1
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Yang Q, Tian J, Chen S, Yang Z, Wang Z, Xu HM, Dong LB. Discovery of sesquiterpenoids from an actinomycete Crossiella cryophila through genome mining and heterologous expression. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107308. [PMID: 38531151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome mining of the Actinomycete Crossiella cryophila facilitated the discovery of a minimal terpenoid biosynthetic gene cluster of cry consisting of a class I terpene cyclase CryA and a CYP450 monooxygenase CryB. Heterologous expression of cry allowed the isolation and characterization of two new sesquiterpenoids, ent-viridiflorol (1) and cryophilain (2). Notably, cryophilain (2) possesses a 5/7/3-fused tricyclic skeleton bearing a distinctive bridgehead hydroxy group. The combined in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that CryA, the first ent-viridiflorol terpene cyclase, catalyzes farnesyl diphosphate to form the 5/7/3 sesquiterpene core scaffold and P450 CryB serves as a tailoring enzyme responsible for installing a hydroxy group at the bridgehead carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jupeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shungen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui-Min Xu
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Gui J. Bioinspired Skeletal Reorganization Approach for the Synthesis of Steroid Natural Products. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 38301249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusSteroids, termed "keys to life" by Rupert Witzmann, have a wide variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antishock, immunosuppressive, stress-response-enhancing, and antifertility activities, and steroid research has made great contributions to drug discovery and development. According to a chart compiled by the Njardarson group at the University of Arizona, 15 of the top 200 small-molecule drugs (by retail sales in 2022) are steroid-related compounds. Therefore, synthetic and medicinal chemists have long pursued the chemical synthesis of steroid natural products (SNPs) with diverse architectures, and vital progress has been achieved, especially in the twentieth century. In fact, several chemists have been rewarded with a Nobel Prize for original contributions to the isolation of steroids, the elucidation of their structures and biosynthetic pathways, and their chemical synthesis. However, in contrast to classical steroids, which have a 6/6/6/5-tetracyclic framework, rearranged steroids (i.e., abeo-steroids and secosteroids), which are derived from classical steroids by reorganization of one or more C-C bonds of the tetracyclic skeleton, have started to gain attention from the synthetic community only in the last two decades. These unique rearranged steroids have complex frameworks with high oxidation states, are rich in stereogenic centers, and have attractive biological activities, rendering them popular yet formidable synthetic targets.Our group has a strong interest in the efficient synthesis of SNPs and, drawing inspiration from nature, we have found that bioinspired skeletal reorganization (BSR) is an efficient strategy for synthesizing challenging rearranged steroids. Using this strategy, we recently achieved concise syntheses of five different kinds of SNPs (cyclocitrinols, propindilactone G, bufospirostenin A, pinnigorgiol B, and sarocladione) with considerably rearranged skeletons; our work also enabled us to reassign the originally proposed structure of sarocladione. In this Account, we summarize the proposed biosyntheses of these SNPs and describe our BSR approach for the rapid construction of their core frameworks. In the work described herein, information gleaned from the proposed biosyntheses allowed us to develop routes for chemical synthesis. However, in several cases, the synthetic precursors that we used for our BSR approach differed substantially from the intermediates in the proposed biosyntheses, indicating the considerable challenges we encountered during this synthetic campaign. It is worth mentioning that during our pursuit of concise and scalable syntheses of these natural products, we developed two methods for accessing synthetically challenging targets: a method for rapid construction of bridged-ring molecules by means of point-to-planar chirality transfer and a method for efficient construction of macrocyclic molecules via a novel ruthenium-catalyzed endoperoxide fragmentation. Our syntheses vividly demonstrate that consideration of natural product biosynthesis can greatly facilitate chemical synthesis, and we expect that the BSR approach will find additional applications in the efficient syntheses of other structurally complex steroid and terpenoid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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King-Smith E, Faber FA, Reilly U, Sinitskiy AV, Yang Q, Liu B, Hyek D, Lee AA. Predictive Minisci late stage functionalization with transfer learning. Nat Commun 2024; 15:426. [PMID: 38225239 PMCID: PMC10789750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Structural diversification of lead molecules is a key component of drug discovery to explore chemical space. Late-stage functionalizations (LSFs) are versatile methodologies capable of installing functional handles on richly decorated intermediates to deliver numerous diverse products in a single reaction. Predicting the regioselectivity of LSF is still an open challenge in the field. Numerous efforts from chemoinformatics and machine learning (ML) groups have made strides in this area. However, it is arduous to isolate and characterize the multitude of LSF products generated, limiting available data and hindering pure ML approaches. We report the development of an approach that combines a message passing neural network and 13C NMR-based transfer learning to predict the atom-wise probabilities of functionalization for Minisci and P450-based functionalizations. We validated our model both retrospectively and with a series of prospective experiments, showing that it accurately predicts the outcomes of Minisci-type and P450 transformations and outperforms the well-established Fukui-based reactivity indices and other machine learning reactivity-based algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma King-Smith
