2006.06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs), including both G- and V-type nerve agents such as sarin, soman, tabun and VX, are extremely neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds. Catalytic bioscavengers capable of hydrolyzing OPNAs are under development because of the low protective effects and adverse side effects of chemical antidotes to OPNA poisoning. However, these bioscavengers have certain limitations for practical application, including low catalytic activity and narrow specificity. In this study, we generated a fusion-hybrid form of engineered recombinant human paraoxonase 1 (rePON1) and bacterial organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), referred to as GV-hybrids, using a flexible linker to develop more promising catalytic bioscavengers against a broad range of OPNAs. These GV-hybrids were able to synergistically hydrolyze both G-type OPNA analogs (paraoxon: 1.7 ~ 193.7-fold, p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate (PNPDPP): 2.3 ~ 33.0-fold and diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP): 1.4 ~ 22.8-fold) and V-type OPNA analogs (demeton-Smethyl (DSM): 1.9 ~ 34.6-fold and malathion: 1.1 ~ 4.2-fold above) better than their individual enzyme forms. Among the GV-hybrid clones, the GV7 clone showed remarkable improvements in the catalytic activity toward both G-type OPNA analogs (kcat/Km (106 M-1 min-1): 59.8 ± 0.06 (paraoxon), 5.2 ± 0.02 (PNPDPP) and 47.0 ± 6.0 (DFP)) and V-type OPNA analogs (kcat/Km (M-1 min-1): 504.3 ± 48.5 (DSM) and 1324.0 ± 47.5 (malathion)). In conclusion, we developed GV-hybrid forms of rePON1 and bacterial OPH mutants as effective and suitable catalytic bioscavengers to hydrolyze a broad range of OPNA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseok Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea
| | - Yikjae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoeun Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiho Yu
- Agency for Defense Development, P.O. Box 35, Yuseong, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authorPhone: +82-42-821-6420 Fax: +82-42-822-7367 E-mail:
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20
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Escher B, Köhler A, Job L, Worek F, Skerra A. Translating the Concept of Bispecific Antibodies to Engineering Heterodimeric Phosphotriesterases with Broad Organophosphate Substrate Recognition. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4395-4406. [PMID: 33146522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have adopted the concept of bispecific antibodies, which can simultaneously block or cross-link two different biomolecular targets, to create bispecific enzymes by exploiting the homodimeric quaternary structure of bacterial phosphotriesterases (PTEs). The PTEs from Brevundimonas diminuta and Agrobacterium radiobacter, whose engineered variants can efficiently hydrolyze organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides, respectively, have attracted considerable interest for the treatment of the corresponding intoxications. OP nerve agents and pesticides still pose a severe toxicological threat in military conflicts, including acts of terrorism, as well as in agriculture, leading to >100000 deaths per year. In principle, engineered conventional homodimeric PTEs may provoke hydrolytic inactivation of individual OPs in vivo, and their application as catalytic bioscavengers via administration into the bloodstream has been proposed. However, their narrow substrate specificity would necessitate therapeutic application of a set or mixture of different enzymes, which complicates biopharmaceutical development. We succeeded in combining subunits from both enzymes and to stabilize their heterodimerization by rationally designing electrostatic steering mutations, thus breaking the natural C2 symmetry. The resulting bispecific enzyme from two PTEs with different bacterial origin exhibits an ultrabroad OP substrate profile and allows the efficient detoxification of both nerve agents and pesticides. Our approach of combining two active sites with distinct substrate specificities within one artificial dimeric biocatalyst-retaining the size and general properties of the original enzyme without utilizing protein mixtures or much larger fusion proteins-not only should facilitate biological drug development but also may be applicable to oligomeric enzymes with other catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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21
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Organophosphorus Nerve Agents: Types, Toxicity, and Treatments. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:3007984. [PMID: 33029136 PMCID: PMC7527902 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3007984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds are extensively used worldwide as pesticides which cause great hazards to human health. Nerve agents, a subcategory of the organophosphorus compounds, have been produced and used during wars, and they have also been used in terrorist activities. These compounds possess physiological threats by interacting and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme which leads to the cholinergic crisis. After a general introduction, this review elucidates the mechanisms underlying cholinergic and noncholinergic effects of organophosphorus compounds. The conceivable treatment strategies for organophosphate poisoning are different types of bioscavengers which include stoichiometric, catalytic, and pseudocatalytic. The current research on the promising treatments specifically the catalytic bioscavengers including several wild-type organophosphate hydrolases such as paraoxonase and phosphotriesterase, phosphotriesterase-like lactonase, methyl parathion hydrolase, organophosphate acid anhydrolase, diisopropyl fluorophosphatase, human triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, and senescence marker protein has been widely discussed. Organophosphorus compounds are reported to be the nonphysiological substrate for many mammalian organophosphate hydrolysing enzymes; therefore, the efficiency of these enzymes toward these compounds is inadequate. Hence, studies have been conducted to create mutants with an enhanced rate of hydrolysis and high specificity. Several mutants have been created by applying directed molecular evolution and/or targeted mutagenesis, and catalytic efficiency has been characterized. Generally, organophosphorus compounds are chiral in nature. The development of mutant enzymes for providing superior stereoselective degradation of toxic organophosphorus compounds has also been widely accounted for in this review. Existing enzymes have shown limited efficiency; hence, more effective treatment strategies have also been critically analyzed.
