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Bai M, Shen Q, Wu Y, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen M, Liu D, Zhou L. Evaluation of transport mechanisms of methotrexate in human choriocarcinoma cell lines by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 247:116268. [PMID: 38823222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly prescribed as the initial treatment for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), but MTX monotherapy may not be effective for high-risk GTN and choriocarcinoma. The cellular uptake of MTX is essential for its pharmacological activity. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the cellular pharmacokinetics and transport mechanisms of MTX in choriocarcinoma cells. For the quantification of MTX concentrations in cellular matrix, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was created and confirmed initially. MTX accumulation in BeWo, JEG-3, and JAR cells was minimal. Additionally, the mRNA levels of folate receptor α (FRα) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) were relatively high in the three choriocarcinoma cell lines, whereas proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), reduced folate carrier (RFC), and organic anion transporter (OAT) 4 were low. Furthermore, the expression of other transporters was either very low or undetectable. Notably, the application of inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting FRα, RFC, and PCFT led to a notable decrease in the accumulation of MTX in BeWo cells. Conversely, the co-administration of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and BCRP inhibitors increased MTX accumulation. In addition, inhibitors of OATs and organic-anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) reduced MTX accumulation, while peptide transporter inhibitors had no effect. Results from siRNA knockdown experiments and transporter overexpression cell models indicated that MTX was not a substrate of nucleoside transporters. In conclusion, the results indicate that FRα and multiple transporters such as PCFT, RFC, OAT4, and OATPs are likely involved in the uptake of MTX, whereas MDR1 and BCRP are implicated in the efflux of MTX from choriocarcinoma cells. These results have implications for predicting transporter-mediated drug interactions and offer potential directions for further research on enhancing MTX sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Bai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China.
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2
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Boidin L, Moinard M, Moussaron A, Merlier M, Moralès O, Grolez GP, Baydoun M, Mohd-Gazzali A, Tazizi MHDM, Allah HHA, Kerbage Y, Arnoux P, Acherar S, Frochot C, Delhem N. Targeted Photodynamic Therapy using a Vectorized Photosensitizer coupled to Folic Acid Analog induces Ovarian Tumor Cell Death and inhibits IL-6-mediated Inflammation. J Control Release 2024; 371:351-370. [PMID: 38789088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal cancers among women. Frequent recurrence in the peritoneum due to the presence of microscopic tumor residues justifies the development of new therapies. Indeed, our main objective is to develop a targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from OC to improve the life expectancy of cancer patients. Herein, we propose a targeted-PDT using a vectorized photosensitizer (PS) coupled with a newly folic acid analog (FAA), named PSFAA, in order to target folate receptor alpha (FRα) overexpressed on peritoneal metastasis. This PSFAA was the result of the coupling of pyropheophorbide-a (Pyro-a), as the PS, to a newly synthesized FAA via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer. The selectivity and the PDT efficacy of PSFAA was evaluated on two human OC cell lines overexpressing FRα compared to fibrosarcoma cells underexpressing FRα. Final PSFAA, including the synthesis of a newly FAA and its conjugation to Pyro-a, was obtained after 10 synthesis steps, with an overall yield of 19%. Photophysical properties of PSFAA in EtOH were performed and showed similarity with those of free Pyro-a, such as the fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φf = 0.39 and ΦΔ = 0.53 for free Pyro-a, and Φf = 0.26 and ΦΔ = 0.41 for PSFAA). Any toxicity of PSFAA was noticed. After light illumination, a dose-dependent effect on PS concentration and light dose was shown. Furthermore, a PDT efficacy of PSFAA on OC cell secretome was detected inducing a decrease of a pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-6). This new PSFAA has shown promising biological properties highlighting the selectivity of the therapy opening new perspectives in the treatment of a cancer in a therapeutic impasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Boidin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Morgane Moinard
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Albert Moussaron
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France; Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7375 - LCPM - Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Margaux Merlier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Olivier Moralès
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Guillaume Paul Grolez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Martha Baydoun
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Amirah Mohd-Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Hassan Hadi Abd Allah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Yohan Kerbage
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Philippe Arnoux
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Samir Acherar
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7375 - LCPM - Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire, Nancy F-54000, France.
| | - Céline Frochot
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France.
| | - Nadira Delhem
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France.
