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Amiri A, Abedanzadeh S, Davaeil B, Shaabani A, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Protein click chemistry and its potential for medical applications. Q Rev Biophys 2024; 57:e6. [PMID: 38619322 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583524000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A revolution in chemical biology occurred with the introduction of click chemistry. Click chemistry plays an important role in protein chemistry modifications, providing specific, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-handle methods. Under physiological conditions, click chemistry often overlaps with bioorthogonal chemistry, defined as reactions that occur rapidly and selectively without interfering with biological processes. Click chemistry is used for the posttranslational modification of proteins based on covalent bond formations. With the contribution of click reactions, selective modification of proteins would be developed, representing an alternative to other technologies in preparing new proteins or enzymes for studying specific protein functions in different biological processes. Click-modified proteins have potential in diverse applications such as imaging, labeling, sensing, drug design, and enzyme technology. Due to the promising role of proteins in disease diagnosis and therapy, this review aims to highlight the growing applications of click strategies in protein chemistry over the last two decades, with a special emphasis on medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amiri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bagher Davaeil
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Ling X, Xie B, Gao X, Chang L, Zheng W, Chen H, Huang Y, Tan L, Li M, Liu T. Improving the efficiency of precise genome editing with site-specific Cas9-oligonucleotide conjugates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0051. [PMID: 32494588 PMCID: PMC7250679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific chemical conjugation of proteins can enhance their therapeutic and diagnostic utility but has seldom been applied to CRISPR-Cas9, which is a rapidly growing field with great therapeutic potential. The low efficiency of homology-directed repair remains a major hurdle in CRISPR-Cas9-mediated precise genome editing, which is limited by low concentration of donor DNA template at the cleavage site. In this study, we have developed methodology to site-specifically conjugate oligonucleotides to recombinant Cas9 protein containing a genetically encoded noncanonical amino acid with orthogonal chemical reactivity. The Cas9-oligonucleotide conjugates recruited an unmodified donor DNA template to the target site through base pairing, markedly increasing homology-directed repair efficiency in both human cell culture and mouse zygotes. These chemically modified Cas9 mutants provide an additional tool, one that is complementary to chemically modified nucleic acids, for improving the utility of CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-editing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bingteng Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liying Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Linzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mo Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. (T.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author. (T.L.); (M.L.)
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3
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Chen Z, Chen M, Zhou K, Rao J. Pre‐targeted Imaging of Protease Activity through In Situ Assembly of Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Min Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
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4
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Chen Z, Chen M, Zhou K, Rao J. Pre-targeted Imaging of Protease Activity through In Situ Assembly of Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7864-7870. [PMID: 32056345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pre-targeted imaging of enzyme activity has not been reported, likely owing to the lack of a mechanism to retain the injected substrate in the first step for subsequent labeling. Herein, we report the use of two bioorthogonal reactions-the condensation reaction of aromatic nitriles and aminothiols and the inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine and trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-to develop a novel strategy for pre-targeted imaging of the activity of proteases. The substrate probe (TCO-C-SNAT4) can be selectively activated by an enzyme target (e.g. caspase-3/7), which triggers macrocyclization and subsequent in situ self-assembly into nanoaggregates retained at the target site. The tetrazine-imaging tag conjugate labels TCO in the nanoaggregates to generate selective signal retention for imaging in vitro, in cells, and in mice. Owing to the decoupling of enzyme activation and imaging tag immobilization, TCO-C-SNAT4 can be repeatedly injected to generate and accumulate more TCO-nanoaggregates for click labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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5
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Tipping WJ, Lee M, Brunton VG, Lloyd-Jones GC, Hulme AN. Kinetic analysis of bioorthogonal reaction mechanisms using Raman microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:71-85. [PMID: 31531436 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is well-suited to the study of bioorthogonal reaction processes because it is a non-destructive technique, which employs relatively low energy laser irradiation, and water is only very weakly scattered in the Raman spectrum enabling live cell imaging. In addition, Raman spectroscopy allows species-specific label-free visualisation; chemical contrast may be achieved when imaging a cell in its native environment without fixatives or stains. Combined with the rapid advances in the field of Raman imaging over the last decade, particularly in stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), this technique has the potential to revolutionise our mechanistic understanding of the biochemical and medicinal chemistry applications of bioorthogonal reactions. Current approaches to the kinetic analysis of bioorthogonal reactions (including heat flow calorimetry, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, IR, NMR and MS) have a number of practical shortcomings for intracellular applications. We highlight the advantages offered by Raman microscopy for reaction analysis in the context of both established and emerging bioorthogonal reactions, including the copper(i) catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction and Glaser-Hay coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Tipping
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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6