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Katyal P, Chu S, Montclare JK. Enhancing organophosphate hydrolase efficacy via protein engineering and immobilization strategies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:54-72. [PMID: 32814367 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs), developed as pesticides and chemical warfare agents, are extremely toxic chemicals that pose a public health risk. Of the different detoxification strategies, organophosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes have attracted much attention, providing a potential route for detoxifying those exposed to OPs. Phosphotriesterase (PTE), also known as organophosphate hydrolase (OPH), is one such enzyme that has been extensively studied as a catalytic bioscavenger. In this review, we will discuss the protein engineering of PTE aimed toward improving the activity and stability of the enzyme. In order to make enzyme utilization in OP detoxification more favorable, enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to increase enzyme activity and stability. Here, we present several such strategies that enhance the storage and operational stability of PTE/OPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Katyal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Stanley Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.,Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York
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Theoretical Study of VX Hydrolysis Mechanism Catalyzed by Phosphotriesterase Mutant H254R. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Koller M, Thiermann H, Worek F. Screening of chiral shift reagents suitable to generically separate the enantiomers of V-agents by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:28-36. [PMID: 31805340 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen amino acids protected at the N-terminal and at their side chains were screened for resolving the enantiomers of V-agents by NMR. While none of the shift reagents tested showed really effective separation in proton NMR, two of them (BOC-Gln(Xan)-OH, 16, and Z-Arg(Z)2-OH), 21, with 16 superior to 21) were found suitable to separate the enantiomers of all V-agent homologues involved in the test by 31P-NMR. Molar ratios investigated were 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, and 1:3 with the V-agent set to 1 throughout the experiments. All these ratios were more or less effective, but 1:3 was found to separate the V-agents the most reliable way. It is postulated that three chiral solvating molecules are then coordinated around the organophosphate: ion pair formation with the amino nitrogen of the V agent side chain, hydrogen bonding provided by the PO unit, and extension of coordination at the phosphorus atom itself. After chiral separation of VX by semi-preparative LC-MS the enantiomers were examined with both configurations of 16 releasing four different 31P NMR peaks which correspond to four different complexes: R-S3, R-R3, S-R3, and S-S3. Comparing these results with literature data it is assumed that (+)-VX corresponds to the RP configuration and (-)-VX to the SP-configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Koller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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Job L, Köhler A, Escher B, Worek F, Skerra A. A catalytic bioscavenger with improved stability and reduced susceptibility to oxidation for treatment of acute poisoning with neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Lett 2019; 321:138-145. [PMID: 31891759 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP)1 nerve agents pose a severe toxicological threat, both after dissemination in military conflicts and by terrorists. Hydrolytic enzymes, which may be administered into the blood stream of victims by injection and can decompose the circulating nerve agent into non-toxic metabolites in vivo, could offer a treatment. Indeed, for the phosphotriesterase found in the bacterium Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE),2 engineered versions with improved catalytic efficiencies have been described; yet, their biochemical stabilities are insufficient for therapeutic use. Here, we describe the application of rational protein design to develop novel mutants of BdPTE that are less susceptible to oxidative damage. In particular, the replacement of two unpaired cysteine residues by more inert amino acids led to higher stability while maintaining high catalytic activity towards a broad spectrum of substrates, including OP pesticides and V-type nerve agents. The mutant BdPTE enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and their biochemical and enzymological properties were assessed. Several candidates both revealed enhanced thermal stability and were less susceptible to oxidative stress, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry. These mutants of BdPTE may show promise for the treatment of acute intoxications by nerve agents as well as OP pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany.