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3
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Isaac-Lam MF. Chlorin Conjugates in Photodynamic Chemotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:576. [PMID: 38794146 PMCID: PMC11124301 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer in women and the number of new cases in the US is still increasing each year. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which comprises 15-20% of all breast cancer, is a heterogeneous disease and is considered the most aggressive type of breast cancer due to the lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressions for treatments. Traditional chemotherapy is the standard protocol for the treatment of TNBC. Toxicity and multidrug resistance are major drawbacks to chemotherapy. The lack of molecular targets and poor prognosis for TNBC prompts an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) or light treatment is a binary anti-cancer procedure that uses a photosensitizer (PS) that, upon light activation, produces cytotoxic oxygen species, destroying tumor cells. PDT is minimally invasive and can be repeated a few times without accumulating significant toxicity in the surrounding tissues. The primary goal of this study was to investigate in vitro photodynamic chemotherapy as a ternary combination therapy using our synthesized photosensitizers (chlorin-vitamin conjugates and their corresponding indium complexes) co-treated with known chemotherapeutic agents (taxol, doxorubicin, cisplatin, fluorouracil, or methotrexate) in the presence of light and determine the optimum conditions as a pre-clinical study of an enhanced tumoricidal effect against TNBC. Our results indicated that the best combination for an effective chemophotodynamic effect involves a ternary treatment of the indium complex of the chlorin-lipoic acid conjugate (InCLA) co-treated with taxol, which exhibited strong synergism at the nanomolar concentration when combined in the presence of visible light irradiation. Other ternary combinations containing taxol with a synergistic anti-tumor effect against TNBC include chlorin-pantothenic acid (CPA) and chlorin-biotin (CBTN) conjugates. Several other ternary combinations containing InCLA, CBTN, and CPA with either cisplatin, fluorouracil, or methotrexate were identified to generate a synergistic or additive effect. The light dosage remained constant, but the dosages of photosensitizers and chemotherapy drugs were varied to obtain the lowest possible concentration for the desired effect. The synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects of the drug combinations were determined based on the Chou-Talalay method, with InCLA-taxol having the lowest combination index (CI) of 0.25. Fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images provided evidence of apoptosis as the preferred mode of cell death. Our study demonstrated the combination of PDT and chemotherapy as a potential treatment option for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meden F Isaac-Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Northwest, Westville, IN 46391, USA
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4
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Li X, Wang X, Qu X, Shi N, Li Q, Yan Z, Li Y, Wang Y. Microenvironmental Enzyme-Responsive Methotrexate Modified Quercetin Micelles for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3259-3273. [PMID: 38601347 PMCID: PMC11005996 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s457004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease involving synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Although therapeutic drugs for RA have some efficacy, they usually cause severe side effects and are expensive. RA is characterized by synovial hyperplasia, intra-articular hypoxia, upregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinases, and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The adverse microenvironment further aggravates activated macrophage infiltration. Therefore, controlling the microenvironment of diseased tissues and targeting the activated macrophages have become new therapeutic targets in RA patients. Methods Here, microenvironment-targeting micelles (PVGLIG-MTX-Que-Ms) were synthesized using the thin film hydration method. In the inflammatory microenvironment, PVGLIG was cleaved by the highly expressed MMP-2, PEG5000 was eliminated, MTX was exposed, macrophage activation was targeted, and Que enrichment was enhanced. The cytotoxicity, targeting, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of drug-loaded micelles were tested in vitro. The drug-loaded micelles were used to treat CIA rats. In vivo targeting, expression of serum inflammatory factors, immunohistochemistry of the articular cartilage, and changes in immunofluorescence staining were observed. Results The developed micelles had a particle size of (89.62 ±1.33) nm and a zeta potential of (-4.9 ±0.53) mV. The IC50 value of PVGLIG-MTX-Que-Ms (185.90 ±6.98) μmol/L was significantly lower than that of free Que (141.10 ±6.39) μmol/L. The synthesized micelles exhibited slow-release properties, low cytotoxicity, strong targeting abilities, and significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In vivo, the drug-loaded micelles accumulated at the joint site for a long time. PVGLIG-MTX-Que-Ms significantly reduced joint swelling, improved bone destruction, and decreased the expression of serum inflammatory factors in CIA rats. Conclusion The smart-targeting micelles PVGLIG-MTX-Que-Ms with strong targeting, anti-inflammatory, cartilage-protective, and other multiple positive effects are a promising new tool for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuwu Qu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningning Shi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinqing Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Yan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yandong Li
- Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Shanxi Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Engineering Laboratory, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Szczygieł A, Węgierek-Ciura K, Wróblewska A, Mierzejewska J, Rossowska J, Szermer-Olearnik B, Świtalska M, Anger-Góra N, Goszczyński TM, Pajtasz-Piasecka E. Combined therapy with methotrexate nanoconjugate and dendritic cells with downregulated IL-10R expression modulates the tumor microenvironment and enhances the systemic anti-tumor immune response in MC38 murine colon carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155377. [PMID: 37033926 PMCID: PMC10078943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the negative impact of the tumor microenvironment on the creation of an effective immune response has contributed to the development of new therapeutic anti-cancer strategies. One such solution is combined therapy consisting of chemotherapeutic administration followed by dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines. The use of cytostatic leads to the elimination of cancer cells, but can also modulate the tumor milieu. Moreover, great efforts are being made to increase the therapeutic outcome of immunotherapy, e.g. by enhancing the ability of DCs to generate an efficient immune response, even in the presence of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of combined therapy with chemotherapeutic with immunomodulatory potential - HES-MTX nanoconjugate (composed of methotrexate (MTX) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES)) and DCs with downregulated expression of IL-10 receptor stimulated with tumor antigens (DC/shIL-10R/TAg) applied in MC38 murine colon carcinoma model. Methods With the use of lentiviral vectors the DCs with decreased expression of IL-10R were obtained and characterized. During in vivo studies MC38-tumor bearing mice received MTX or HES-MTX nanoconjugate as a sole treatment or combined with DC-based immunotherapy containing unmodified DCs or DCs transduced with shRNA against IL-10R (or control shRNA sequence). Tumor volume was monitored during the experiment. One week after the last injection of DC-based vaccines, tumor nodules and spleens were dissected for ex vivo analysis. The changes in the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response were estimated with the use of flow cytometry and ELISA methods. Results and conclusions In vitro studies showed that the downregulation of IL-10R expression in DCs enhances their ability to activate the specific anti-tumor immune response. The use of HES-MTX nanoconjugate and DC/shIL-10R/TAg in the therapy of MC38-tumor bearing mice resulted in the greatest tumor growth inhibition. At the local anti-tumor immune response level a decrease in the infiltration of cells with suppressor activity and an increase in the influx of effector cells into MC38 tumor tissue was observed. These changes were crucial to enhance the effective specific immune response at the systemic level, which was revealed in the greatest cytotoxic activity of spleen cells against MC38 cells.
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6
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Gallaga-González U, Morales-Avila E, Torres-García E, Estrada JA, Díaz-Sánchez LE, Izquierdo G, Aranda-Lara L, Isaac-Olivé K. Photoactivation of Chemotherapeutic Agents with Cerenkov Radiation for Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23591-23604. [PMID: 35847323 PMCID: PMC9280781 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov radiation (CR) can be used as an internal light source in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methotrexate (MTX) and paclitaxel (PTX), chemotherapeutic agents with wide clinical use, have characteristics of photosensitizers (PS). This work evaluates the possibility of photoexciting MTX and PTX with CR from 18F-FDG to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of inducing cytotoxicity. PTX did not produce ROS when excited by CR from 18F-FDG, so it is not useful for PDT. In contrast, MTX produces 1O2 (detected by ABMA) in amounts sufficient to significantly decrease the viability of the T47D cells. MTX solutions of 100 nM combined with 18F-FDG activities of 50 (1.85 MBq) and 100 μCi (3.7 MBq) produced a significant decrease in cell viability to (50.09 ± 4.95) and (47.96 ± 11.19)%, respectively, compared to MTX (66.29 ± 5.92)% and 18F-FDG (91.35 ± 7.00% for 50 μCi and 99.43 ± 11.03% for 100 μCi) alone. Using the CellRox Green reagent, the intracellular production of ROS was confirmed as the main mechanism of cytotoxicity. The results confirm the therapeutic potential of photoactivation with CR and the synergy of the combined treatment with chemotherapy + photodynamic therapy (CMT + PDT). The combination of chemotherapeutic agents with PS properties and β-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, previously approved for clinical use, will make it possible to shorten the evaluation stages of new CMT + PDT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Gallaga-González
- Laboratorio
de Investigación Teranóstica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - Enrique Morales-Avila
- Laboratorio
de Toxicología y Farmacia,
Facultad de Química, Universidad
Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México, México
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Laboratorio
de Dosimetría y Simulación Monte Carlo, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del
Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - José A. Estrada
- Laboratorio
de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - Luis Enrique Díaz-Sánchez
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de México, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México, México
| | - German Izquierdo
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de México, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México, México
| | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Laboratorio
de Investigación Teranóstica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Laboratorio
de Investigación Teranóstica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