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felix A Faber
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Usa Reilly
- Development & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Anton V Sinitskiy
- Machine Learning Computational Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qingyi Yang
- Development & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Spectrix Analytic Services, LLC., North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dennis Hyek
- Spectrix Analytic Services, LLC., North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alpha A Lee
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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4
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Bhavyesh D, Soliya S, Konakanchi R, Begari E, Ashalu KC, Naveen T. The Recent Advances in Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301056. [PMID: 38149480 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of iron as a core metal in catalysis has become a research topic of interest over the last few decades. The reasons are clear. Iron is the most abundant transition metal on Earth's crust and it is widely distributed across the world. It has been extracted and processed since the dawn of civilization. All these features render iron a noncontaminant, biocompatible, nontoxic, and inexpensive metal and therefore it constitutes the perfect candidate to replace noble metals (rhodium, palladium, platinum, iridium, etc.). Moreover, direct C-H functionalization is one of the most efficient strategies by which to introduce new functional groups into small organic molecules. The majority of organic compounds contain C(sp3 )-H bonds. Given the enormous importance of organic molecules in so many aspects of existence, the utilization and bioactivity of C(sp3 )-H bonds are of the utmost importance. This review sheds light on the substrate scope, selectivity, benefits, and limitations of iron catalysts for direct C(sp3 )-H bond activations. An overview of the use of iron catalysis in C(sp3 )-H activation protocols is summarized herein up to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desai Bhavyesh
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Sudha Soliya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Ramaiah Konakanchi
- Department of Chemistry, VNR Vignana Jyoti Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, 500090, India
| | - Eeshwaraiah Begari
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Kashamalla Chinna Ashalu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Kadi, Gujarat, 382715, India
| | - Togati Naveen
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
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5
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Stout CN, Wasfy NM, Chen F, Renata H. Charting the Evolution of Chemoenzymatic Strategies in the Syntheses of Complex Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18161-18181. [PMID: 37553092 PMCID: PMC11107883 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bolstered by recent advances in bioinformatics, genetics, and enzyme engineering, the field of chemoenzymatic synthesis has enjoyed a rapid increase in popularity and utility. This Perspective explores the integration of enzymes into multistep chemical syntheses, highlighting the unique potential of biocatalytic transformations to streamline the synthesis of complex natural products. In particular, we identify four primary conceptual approaches to chemoenzymatic synthesis and illustrate each with a number of landmark case studies. Future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter N. Stout
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nour M. Wasfy
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
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6
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Wang Y, Yu L, Shao J, Zhu Z, Zhang L. Structure-driven protein engineering for production of valuable natural products. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:460-470. [PMID: 36473772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the most frequently used biocatalysts, and their structures determine their functions. Modifying the functions of proteins on the basis of their structures lies at the heart of protein engineering, opening a new horizon for metabolic engineering by efficiently generating stable enzymes. Many attempts at classical metabolic engineering have focused on improving specific metabolic fluxes and producing more valuable natural products by increasing gene expression levels and enzyme concentrations. However, most naturally occurring enzymes show limitations, and such limitations have hindered practical applications. Here we review recent advances in protein engineering in synthetic biology, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and plant metabolic engineering and describe opportunities for designing and constructing novel enzymes or proteins with desirable properties to obtain more active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Biomedical Innovation R&D Centre, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Luyao Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhanpin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Biomedical Innovation R&D Centre, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China.