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Thakur M, Medintz IL, Walper SA. Enzymatic Bioremediation of Organophosphate Compounds-Progress and Remaining Challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:289. [PMID: 31781549 PMCID: PMC6856225 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate compounds are ubiquitously employed as agricultural pesticides and maintained as chemical warfare agents by several nations. These compounds are highly toxic, show environmental persistence and accumulation, and contribute to numerous cases of poisoning and death each year. While their use as weapons of mass destruction is rare, these never fully disappear into obscurity as they continue to be tools of fear and control by governments and terrorist organizations. Beyond weaponization, their wide-scale dissemination as agricultural products has led to environmental accumulation and intoxication of soil and water across the globe. Therefore, there is a dire need for rapid and safe agents for environmental bioremediation, personal decontamination, and as therapeutic detoxicants. Organophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes are emerging as appealing targets to satisfy decontamination needs owing to their ability to hydrolyze both pesticides and nerve agents using biologically-derived materials safe for both the environment and the individual. As the release of genetically modified organisms is not widely accepted practice, researchers are exploring alternative strategies of organophosphate bioremediation that focus on cell-free enzyme systems. In this review, we first discuss several of the more prevalent organophosphorus hydrolyzing enzymes along with research and engineering efforts that have led to an enhancement in their activity, substrate tolerance, and stability. In the later half we focus on advances achieved through research focusing on enhancing the catalytic activity and stability of phosphotriesterase, a model organophosphate hydrolase, using various approaches such as nanoparticle display, DNA scaffolding, and outer membrane vesicle encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Thakur
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Sciences, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Scott A Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Sciences, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
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Abstract
The role of phosphotriesterase as an enzyme which is able to hydrolyze organophosphate compounds cannot be disputed. Contamination by organophosphate (OP) compounds in the environment is alarming, and even more worrying is the toxicity of this compound, which affects the nervous system. Thus, it is important to find a safer way to detoxify, detect and recuperate from the toxicity effects of this compound. Phosphotriesterases (PTEs) are mostly isolated from soil bacteria and are classified as metalloenzymes or metal-dependent enzymes that contain bimetals at the active site. There are three separate pockets to accommodate the substrate into the active site of each PTE. This enzyme generally shows a high catalytic activity towards phosphotriesters. These microbial enzymes are robust and easy to manipulate. Currently, PTEs are widely studied for the detection, detoxification, and enzyme therapies for OP compound poisoning incidents. The discovery and understanding of PTEs would pave ways for greener approaches in biotechnological applications and to solve environmental issues relating to OP contamination.
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Fan F, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Zhong J, Cao Z. A Comprehensive Understanding of Enzymatic Degradation of the G-Type Nerve Agent by Phosphotriesterase: Revised Role of Water Molecules and Rate-Limiting Product Release. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, People’s Republic of China
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[Organophosphorus poisoning: Towards enzymatic treatments]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2019; 77:349-362. [PMID: 31253354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are toxic molecules developed as insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs). Most OP are neurotoxic and act as nervous system disruptors by blocking cholinergic transmission. They are therefore responsible for many poisonings worldwide. OP toxicity may result either from acute or chronic exposure, and their poisoning effect were evaluated using several animal models. These latter were also used for evaluating the efficacy of antidotes. Strategies based on enzymes that can trap (stoichiometric bioscavengers) or degrade (catalytic bioscavengers) OP, were particularly studied since they allow effective decontamination, without toxicity or environmental impact. This review summarizes the results obtained in vivo with enzymes through three levels: prophylaxis, treatment and external decontamination. The efficiency of enzymatic treatments in different animal models is presented and the relevance of these models is also discussed for a better extrapolation to humans.