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7
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Taghipour YD, Zarebkohan A, Salehi R, Rahimi F, Torchilin VP, Hamblin MR, Seifalian A. An update on dual targeting strategy for cancer treatment. J Control Release 2022; 349:67-96. [PMID: 35779656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The key issue in the treatment of solid tumors is the lack of efficient strategies for the targeted delivery and accumulation of therapeutic cargoes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Targeting approaches are designed for more efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells while minimizing drug toxicity to normal cells and off-targeting effects, while maximizing the eradication of cancer cells. The highly complicated interrelationship between the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, and the physiological and pathological barriers that are required to cross, dictates the need for the success of targeting strategies. Dual targeting is an approach that uses both purely biological strategies and physicochemical responsive smart delivery strategies to increase the accumulation of nanoparticles within the TME and improve targeting efficiency towards cancer cells. In both approaches, either one single ligand is used for targeting a single receptor on different cells, or two different ligands for targeting two different receptors on the same or different cells. Smart delivery strategies are able to respond to triggers that are typical of specific disease sites, such as pH, certain specific enzymes, or redox conditions. These strategies are expected to lead to more precise targeting and better accumulation of nano-therapeutics. This review describes the classification and principles of dual targeting approaches and critically reviews the efficiency of dual targeting strategies, and the rationale behind the choice of ligands. We focus on new approaches for smart drug delivery in which synthetic and/or biological moieties are attached to nanoparticles by TME-specific responsive linkers and advanced camouflaged nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Davatgaran Taghipour
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fariborz Rahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine and Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alexander Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Heppler LN, Attarha S, Persaud R, Brown JI, Wang P, Petrova B, Tošić I, Burton FB, Flamand Y, Walker SR, Yeh JE, Zubarev RA, Gaetani M, Kanarek N, Page BDG, Frank DA. The antimicrobial drug pyrimethamine inhibits STAT3 transcriptional activity by targeting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101531. [PMID: 34953855 PMCID: PMC8800111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is often characterized by aberrant gene expression patterns caused by the inappropriate activation of transcription factors. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key transcriptional regulator of many protumorigenic processes and is persistently activated in many types of human cancer. However, like many transcription factors, STAT3 has proven difficult to target clinically. To address this unmet clinical need, we previously developed a cell-based assay of STAT3 transcriptional activity and performed an unbiased and high-throughput screen of small molecules known to be biologically active in humans. We identified the antimicrobial drug pyrimethamine as a novel and specific inhibitor of STAT3 transcriptional activity. Here, we show that pyrimethamine does not significantly affect STAT3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, or DNA binding at concentrations sufficient to inhibit STAT3 transcriptional activity, suggesting a potentially novel mechanism of inhibition. To identify the direct molecular target of pyrimethamine and further elucidate the mechanism of action, we used a new quantitative proteome profiling approach called proteome integral solubility alteration coupled with a metabolomic analysis. We identified human dihydrofolate reductase as a target of pyrimethamine and demonstrated that the STAT3-inhibitory effects of pyrimethamine are the result of a deficiency in reduced folate downstream of dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, implicating folate metabolism in the regulation of STAT3 transcriptional activity. This study reveals a previously unknown regulatory node of the STAT3 pathway that may be important for the development of novel strategies to treat STAT3-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Heppler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanaz Attarha
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosanne Persaud
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jennifer I Brown
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isidora Tošić
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Foster B Burton
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yael Flamand
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber-Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah R Walker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer E Yeh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Chemical Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Massimiliano Gaetani
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Chemical Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brent D G Page