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7
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Zwick CR, Renata H. Overview of Amino Acid Modifications by Iron- and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Enzymes. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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8
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Vanable EP, Habgood LG, Patrone JD. Current Progress in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Natural Products. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196373. [PMID: 36234909 PMCID: PMC9571504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products, with their array of structural complexity, diversity, and biological activity, have inspired generations of chemists and driven the advancement of techniques in their total syntheses. The field of natural product synthesis continuously evolves through the development of methodologies to improve stereoselectivity, yield, scalability, substrate scope, late-stage functionalization, and/or enable novel reactions. One of the more interesting and unique techniques to emerge in the last thirty years is the use of chemoenzymatic reactions in the synthesis of natural products. This review highlights some of the recent examples and progress in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of natural products from 2019–2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Vanable
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Elmhurst University, Elmhurst, IL 60126, USA
| | - Laurel G. Habgood
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
| | - James D. Patrone
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Charlton SN, Hayes MA. Oxygenating Biocatalysts for Hydroxyl Functionalisation in Drug Discovery and Development. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200115. [PMID: 35385205 PMCID: PMC9323455 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
C-H oxyfunctionalisation remains a distinct challenge for synthetic organic chemists. Oxygenases and peroxygenases (grouped here as "oxygenating biocatalysts") catalyse the oxidation of a substrate with molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The application of oxygenating biocatalysts in organic synthesis has dramatically increased over the last decade, producing complex compounds with potential uses in the pharmaceutical industry. This review will focus on hydroxyl functionalisation using oxygenating biocatalysts as a tool for drug discovery and development. Established oxygenating biocatalysts, such as cytochrome P450s and flavin-dependent monooxygenases, have widely been adopted for this purpose, but can suffer from low activity, instability or limited substrate scope. Therefore, emerging oxygenating biocatalysts which offer an alternative will also be covered, as well as considering the ways in which these hydroxylation biotransformations can be applied in drug discovery and development, such as late-stage functionalisation (LSF) and in biocatalytic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha N. Charlton
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
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10
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Fessner ND, Badenhorst CPS, Bornscheuer UT. Enzyme Kits to Facilitate the Integration of Biocatalysis into Organic Chemistry – First Aid for Synthetic Chemists. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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11
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Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Electronic control over site-selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based C(sp 3)-H functionalization promoted by electrophilic reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2171-2223. [PMID: 35229835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most investigated approaches to develop new synthetic methodology. Among the available strategies for intermolecular C-H bond functionalization, increasing attention has been devoted to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based procedures promoted by radical or radical-like reagents, that offer the opportunity to introduce a large variety of atoms and groups in place of hydrogen under mild conditions. Because of the large number of aliphatic C-H bonds displayed by organic molecules, in these processes control over site-selectivity represents a crucial issue, and the associated factors have been discussed. In this review article, attention will be devoted to the role of electronic effects on C(sp3)-H bond functionalization site-selectivity. Through an analysis of the recent literature, a detailed description of the HAT reagents employed in these processes, the associated mechanistic features and the selectivity patterns observed in the functionalization of substrates of increasing structural complexity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Tassano E, Moore C, Dussauge S, Vargas A, Snajdrova R. Discovery of New Fe(II)/α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases for Oxidation of l-Proline. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tassano
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles Moore
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Solene Dussauge
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Vargas
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Fessner ND, Grimm C, Srdič M, Weber H, Kroutil W, Schwaneberg U, Glieder A. Natural Product Diversification by One‐Step Biocatalysis using Human P450 3A4. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Bisy GmbH Wuenschendorf 292 Hofstätten an der Raab 8200 Hofstaetten Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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14
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Junrong H, Min Y, Chuan D, Yajun Z, Huilong F, Lizhi Z, Feng Y, Zigang L. Novel Strategies in C-H Oxidations for Natural Product Diversification-A Remote Functionalization Application Summary. Front Chem 2021; 9:737530. [PMID: 34676198 PMCID: PMC8523942 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.737530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively activating the distal inactive C-H bond for functionalization is one of the on-going challenge in organic synthetic chemistry. In recent years, benefiting from the development of selective synthesis methods, novel methodologies not only make it possible to break non-traditional chemical bonds and attain more diversity in inactive sites, but also provide more possibilities for the diversification of complex natural products. Direct C-H bond functionalization approaches make it feasible to explore structure-activity relationship (SAR), generate metabolites and derivatives, and prepare biological probes. Among them, direct oxidation of inert C-H bonds is one of the most common methods for natural product diversification. In this review, we focus on the application of remote functionalization of inert C-H bonds for natural products derivatization, including the establishment of oxidation methods, the regulation of reaction sites, and the biological activities of derivatives. We highlight the challenges and opportunities of remote functionalization of inert C-H bonds for natural product diversification through selected and representative examples. We try to show that inert C-H bond oxidation, properly regulated and optimized, can be a powerful and efficient strategy in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Junrong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Min