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The evolution of phosphotriesterase for decontamination and detoxification of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:80-88. [PMID: 31100274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The organophosphorus chemical warfare agents were initially synthesized in the 1930's and are some of the most toxic compounds ever discovered. The standard means of decontamination are either harsh chemical hydrolysis or high temperature incineration. Given the continued use of chemical warfare agents there are ongoing efforts to develop gentle environmentally friendly means of decontamination and medical counter measures to chemical warfare agent intoxication. Enzymatic decontamination offers the benefits of extreme specificity and mild conditions, allowing their use for both environmental and medical applications. The most promising enzyme for decontamination of the organophosphorus chemical warfare agents is the enzyme phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. However, the catalytic activity of the wild-type enzyme with the chemical warfare agents falls far below that seen with its best substrates, and its stereochemical preference is for the less toxic enantiomer of the chiral phosphorus center found in most chemical warfare agents. Rational design efforts have succeeded in the dramatic improvement of the stereochemical preference of PTE for the more toxic enantiomers. Directed evolution experiments, including site-saturation mutagenesis, targeted error-prone PCR, computational design, and quantitative library analysis, have systematically improved the catalytic activity against the chemical warfare nerve agents. These efforts have resulted in greater than 4-orders of magnitude improvement in catalytic activity and have led to the identification of variants that are highly effective at detoxifying both G-type and V-type nerve agents. The best of these variants have the ability to prevent intoxication when delivered as a post-exposure treatment for VX and as a pre-exposure treatment for G-agent intoxication with observed protective factors up to 60-fold. Combining the best variant, H257Y/L303T, with a PCB polymer coating has enabled the development of a long lasting circulating prophylactic treatment that is highly effective against sarin.
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31
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Bigley AN, Desormeaux E, Xiang DF, Bae SY, Harvey SP, Raushel FM. Overcoming the Challenges of Enzyme Evolution To Adapt Phosphotriesterase for V-Agent Decontamination. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2039-2053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Bigley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Emily Desormeaux
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dao Feng Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sue Y. Bae
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Steven P. Harvey
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Lushchekina S, Masson P. Catalytic bioscavengers against organophosphorus agents: mechanistic issues of self-reactivating cholinesterases. Toxicology 2018; 409:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Automated Design of Efficient and Functionally Diverse Enzyme Repertoires. Mol Cell 2018; 72:178-186.e5. [PMID: 30270109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Substantial improvements in enzyme activity demand multiple mutations at spatially proximal positions in the active site. Such mutations, however, often exhibit unpredictable epistatic (non-additive) effects on activity. Here we describe FuncLib, an automated method for designing multipoint mutations at enzyme active sites using phylogenetic analysis and Rosetta design calculations. We applied FuncLib to two unrelated enzymes, a phosphotriesterase and an acetyl-CoA synthetase. All designs were active, and most showed activity profiles that significantly differed from the wild-type and from one another. Several dozen designs with only 3-6 active-site mutations exhibited 10- to 4,000-fold higher efficiencies with a range of alternative substrates, including hydrolysis of the toxic organophosphate nerve agents soman and cyclosarin and synthesis of butyryl-CoA. FuncLib is implemented as a web server (http://FuncLib.weizmann.ac.il); it circumvents iterative, high-throughput experimental screens and opens the way to designing highly efficient and diverse catalytic repertoires.
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34
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Catalytic bioscavengers as countermeasures against organophosphate nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 292:50-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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35
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Costanzi S, Machado JH, Mitchell M. Nerve Agents: What They Are, How They Work, How to Counter Them. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:873-885. [PMID: 29664277 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents are organophosphorus chemical warfare agents that exert their action through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, with a consequent overstimulation of cholinergic transmission followed by its shutdown. Beyond warfare, they have notoriously been employed in acts of terrorism as well as high profile assassinations. After a brief historical introduction on the development and deployment of nerve agents, this review provides a survey of their chemistry, the way they affect cholinergic transmission, the available treatment options, and the current directions for their improvement. As the review illustrates, despite their merits, the currently available treatment options present several shortcomings. Current research directions involve the search for improved antidotes, antagonists of the nicotinic receptors, small-molecule pretreatment options, as well as bioscavengers as macromolecular pretreatment options. These efforts are making good progress in many different directions and, hopefully, will lead to a lower target susceptibility, thus reducing the appeal of nerve agents as chemical weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John-Hanson Machado