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Widder P, Berner F, Summerer D, Drescher M. Double Nitroxide Labeling by Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions with Noncanonical Amino Acids for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:839-844. [PMID: 30998314 PMCID: PMC6534342 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is an important tool to obtain long-range distance restraints for protein structural research. We here study a variety of azide- and alkyne-bearing noncanonical amino acids (ncAA) in terms of protein single- and double-incorporation efficiency via nonsense suppression, metabolic stability, yields of nitroxide labeling via copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC), and spectroscopic properties in continuous-wave and double electron-electron resonance measurements. We identify para-ethynyl-l-phenylalanine and para-propargyloxy-l-phenylalanine as suitable ncAA for CuAAC-based SDSL that will complement current SDSL approaches, particularly in cases in which essential cysteines of a target protein prevent the use of sulfhydryl-reactive spin labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Widder
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Frederic Berner
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Summerer
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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7
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Lee A, Oh S, Kim H. Synthesis of α-(4-Oxazolyl)amino Esters via Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Tandem Reaction. Org Lett 2018; 20:3319-3322. [PMID: 29763328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-step, Brønsted acid catalyzed tandem reaction for the synthesis of α-(4-oxazolyl)amino esters was developed. 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid was found to be an efficient catalyst for the coupling of ethyl 2-oxobut-3-ynoates with amides to provide various α-(4-oxazolyl)amino esters. The experimental and X-ray crystallographic data suggest that a series of bond-forming reactions including imine formation, intermolecular Michael addition, and intramolecular Michael addition are involved to generate both the oxazole and amino acid functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Seohee Oh
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
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8
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Abstract
Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for manipulating the structures of macromolecules, is allowing chemists to to harness and reprogram the cellular machinery in ways previously unimaged. Here we review one example in which the genetic code itself has been expanded with new building blocks that allow us to probe and manipulate the structures and functions of proteins with unprecedented precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary,
P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 (USA)
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA),
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9
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Pickens CJ, Johnson SN, Pressnall MM, Leon MA, Berkland CJ. Practical Considerations, Challenges, and Limitations of Bioconjugation via Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:686-701. [PMID: 29287474 PMCID: PMC6310217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interrogating biological systems is often limited by access to biological probes. The emergence of "click chemistry" has revolutionized bioconjugate chemistry by providing facile reaction conditions amenable to both biologic molecules and small molecule probes such as fluorophores, toxins, or therapeutics. One particularly popular version is the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reaction, which has spawned new alternatives such as the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, among others. This focused review highlights practical approaches to AAC reactions for the synthesis of peptide or protein bioconjugates and contrasts current challenges and limitations in light of recent advances in the field. The conical success of antibody drug conjugates has expanded the toolbox of linkers and payloads to facilitate practical applications of bioconjugation to create novel therapeutics and biologic probes. The AAC reaction in particular is poised to enable a large set of functionalized molecules as a combinatorial approach to high-throughput bioconjugate generation, screening, and honing of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Stephanie N Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Melissa M Pressnall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , , 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 W. 15th , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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10
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Nimmo ZM, Halonski JF, Chatkewitz LE, Young DD. Development of optimized conditions for Glaser-Hay bioconjugations. Bioorg Chem 2018; 76:326-331. [PMID: 29227916 PMCID: PMC5818283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficient preparation of protein bioconjugates represents a route to novel materials, diagnostics, and therapeutics. We previously reported a novel bioorthogonal Glaser-Hay reaction for the preparation of covalent linkages between proteins and a reaction partner; however, deleterious protein degradation was observed under extended reaction conditions. Herein, we describe the systematic optimization of the reaction to increase coupling efficiency and decrease protein degradation. Two optimized conditions were identified varying either the pH of the reaction or the bidentate ligand employed, allowing for more rapid conjugations and/or less protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Nimmo
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - John F Halonski
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Lindsay E Chatkewitz
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Douglas D Young
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
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11
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Chatkewitz LE, Halonski JF, Padilla MS, Young DD. Investigation of copper-free alkyne/azide 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using microwave irradiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:81-84. [PMID: 29248298 PMCID: PMC5761740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides and alkynes within both biology and chemistry highlights the utility of these reactions. However, the use of a copper catalyst can be prohibitive to some applications. Consequently, we have optimized a copper-free microwave-assisted reaction to alleviate the necessity for the copper catalyst. A small array of triazoles was prepared to examine the scope of this approach, and the methodology was translated to a protein context through the use of unnatural amino acids to demonstrate one of the first microwave-mediated bioconjugations involving a full length protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Chatkewitz
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
| | - John F Halonski
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
| | - Marshall S Padilla
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
| | - Douglas D Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA.