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dai Chuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhou Yajun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Huilong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Zhu Lizhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yin Feng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zigang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymkatalysierte späte Modifizierungen: Besser spät als nie. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:16962-16993. [PMID: 38505660 PMCID: PMC10946893 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AbstractDie Enzymkatalyse gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung in der Synthesechemie. Die durch Bioinformatik und Enzym‐Engineering stetig wachsende Zahl von Biokatalysatoren eröffnet eine große Vielfalt selektiver Reaktionen. Insbesondere für späte Funktionalisierungsreaktionen ist die Biokatalyse ein geeignetes Werkzeug, das oftmals der konventionellen De‐novo‐Synthese überlegen ist. Enzyme haben sich als nützlich erwiesen, um funktionelle Gruppen direkt in komplexe Molekülgerüste einzuführen sowie für die rasche Diversifizierung von Substanzbibliotheken. Biokatalytische Oxyfunktionalisierungen, Halogenierungen, Methylierungen, Reduktionen und Amidierungen sind von besonderem Interesse, da diese Strukturmotive häufig in Pharmazeutika vertreten sind. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Stärken und Schwächen der enzymkatalysierten späten Modifizierungen durch native und optimierte Enzyme in der Synthesechemie. Ebenso werden wichtige Beispiele in der Wirkstoffentwicklung hervorgehoben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
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16
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymatic Late-Stage Modifications: Better Late Than Never. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16824-16855. [PMID: 33453143 PMCID: PMC8359417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is gaining increasing importance in synthetic chemistry. Nowadays, the growing number of biocatalysts accessible by means of bioinformatics and enzyme engineering opens up an immense variety of selective reactions. Biocatalysis especially provides excellent opportunities for late-stage modification often superior to conventional de novo synthesis. Enzymes have proven to be useful for direct introduction of functional groups into complex scaffolds, as well as for rapid diversification of compound libraries. Particularly important and highly topical are enzyme-catalysed oxyfunctionalisations, halogenations, methylations, reductions, and amide bond formations due to the high prevalence of these motifs in pharmaceuticals. This Review gives an overview of the strengths and limitations of enzymatic late-stage modifications using native and engineered enzymes in synthesis while focusing on important examples in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
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17
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Stout CN, Renata H. Reinvigorating the Chiral Pool: Chemoenzymatic Approaches to Complex Peptides and Terpenoids. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1143-1156. [PMID: 33543931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformations that leverage the selectivity and efficiency of enzymes represent powerful tools for the construction of complex natural products. Enabled by innovations in genome mining, bioinformatics, and enzyme engineering, synthetic chemists are now more than ever able to develop and employ enzymes to solve outstanding chemical problems, one of which is the reliable and facile generation of stereochemistry within natural product scaffolds. In recognition of this unmet need, our group has sought to advance novel chemoenzymatic strategies to both expand and reinvigorate the chiral pool. Broadly defined, the chiral pool comprises cheap, enantiopure feedstock chemicals that serve as popular foundations for asymmetric total synthesis. Among these building blocks, amino acids and enantiopure terpenes, whose core structures can be mapped onto several classes of structurally and pharmaceutically intriguing natural products, are of particular interest to the synthetic community.In this Account, we summarize recent efforts from our group in leveraging biocatalytic transformations to expand the chiral pool, as well as efforts toward the efficient application of these transformations in natural products total synthesis, the ultimate testing ground for any novel methodology. First, we describe several examples of enzymatic generation of noncanonical amino acids as means to simplify the synthesis of peptide natural products. By extracting amino acid hydroxylases from native biosynthetic pathways, we obtain efficient access to hydroxylated variants of proline, lysine, arginine, and their derivatives. The newly installed hydroxyl moiety then becomes a chemical handle that can facilitate additional complexity generation, thereby expanding the pool of amino acid-derived building blocks available for peptide synthesis. Next, we present our efforts in enzymatic C-H oxidations of diverse terpene scaffolds, in which traditional chemistry can be combined with strategic applications of biocatalysis to selectively and efficiently derivatize several commercial terpenoid skeletons. The synergistic logic of this approach enables a small handful of synthetic intermediates to provide access to a plethora of terpenoid natural product families. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the advantages of applying enzymes in total synthesis in conjunction with established methodologies, as well as toward the expansion of the chiral pool to enable facile incorporation of stereochemistry during synthetic campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter N. Stout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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18
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Renata H. Exploration of Iron- and a-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases as Practical Biocatalysts in Natural Product Synthesis. Synlett 2021; 32:775-784. [PMID: 34413574 PMCID: PMC8372184 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C─H oxidation is a powerful transformation with enormous promise to streamline access to complex molecules. In recent years, biocatalytic C─H oxidation strategies have received tremendous attention due to their potential to address unmet regio- and stereoselectivity challenges that are often encountered with the use of small-molecule-based catalysts. This Account provides an overview of recent contributions from our laboratory in this area, specifically in the use of iron- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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19
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Eidenschenk C, Cheruzel L. Ru(II)-diimine complexes and cytochrome P450 working hand-in-hand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111254. [PMID: 32979791 PMCID: PMC7686262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With a growing interest in utilizing visible light to drive biocatalytic processes, several light-harvesting units and approaches have been employed to harness the synthetic potential of heme monooxygenases and carry out selective oxyfunctionalization of a wide range of substrates. While the fields of cytochrome P450 and Ru(II) photochemistry have separately been prolific, it is not until the turn of the 21st century that they converged. Non-covalent and subsequently covalently attached Ru(II) complexes were used to promote rapid intramolecular electron transfer in bacterial P450 enzymes. Photocatalytic activity with Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was achieved under reductive conditions with a judicious choice of a sacrificial electron donor. The initial concept of Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was further improved using protein engineering, photosensitizer functionalization and was successfully applied to other P450 enzymes. In this review, we wish to present the recent contributions from our group and others in utilizing Ru(II) complexes coupled with P450 enzymes in the broad context of photobiocatalysis, protein assemblies and chemoenzymatic reactions. The merging of chemical catalysts with the synthetic potential of P450 enzymes has led to the development of several chemoenzymatic approaches. Moreover, strained Ru(II) compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit P450 enzymes by releasing aromatic heterocycle containing molecules upon visible light excitation taking advantage of the rapid ligand loss feature in those complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA.