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, 45085 University Drive Suite 305, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
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Lushchekina SV, Schopfer LM, Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV, Varfolomeev SD, Lockridge O, Masson P. Optimization of Cholinesterase-Based Catalytic Bioscavengers Against Organophosphorus Agents. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:211. [PMID: 29593539 PMCID: PMC5859046 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus agents (OPs) are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). OP poisoning causes major cholinergic syndrome. Current medical counter-measures mitigate the acute effects but have limited action against OP-induced brain damage. Bioscavengers are appealing alternative therapeutic approach because they neutralize OPs in bloodstream before they reach physiological targets. First generation bioscavengers are stoichiometric bioscavengers. However, stoichiometric neutralization requires administration of huge doses of enzyme. Second generation bioscavengers are catalytic bioscavengers capable of detoxifying OPs with a turnover. High bimolecular rate constants (kcat/Km > 106 M−1min−1) are required, so that low enzyme doses can be administered. Cholinesterases (ChE) are attractive candidates because OPs are hemi-substrates. Moderate OP hydrolase (OPase) activity has been observed for certain natural ChEs and for G117H-based human BChE mutants made by site-directed mutagenesis. However, before mutated ChEs can become operational catalytic bioscavengers their dephosphylation rate constant must be increased by several orders of magnitude. New strategies for converting ChEs into fast OPase are based either on combinational approaches or on computer redesign of enzyme. The keystone for rational conversion of ChEs into OPases is to understand the reaction mechanisms with OPs. In the present work we propose that efficient OP hydrolysis can be achieved by re-designing the configuration of enzyme active center residues and by creating specific routes for attack of water molecules and proton transfer. Four directions for nucleophilic attack of water on phosphorus atom were defined. Changes must lead to a novel enzyme, wherein OP hydrolysis wins over competing aging reactions. Kinetic, crystallographic, and computational data have been accumulated that describe mechanisms of reactions involving ChEs. From these studies, it appears that introducing new groups that create a stable H-bonded network susceptible to activate and orient water molecule, stabilize transition states (TS), and intermediates may determine whether dephosphylation is favored over aging. Mutations on key residues (L286, F329, F398) were considered. QM/MM calculations suggest that mutation L286H combined to other mutations favors water attack from apical position. However, the aging reaction is competing. Axial direction of water attack is not favorable to aging. QM/MM calculation shows that F329H+F398H-based multiple mutants display favorable energy barrier for fast reactivation without aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya V Lushchekina
- Laboratory of Computer Modeling of Bimolecular Systems and Nanomaterials, N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Bella L Grigorenko
- Laboratory of Computer Modeling of Bimolecular Systems and Nanomaterials, N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- Laboratory of Computer Modeling of Bimolecular Systems and Nanomaterials, N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei D Varfolomeev
- Laboratory of Computer Modeling of Bimolecular Systems and Nanomaterials, N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Vranish JN, Ancona MG, Walper SA, Medintz IL. Pursuing the Promise of Enzymatic Enhancement with Nanoparticle Assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2901-2925. [PMID: 29115133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The growing emphasis on green chemistry, renewable resources, synthetic biology, regio-/stereospecific chemical transformations, and nanotechnology for providing new biological products and therapeutics is reinvigorating research into enzymatic catalysis. Although the promise is profound, many complex issues remain to be addressed before this effort will have a significant impact. Prime among these is to combat the degradation of enzymes frequently seen in ex vivo formats following immobilization to stabilize the enzymes for long-term application and to find ways of enhancing their activity. One promising avenue for progress on these issues is via nanoparticle (NP) display, which has been found in a number of cases to enhance enzyme activity while also improving long-term stability. In this feature article, we discuss the phenomenon of enhanced enzymatic activity at NP interfaces with an emphasis on our own work in this area. Important factors such as NP surface chemistry, bioconjugation approaches, and assay formats are first discussed because they can critically affect the observed enhancement. Examples are given of improved performance for enzymes such as phosphotriesterase, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, horseradish peroxidase, and β-galactosidase and in configurations with either the enzyme or the substrate attached to the NP. The putative mechanisms that give rise to the performance boost are discussed along with how detailed kinetic modeling can contribute to their understanding. Given the importance of biosensing, we also highlight how this configuration is already making a significant contribution to NP-based enzymatic sensors. Finally, a perspective is provided on how this field may develop and how NP-based enzymatic enhancement can be extended to coupled systems and multienzyme cascades.