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David A Frank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Kakumoto M, Shimokawa K, Ueshima S, Hira D, Okano T. Effects of antiepileptic drugs' administration during pregnancy on the nerve cell proliferation and axonal outgrowth of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y nerve cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 554:151-157. [PMID: 33798941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the intelligence quotient of children born to pregnant women taking 1000 mg or more of valproic acid per day is lower than that of children born to pregnant women taking other antiepileptic drugs. However, the mechanism whereby intelligence quotient is decreased in children exposed to valproic acid during the fetal period has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we used the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y to evaluate the effects of antiepileptic drugs containing valproic acid on nerve cells. We assessed the anti-proliferative effects of drugs in these cells via WST-8 colorimetric assay, using the Cell Counting Kit-8. We also quantified drug effects on axonal elongation from images using ImageJ software. We also evaluated drug effects on mRNA expression levels on molecules implicated in nervous system development and folic acid uptake using real-time PCR. We observed that carbamazepine and lamotrigen were toxic to SH-SY5Y cells at concentrations >500 μM. In contrast, phenytoin and valproic acid were not toxic to these cells. Carbamazepine, lamotrigen, phenytoin, and valproic acid did not affect axonal outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. Sodium channel neuronal type 1a (SCN1A) mRNA expression-level ratios increased when valproic acid was supplemented to cells. The overexpression of SCN1A mRNA due to high valproic acid concentrations during the fetal period may affect neurodevelopment. However, since detailed mechanisms have not yet been elucidated, it is necessary to evaluate it by comparing cell axon elongation and SCN1A protein expression due to high-concentration valproic acid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Kakumoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Shimokawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueshima
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daiki Hira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Okano
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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10
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Lan JS, Qin YH, Liu L, Zeng RF, Yang Y, Wang K, Ding Y, Zhang T, Ho RJY. A Carrier-Free Folate Receptor-Targeted Ursolic Acid/Methotrexate Nanodelivery System for Synergetic Anticancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1775-1787. [PMID: 33692622 PMCID: PMC7938229 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s287806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To avoid undefined metabolic mechanisms and to eliminate potential side effects of traditional nanocarriers, new green carriers are urgently needed in cancer treatment. Carrier-free nanoparticles (NPs) based on ursolic acid (UA) have attracted significant attention, but the UA NPs targeting the folate receptor have never been explored. We designed a novel self-assembled UA-Methotrexate (MTX) NPs targeting the folate-receptor and its synergetic anticancer activity was studied in vitro and in vivo. METHODS UA-MTX NPs were prepared using the solvent precipitation method. Characterization of the UA-MTX NPs preparation was performed using a size analyzer, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-vis spectrophotometry. The in vitro pH-responsive drug release capability of UA-MTX NPs was tested at different pH values. The UA-MTX NPs targeting of folates was determined by comparing the endocytosis rates of cell lines with low or overexpression of the folate receptor (A549 and MCF-7 cells). The cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis of UA-MTX NPs were also studied to determine the in vitro synergistic effects. Combination chemotherapy of UA-MTX NPs in vivo was evaluated using MCF-7 xenografted tumor models. RESULTS Compared with free UA or MTX, the water solubility of UA-MTX NPs improved significantly. Drug-release from the UA-MTX NPs was faster at pH 5.0 than pH 7.4, suggesting MTX-UA NPs could rapidly release MTX in the acidic conditions of the tumor microenvironment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the excellent folate receptor targeting of UA-MTX NPs in MCF-7 cells. Cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis results demonstrated greater antiproliferative capacity of UA-MTX NPs than that of free drug in folate receptor overexpressing MCF-7 cells. Anticancer effects in vivo suggested MTX-UA NPs exhibited good biological safety and could enhance antitumor efficacy due to the combination therapy. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the UA-MTX NPs targeting folate-receptors is an efficient strategy for combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shuai Lan
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Feng Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Science and Technology Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Science and Technology Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Ding
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rodney J Y Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Szczygieł A, Anger-Góra N, Węgierek-Ciura K, Mierzejewska J, Rossowska J, Goszczyński TM, Świtalska M, Pajtasz-Piasecka E. Immunomodulatory potential of anticancer therapy composed of methotrexate nanoconjugate and dendritic cell‑based vaccines in murine colon carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:945-962. [PMID: 33432365 PMCID: PMC7859925 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy with low-molecular weight compounds, despite elimination of cancer cells, entails adverse effects. To overcome this disadvantage, innovative drug delivery systems are being developed, including conjugation of macromolecular carriers with therapeutics, e.g. a nanoconjugate of hydroxyethyl starch and methotrexate (HES-MTX). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether HES-MTX, applied as a chemotherapeutic, is able to modulate the immune response and support the antitumor response generated by dendritic cells (DCs) used subsequently as immunotherapeutic vaccines. Therefore, MTX or HES-MTX was administered, as sole treatment or combined with DC-based vaccines, to MC38 colon carcinoma tumor-bearing mice. Alterations in antitumor immune response were evaluated by multiparameter flow cytometry analyses and functional assays. The results demonstrated that the nanoconjugate possesses greater immunomodulatory potential than MTX as reflected by changes in the landscape of immune cells infiltrating the tumor and increased cytotoxicity of splenic lymphocytes. In contrast to MTX, therapy with HES-MTX as sole treatment or combined with DC-based vaccines, contributed to significant tumor growth inhibition. However, only treatment with HES-MTX and DC-based vaccines activated the systemic specific antitumor response. In conclusion, due to its immunomodulatory properties, the HES-MTX nanoconjugate could become a potent anticancer agent used in both chemo- and chemoimmunotherapeutic treatment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szczygieł