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20
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Zwick CR, Renata H. Harnessing the biocatalytic potential of iron- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases in natural product total synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1065-1079. [PMID: 32055818 PMCID: PMC7426249 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00075e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2019Iron- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (Fe/αKGs) represent a versatile and intriguing enzyme family by virtue of their ability to directly functionalize unactivated C-H bonds at the cost of αKG and O2. Fe/αKGs play an important role in the biosynthesis of natural products, valuable biologically active secondary metabolites frequently pursued as drug leads. The field of natural product total synthesis seeks to contruct these molecules as effeciently as possible, although natural products continue to challenge chemists due to their intricate structural complexity. Chemoenzymatic approaches seek to remedy the shortcomings of traditional synthetic methodology by combining Nature's biosynthetic machinery with traditional chemical methods to efficiently construct natural products. Although other oxygenase families have been widely employed for this purpose, Fe/αKGs remain underutilized. The following review will cover recent chemoenzymatic total syntheses involving Fe/αKG enzymes. Additionally, related information involving natural product biosynthesis, methods development, and non-chemoenzymatic total syntheses will be discussed to inform retrosynthetic logic and synthetic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Zwick
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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21
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Li A, Acevedo‐Rocha CG, D'Amore L, Chen J, Peng Y, Garcia‐Borràs M, Gao C, Zhu J, Rickerby H, Osuna S, Zhou J, Reetz MT. Regio- and Stereoselective Steroid Hydroxylation at C7 by Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Mutants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12499-12505. [PMID: 32243054 PMCID: PMC7384163 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal C7β alcohols and their respective esters have shown significant promise as neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents to treat chronic neuronal damage like stroke, brain trauma, and cerebral ischemia. Since C7 is spatially far away from any functional groups that could direct C-H activation, these transformations are not readily accessible using modern synthetic organic techniques. Reported here are P450-BM3 mutants that catalyze the oxidative hydroxylation of six different steroids with pronounced C7 regioselectivities and β stereoselectivities, as well as high activities. These challenging transformations were achieved by a focused mutagenesis strategy and application of a novel technology for protein library construction based on DNA assembly and USER (Uracil-Specific Excision Reagent) cloning. Upscaling reactions enabled the purification of the respective steroidal alcohols in moderate to excellent yields. The high-resolution X-ray structure and molecular dynamics simulations of the best mutant unveil the origin of regio- and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitao Li
- School of life scienceHubei UniversityState Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering#368 Youyi RoadWuhan430062P.R. China
| | | | - Lorenzo D'Amore
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaCarrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Peng
- School of life scienceHubei UniversityState Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering#368 Youyi RoadWuhan430062P.R. China
| | - Marc Garcia‐Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaCarrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Chenghua Gao
- School of life scienceHubei UniversityState Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering#368 Youyi RoadWuhan430062P.R. China
| | - Jinmei Zhu
- School of life scienceHubei UniversityState Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering#368 Youyi RoadWuhan430062P.R. China
| | - Harry Rickerby
- LabGeniusG.01-06 Cocoa Studios100 Drummond RdLondonSE16 4DGUK
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaCarrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaCataloniaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470MuelheimGermany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences32 West 7th AvenueTianjin300308P. R. China
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22
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Structural basis for divergent C-H hydroxylation selectivity in two Rieske oxygenases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2991. [PMID: 32532989 PMCID: PMC7293229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts that perform C–H hydroxylation exhibit exceptional substrate specificity and site-selectivity, often through the use of high valent oxidants to activate these inert bonds. Rieske oxygenases are examples of enzymes with the ability to perform precise mono- or dioxygenation reactions on a variety of substrates. Understanding the structural features of Rieske oxygenases responsible for control over selectivity is essential to enable the development of this class of enzymes for biocatalytic applications. Decades of research has illuminated the critical features common to Rieske oxygenases, however, structural information for enzymes that functionalize diverse scaffolds is limited. Here, we report the structures of two Rieske monooxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), SxtT and GxtA, adding to the short list of structurally characterized Rieske oxygenases. Based on these structures, substrate-bound structures, and mutagenesis experiments, we implicate specific residues in substrate positioning and the divergent reaction selectivity observed in these two enzymes. Rieske oxygenases are iron-dependent enzymes that catalyse C–H mono- and dihydroxylation reactions. Here, the authors characterise two cyanobacterial Rieske oxygenases, SxtT and GxtA that are involved in the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins and determine their substrate free and saxitoxin analog-bound crystal structures and by using mutagenesis experiments identify residues, which are important for substrate positioning and reaction selectivity.