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Alvarenga N, Birolli WG, Meira EB, Lucas SC, de Matos IL, Nitschke M, Romão LP, Porto AL. Biotransformation and biodegradation of methyl parathion by Brazilian bacterial strains isolated from mangrove peat. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Malanoski AP, Breger JC, Brown CW, Deschamps JR, Susumu K, Oh E, Anderson GP, Walper SA, Medintz IL. Kinetic enhancement in high-activity enzyme complexes attached to nanoparticles. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:241-252. [PMID: 32260679 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating studies by many groups have found consistent enhancement in a wide variety of enzyme activities when they are displayed around nanoparticles. However, the underlying mechanism(s) that give rise to this phenomenon are still largely unknown. Herein, we develop a detailed reaction scheme that considers many of the various possible interactions between a substrate and a given enzyme-nanoparticle bioconjugate. The properties and some functional predictions that emanate from the reaction scheme were then tested using a model system where the homotetrameric beta-galactosidase enzyme complex was assembled with luminescent semiconductor nanocrystalline quantum dots displayed around its periphery. This type of assembly occurs as the ∼465 kDa enzyme complex is significantly larger than the 4.2 nm diameter green emitting quantum dots utilized. This unique architecture, in conjunction with the fact that this enzyme functions at or near the diffusion limit, provided a unique opportunity to selectively probe certain aspects of enzyme enhancement when attached to a nanoparticle with minimal potential perturbations to the native enzyme structure. Experimental assays were conducted where both free enzymes and quantum dot-decorated enzymes were compared directly in side-by-side samples and included formats where the kinetic processes were challenged with increasing viscosity and competitive inhibitors. The results strongly suggest that it is possible for there to be significant enhancements in an enzyme's catalytic rate or kcat after attachment to a nanoparticle even when it is apparently diffusion limited without requiring any gross changes to the enzyme's structure. A discussion of how this reaction scheme and model can be applied to other systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Malanoski
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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40
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Masson P, Nachon F. Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:26-40. [PMID: 28542985 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus agents (OPs) irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing a major cholinergic syndrome. The medical counter-measures of OP poisoning have not evolved for the last 30 years with carbamates for pretreatment, pyridinium oximes-based AChE reactivators, antimuscarinic drugs and neuroprotective benzodiazepines for post-exposure treatment. These drugs ensure protection of peripheral nervous system and mitigate acute effects of OP lethal doses. However, they have significant limitations. Pyridostigmine and oximes do not protect/reactivate central AChE. Oximes poorly reactivate AChE inhibited by phosphoramidates. In addition, current neuroprotectants do not protect the central nervous system shortly after the onset of seizures when brain damage becomes irreversible. New therapeutic approaches for pre- and post-exposure treatments involve detoxification of OP molecules before they reach their molecular targets by administrating catalytic bioscavengers, among them phosphotriesterases are the most promising. Novel generation of broad spectrum reactivators are designed for crossing the blood-brain barrier and reactivate central AChE. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, Cédex, France
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41
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Towards Understanding the Catalytic Mechanism of Human Paraoxonase 1: Experimental and In Silico Mutagenesis Studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1642-1662. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Goldsmith M, Aggarwal N, Ashani Y, Jubran H, Greisen PJ, Ovchinnikov S, Leader H, Baker D, Sussman JL, Goldenzweig A, Fleishman SJ, Tawfik DS. Overcoming an optimization plateau in the directed evolution of highly efficient nerve agent bioscavengers. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:333-345. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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43
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Lutz S, Williams E, Muthu P. Engineering Therapeutic Enzymes. DIRECTED ENZYME EVOLUTION: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2017:17-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50413-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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44
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Iyengar ARS, Pande AH. Organophosphate-Hydrolyzing Enzymes as First-Line of Defence Against Nerve Agent-Poisoning: Perspectives and the Road Ahead. Protein J 2016; 35:424-439. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-016-9686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Masson P, Lushchekina SV. Emergence of catalytic bioscavengers against organophosphorus agents. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:319-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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46
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Masson P. Novel approaches in prophylaxis/pretreatment and treatment of organophosphorus poisoning. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1211652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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47