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Anger-Góra
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgierek-Ciura
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Mierzejewska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rossowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Goszczyński
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Świtalska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53‑114 Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Halik PK, Koźmiński P, Gniazdowska E. Perspectives of Methotrexate-Based Radioagents for Application in Nuclear Medicine. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:33-43. [PMID: 33251808 PMCID: PMC7788572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Methotrexate is a gold standard among
disease modifying antirheumatic
drugs and is also extensively used clinically in combination with
oncological therapies. Thus, it is not surprising that nuclear medicine
found an interest in methotrexate in the search for diagnostic and
therapeutic solutions. Numerous folate-related radiopharmaceuticals
have been proposed for nuclear medicine purposes; however, methotrexate
radioagents represent only a minority. This imbalance results from
the fact that methotrexate has significantly weaker affinity for folate
receptors than folic acid. Nevertheless, radiolabeled methotrexate
agents utilized as a tool for early detection and imaging of inflammation
in rheumatoid arthritis patients gave promising results. Similarly,
the use of multimodal MTX-release nanosystems may find potential applications
in radiosynovectomy and theranostic approaches in folate receptor
positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzysztof Halik
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Koźmiński
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Gniazdowska
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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Koźmiński P, Halik PK, Chesori R, Gniazdowska E. Overview of Dual-Acting Drug Methotrexate in Different Neurological Diseases, Autoimmune Pathologies and Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103483. [PMID: 32423175 PMCID: PMC7279024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate, a structural analogue of folic acid, is one of the most effective and extensively used drugs for treating many kinds of cancer or severe and resistant forms of autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we take an overview of the present state of knowledge with regards to complex mechanisms of methotrexate action and its applications as immunosuppressive drug or chemotherapeutic agent in oncological combination therapy. In addition, the issue of the potential benefits of methotrexate in the development of neurological disorders in Alzheimer’s disease or myasthenia gravis will be discussed.
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14
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Hao F, Lee RJ, Zhong L, Dong S, Yang C, Teng L, Meng Q, Lu J, Xie J, Teng L. Hybrid micelles containing methotrexate-conjugated polymer and co-loaded with microRNA-124 for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:5282-5297. [PMID: 31410215 PMCID: PMC6691571 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Methotrexate (MTX) is a first-line drug for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)therapy. However, MTX monotherapy often results in irreversible joint damage due to its slow onset of action and long duration. microRNA-124 (miR-124) has shown direct bone protection activity against RA. A co-delivery system for MTX and microRNA combination may provide therapeutic synergy. Methods: Methotrexate-conjugated polymer hybrid micelles (M-PHMs) were prepared by self-assembly of two functional amphiphilic polymers (MTX-PEI-LA and mPEG-LA) at an optimized weight ratio. Incorporation of microRNA was achieved through electrostatic interactions between microRNA and cationic polymer MTX-PEI-LA. Cellular uptake, endosome escape, biodistribution, and therapeutic efficacy of M-PHMs/miR-124 complexes were investigated and evaluated in RAW264.7 cells and a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. Results: M-PHMs/miR-124 complexes exhibited folate receptor-mediated uptake in activated RAW264.7 cells. miR-124 was able to escape from the endosome and down-regulate nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic1 (NFATc1). M-PHMs/miR-124 complexes accumulated in inflamed joints of AIA rats and showed superior therapeutic efficacy through both anti-inflammatory effect and direct bone protective effect. Combination of miR-124 and MTX in these micelles induced disease remission. Conclusions: M-PHMs/miR-124 was highly effective against RA through therapeutic synergy. Additional studies are warranted to further investigate its therapeutic potential and delineate its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Robert J Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 500 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lihuang Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Shiyan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Chunmiao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Qingfan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
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