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23
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Li A, Acevedo‐Rocha CG, D'Amore L, Chen J, Peng Y, Garcia‐Borràs M, Gao C, Zhu J, Rickerby H, Osuna S, Zhou J, Reetz MT. Regio‐ and Stereoselective Steroid Hydroxylation at C7 by Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Mutants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aitao Li
- School of life science Hubei University State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering #368 Youyi Road Wuhan 430062 P.R. China
| | | | - Lorenzo D'Amore
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Peng
- School of life science Hubei University State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering #368 Youyi Road Wuhan 430062 P.R. China
| | - Marc Garcia‐Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Chenghua Gao
- School of life science Hubei University State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering #368 Youyi Road Wuhan 430062 P.R. China
| | - Jinmei Zhu
- School of life science Hubei University State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering #368 Youyi Road Wuhan 430062 P.R. China
| | - Harry Rickerby
- LabGenius G.01-06 Cocoa Studios 100 Drummond Rd London SE16 4DG UK
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Muelheim Germany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue Tianjin 300308 P. R. China
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24
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Qu G, Li A, Acevedo‐Rocha CG, Sun Z, Reetz MT. Die zentrale Rolle der Methodenentwicklung in der gerichteten Evolution selektiver Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Aitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Road Wuchang Wuhan 430062 China
| | | | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 Philipps-Universität 35032 Marburg Deutschland
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25
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Qu G, Li A, Acevedo‐Rocha CG, Sun Z, Reetz MT. The Crucial Role of Methodology Development in Directed Evolution of Selective Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13204-13231. [PMID: 31267627 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Aitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Road Wuchang Wuhan 430062 China
| | | | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 Philipps-University 35032 Marburg Germany
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26
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Li J, Li F, King-Smith E, Renata H. Merging chemoenzymatic and radical-based retrosynthetic logic for rapid and modular synthesis of oxidized meroterpenoids. Nat Chem 2020; 12:173-179. [PMID: 31959962 PMCID: PMC7250629 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meroterpenoids are natural products of hybrid biosynthetic origins-derived from both terpenoid and polyketide pathways-with a wealth of biological activities. Given their therapeutic potential, a general strategy to access these natural products in a concise and divergent fashion is highly desirable. Here, we report a modular synthesis of a suite of oxidized meroterpenoids using a hybrid synthetic strategy that is designed to harness the power of both biocatalytic and radical-based retrosynthetic logic. This strategy enables direct introduction of key hydroxyl groups and rapid construction of key bonds and stereocentres, facilitating the development of a concise route (7-12 steps from commercial materials) to eight oxidized meroterpenoids from two common molecular scaffolds. This work lays the foundation for rapid access to a wide range of oxidized meroterpenoids through the use of similar hybrid strategy that combines two synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Fuzhuo Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Emma King-Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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27
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Lan P, Ye S, Banwell MG. The Application of Dioxygenase-Based Chemoenzymatic Processes to the Total Synthesis of Natural Products. Chem Asian J 2020; 14:4001-4012. [PMID: 31609526 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview describes the exploitation of certain enzymatically derived, readily accessible, and enantiomerically pure cis-1,2-dihydrocatechols as starting materials in the chemical synthesis of a range of biologically active natural products, most notably sesquiterpenoids and alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lan
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Sebastian Ye
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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28
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Liu Y, You T, Wang HX, Tang Z, Zhou CY, Che CM. Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions and their application in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5310-5358. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the developments in iron and cobalt catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions with emphasis on their applications in organic synthesis, i.e. natural products and pharmaceuticals synthesis and/or modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Tingjie You
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