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Goldenzweig A, Goldsmith M, Hill SE, Gertman O, Laurino P, Ashani Y, Dym O, Unger T, Albeck S, Prilusky J, Lieberman RL, Aharoni A, Silman I, Sussman JL, Tawfik DS, Fleishman SJ. Automated Structure- and Sequence-Based Design of Proteins for High Bacterial Expression and Stability. Mol Cell 2016; 63:337-346. [PMID: 27425410 PMCID: PMC4961223 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Upon heterologous overexpression, many proteins misfold or aggregate, thus resulting in low functional yields. Human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), an enzyme mediating synaptic transmission, is a typical case of a human protein that necessitates mammalian systems to obtain functional expression. We developed a computational strategy and designed an AChE variant bearing 51 mutations that improved core packing, surface polarity, and backbone rigidity. This variant expressed at ∼2,000-fold higher levels in E. coli compared to wild-type hAChE and exhibited 20°C higher thermostability with no change in enzymatic properties or in the active-site configuration as determined by crystallography. To demonstrate broad utility, we similarly designed four other human and bacterial proteins. Testing at most three designs per protein, we obtained enhanced stability and/or higher yields of soluble and active protein in E. coli. Our algorithm requires only a 3D structure and several dozen sequences of naturally occurring homologs, and is available at http://pross.weizmann.ac.il. A new computational method is used to stabilize five recalcitrant proteins Designed variants show higher expression and stability with unmodified function A designed human acetylcholinesterase variant expresses solubly in bacteria The method is fully automated and implemented on a webserver
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Goldenzweig
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Moshe Goldsmith
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shannon E Hill
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Or Gertman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Paola Laurino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yacov Ashani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Orly Dym
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tamar Unger
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jaime Prilusky
- Bioinformatics & Biological Computing Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Amir Aharoni
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Joel L Sussman
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dan S Tawfik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Sarel J Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Mabanglo MF, Xiang DF, Bigley AN, Raushel FM. Structure of a Novel Phosphotriesterase from Sphingobium sp. TCM1: A Familiar Binuclear Metal Center Embedded in a Seven-Bladed β-Propeller Protein Fold. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3963-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Mabanglo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Dao Feng Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Andrew N. Bigley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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49
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Ashani Y, Leader H, Aggarwal N, Silman I, Worek F, Sussman JL, Goldsmith M. In vitro evaluation of the catalytic activity of paraoxonases and phosphotriesterases predicts the enzyme circulatory levels required for in vivo protection against organophosphate intoxications. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:252-256. [PMID: 27163850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic scavengers of organophosphates (OPs) are considered very promising antidote candidates for preventing the adverse effects of OP intoxication as stand alone treatments. This study aimed at correlating the in-vivo catalytic efficiency ((kcat/KM)[Enzyme]pl), established prior to the OP challenge, with the severity of symptoms and survival rates of intoxicated animals. The major objective was to apply a theoretical approach to estimate a lower limit for (kcat/KM)[Enzyme]pl that will be adequate for establishing the desired kcat/KM value and plasma concentration of efficacious catalytic bioscavengers. Published data sets by our group and others, from in vivo protection experiments executed in the absence of any supportive medicine, were analyzed. The kcat/KM values of eight OP hydrolyzing enzymes and their plasma concentrations in four species exposed to OPs via s.c., i.m. and oral gavage, were analyzed. Our results show that regardless of the OP type and the animal species employed, sign-free animals were observed following bioscavenger treatment provided the theoretically estimated time period required to detoxify 96% of the OP (t96%) in vivo was ≤10 s. This, for example, can be achieved by an enzyme with kcat/KM = 5 × 107 M-1 min-1 and a plasma concentration of 0.4 μM ((kcat/KM)[Enzyme]pl = 20 min-1). Experiments in which animals were intoxicated by i.v. OP injections did not always conform to this rule, and in some cases resulted in high mortality rates. We suggest that in vivo evaluation of catalytic scavengers should avoid the unrealistic bolus i.v. route of OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacov Ashani
- Dept. of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Haim Leader
- Dept. of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Nidhi Aggarwal
- Dept. of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Israel Silman
- Dept. of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Franz Worek
- The Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany.
| | - Joel L Sussman
- Dept. of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Moshe Goldsmith
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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50
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Bigley AN, Xiang DF, Ren Z, Xue H, Hull KG, Romo D, Raushel FM. Chemical Mechanism of the Phosphotriesterase from Sphingobium sp. Strain TCM1, an Enzyme Capable of Hydrolyzing Organophosphate Flame Retardants. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2921-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Bigley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dao Feng Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Haoran Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Hull
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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