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29
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Li A, Qu G, Sun Z, Reetz MT. Statistical Analysis of the Benefits of Focused Saturation Mutagenesis in Directed Evolution Based on Reduced Amino Acid Alphabets. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Road, Wuchang Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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30
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Fessner ND. P450 Monooxygenases Enable Rapid Late-Stage Diversification of Natural Products via C-H Bond Activation. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:2226-2242. [PMID: 31423290 PMCID: PMC6686969 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological potency of natural products has been exploited for decades. Their inherent structural complexity and natural diversity might hold the key to efficiently address the urgent need for the development of novel pharmaceuticals. At the same time, it is that very complexity, which impedes necessary chemical modifications such as structural diversification, to improve the effectiveness of the drug. For this purpose, Cytochrome P450 enzymes, which possess unique abilities to activate inert sp3-hybridised C-H bonds in a late-stage fashion, offer an attractive synthetic tool. In this review the potential of cytochrome P450 enzymes in chemoenzymatic lead diversification is illustrated discussing studies reporting late-stage functionalisations of natural products and other high-value compounds. These enzymes were proven to extend the synthetic toolbox significantly by adding to the flexibility and efficacy of synthetic strategies of natural product chemists, and scientists of other related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
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31
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Abstract
The aromatic N-oxides have received increased attention over the last few years due to their potential application in medicine, agriculture and organic chemistry. As a green alternative in their synthesis, the biocatalytic method employing whole cells of Escherichia coli bearing phenol monooxygenase like protein PmlABCDEF (from here on – PML monooxygenase) has been introduced. In this work, site-directed mutagenesis was used to study the contributions of active site neighboring residues I106, A113, G109, F181, F200, F209 to the regiospecificity of N-oxidation. Based on chromogenic indole oxidation screening, a collection of PML mutants with altered catalytic properties was created. Among the tested mutants, the A113G variant acquired the most distinguishable N-oxidations capacity. This new variant of PML was able to produce dioxides (quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine-1,4-dioxide) and specific mono-N-oxides (2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine-1-oxide) that were unachievable using the wild type PML. This mutant also featured reshaped regioselectivity as N-oxidation shifted towards quinazoline-1-oxide compared to quinazoline-3-oxide that is produced by the wild type PML.
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32
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Dong LB, Zhang X, Rudolf JD, Deng MR, Kalkreuter E, Cepeda AJ, Renata H, Shen B. Cryptic and Stereospecific Hydroxylation, Oxidation, and Reduction in Platensimycin and Platencin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4043-4050. [PMID: 30735041 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Platensimycin (PTM) and platencin (PTN) are highly functionalized bacterial diterpenoids of ent-kauranol and ent-atiserene biosynthetic origin. C7 oxidation in the B-ring plays a key biosynthetic role in generating structural complexity known for ent-kaurane and ent-atisane derived diterpenoids. While all three oxidation patterns, α-hydroxyl, β-hydroxyl, and ketone, at C7 are seen in both the ent-kaurane and ent-atisane derived diterpenoids, their biosynthetic origins remain largely unknown. We previously established that PTM and PTN are produced by a single biosynthetic machinery, featuring cryptic C7 oxidations at the B-rings that transform the ent-kauranol and ent-atiserene derived precursors into the characteristic PTM and PTN scaffolds. Here, we report a three-enzyme cascade affording C7 α-hydroxylation in PTM and PTN biosynthesis. Combining in vitro and in vivo studies, we show that PtmO3 and PtmO6 are two functionally redundant α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that generate a cryptic C7 β-hydroxyl on each of the ent-kauranol and ent-atiserene scaffolds, and PtmO8 and PtmO1, a pair of NAD+/NADPH-dependent dehydrogenases, subsequently work in concert to invert the C7 β-hydroxyl to α-hydroxyl via a C7 ketone intermediate. PtmO3 and PtmO6 represent the first dedicated C7 β-hydroxylases characterized to date and, together with PtmO8 and PtmO1, provide an account for the biosynthetic origins of all three C7 oxidation patterns that may shed light on other B-ring modifications in bacterial, plant, and fungal diterpenoid biosynthesis. Given their unprecedented activities in C7 oxidations, PtmO3, PtmO6, PtmO8, and PtmO1 enrich the growing toolbox of novel enzymes that could be exploited as biocatalysts to rapidly access complex diterpenoid natural products.
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33
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Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases in Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:882-897. [PMID: 30739814 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450 or CYP) are heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the introduction of one atom of molecular oxygen into nonactivated C-H bonds, often in a regio- and stereoselective manner. This ability, combined with a tremendous number of accepted substrates, makes P450s powerful biocatalysts. Sixty years after their discovery, P450 systems are recognized as essential bio-bricks in synthetic biology approaches to enable production of high-value complex molecules in recombinant hosts. Recent impressive results in protein engineering led to P450s with tailored properties that are even able to catalyze abiotic reactions. The introduction of P450s in artificial multi-enzymatic cascades reactions and chemo-enzymatic processes offers exciting future perspectives to access novel compounds that cannot be synthesized by nature or by chemical routes.
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34
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A one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of (2S, 4R)-4-methylproline enables the first total synthesis of antiviral lipopeptide cavinafungin B. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Zhang RK, Huang X, Arnold FH. Selective CH bond functionalization with engineered heme proteins: new tools to generate complexity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 49:67-75. [PMID: 30343008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CH functionalization is an attractive strategy to construct and diversify molecules. Heme proteins, predominantly cytochromes P450, are responsible for an array of CH oxidations in biology. Recent work has coupled concepts from synthetic chemistry, computation, and natural product biosynthesis to engineer heme protein systems to deliver products with tailored oxidation patterns. Heme protein catalysis has been shown to go well beyond these native reactions and now accesses new-to-nature CH transformations, including CN and CC bond forming processes. Emerging work with these systems moves us along the ambitious path of building complexity from the ubiquitous CH bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie K Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
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36
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Li F, Zhang X, Renata H. Enzymatic CH functionalizations for natural product synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 49:25-32. [PMID: 30269011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of CH bond is rapidly becoming an indispensible tool in chemical synthesis. However, due to the ubiquity of CH bonds, achieving site-selective functionalization remains an arduous task, especially on advanced synthetic intermediates or natural products. In contrast, Nature has evolved a multitude of enzymes capable of performing this task with extraordinary selectivity, and the use of these enzymes in organic synthesis may provide a viable solution to contemporary challenges in site-selective functionalization of complex molecules. This review covers recent applications of enzymatic CH functionalization strategies in natural product synthesis, both in the context of key building block preparation and late-stage functionalization of advanced synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhuo Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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37
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Milan M, Bietti M, Costas M. Enantioselective aliphatic C-H bond oxidation catalyzed by bioinspired complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9559-9570. [PMID: 30039814 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective aliphatic C-H bond oxidation simultaneously installs functionality and chirality into hydrocarbon units, converting in a single step readily available, inexpensive and typically inert hydrocarbons into precious building blocks for organic synthesis. The reaction remains however an open problem eager for catalyst development and improvement. Metal complexes reproducing structural and reactivity aspects of oxygenases are emerging as promising homogeneous catalysts for this class of reactions. The present work reviews the current status of field, analyzing the difficulties of the reaction, discussing principles of catalyst design, and critically highlighting the limitations of the current state-of-the-art methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Milan
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain.
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38
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Le‐Huu P, Rekow D, Krüger C, Bokel A, Heidt T, Schaubach S, Claasen B, Hölzel S, Frey W, Laschat S, Urlacher VB. Chemoenzymatic Route to Oxyfunctionalized Cembranoids Facilitated by Substrate and Protein Engineering. Chemistry 2018; 24:12010-12021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priska Le‐Huu
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Dominik Rekow
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Claudia Krüger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ansgar Bokel
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tanja Heidt
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sebastian Schaubach
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Birgit Claasen
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sebastian Hölzel
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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39
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Zwick CR, Renata H. Evolution of Biocatalytic and Chemocatalytic C–H Functionalization Strategy in the Synthesis of Manzacidin C. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7407-7415. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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40
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Acevedo-Rocha CG, Gamble CG, Lonsdale R, Li A, Nett N, Hoebenreich S, Lingnau JB, Wirtz C, Fares C, Hinrichs H, Deege A, Mulholland AJ, Nov Y, Leys D, McLean KJ, Munro AW, Reetz MT. P450-Catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Steroid Hydroxylation: Efficient Directed Evolution Enabled by Mutability Landscaping. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Acevedo-Rocha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Charles G. Gamble
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Richard Lonsdale
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Aitao Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University 368 Youyi Road, Wuchang Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Nathalie Nett
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hoebenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia B. Lingnau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wirtz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
| | - Christophe Fares
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
| | - Heike Hinrichs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
| | - Alfred Deege
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Yuval Nov
- Department of Statistics, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Kirsty J. McLean
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Andrew W. Munro
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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