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12
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Fisher SA, Baker AEG, Shoichet MS. Designing Peptide and Protein Modified Hydrogels: Selecting the Optimal Conjugation Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7416-7427. [PMID: 28481537 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are used in a wide variety of biomedical applications including tissue engineering, biomolecule delivery, cell delivery, and cell culture. These hydrogels are often designed with a specific biological function in mind, requiring the chemical incorporation of bioactive factors to either mimic extracellular matrix or to deliver a payload to diseased tissue. Appropriate synthetic techniques to ligate bioactive factors, such as peptides and proteins, onto hydrogels are critical in designing materials with biological function. Here, we outline strategies for peptide and protein immobilization. We specifically focus on click chemistry, enzymatic ligation, and affinity binding for transient immobilization. Protein modification strategies have shifted toward site-specific modification using unnatural amino acids and engineered site-selective amino acid sequences to preserve both activity and structure. The selection of appropriate protein immobilization strategies is vital to engineering functional hydrogels. We provide insight into chemistry that balances the need for facile reactions while maintaining protein bioactivity or desired release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Fisher
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, §Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 160 College Street, Room 514, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Alexander E G Baker
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, §Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 160 College Street, Room 514, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, §Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 160 College Street, Room 514, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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13
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Maza JC, Howard CA, Vipani MA, Travis CR, Young DD. Utilization of alkyne bioconjugations to modulate protein function. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:30-33. [PMID: 27894869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to introduce or modify protein function has widespread application to multiple scientific disciplines. The introduction of unique unnatural amino acids represents an excellent mechanism to incorporate new functionality; however, this approach is limited by ability of the translational machinery to recognize and incorporate the chemical moiety. To overcome this potential limitation, we aimed to exploit the functionality of existing unnatural amino acids to perform bioorthogonal reactions to introduce the desired protein modification, altering its function. Specifically, via the introduction of a terminal alkyne containing unnatural amino acid, we demonstrated chemically programmable protein modification through the Glaser-Hay coupling to other terminal alkynes, altering the function of a protein. In a proof-of-concept experiment, this approach has been utilized to modify the fluorescence spectrum of green fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan C Maza
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Christina A Howard
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Megha A Vipani
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Christopher R Travis
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Douglas D Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
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14
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Nair RN, Mishra JK, Li F, Tortosa M, Yang C, Doherty JR, Cameron M, Cleveland JL, Roush WR, Bannister TD. Exploiting the co-reliance of tumours upon transport of amino acids and lactate: Gln and Tyr conjugates of MCT1 inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:900-905. [PMID: 27347360 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00579e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine and tyrosine-based amino acid conjugates of monocarboxylate transporter types 1 and 2 inhibitors (MCT1/2) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their potency in blocking the proliferation of a human B lymphoma cell line that expresses the transporters Asct2, LAT1 and MCT1. Appropriate placement of an amino acid transporter recognition element was shown to augment anti-tumour efficacy vs. Raji cells. Amino acid conjugation also improves the pharmacodynamic properties of experimental MCT1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji N Nair
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jitendra K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Fangzheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mariola Tortosa
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Chunying Yang
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joanne R Doherty
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 110 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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15
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Tookmanian EM, Phillips-Piro CM, Fenlon EE, Brewer SH. Azidoethoxyphenylalanine as a Vibrational Reporter and Click Chemistry Partner in Proteins. Chemistry 2015; 21:19096-103. [PMID: 26608683 PMCID: PMC4815431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An unnatural amino acid, 4-(2-azidoethoxy)-L-phenylalanine (AePhe, 1), was designed and synthesized in three steps from known compounds in 54% overall yield. The sensitivity of the IR absorption of the azide of AePhe was established by comparison of the frequency of the azide asymmetric stretch vibration in water and dimethyl sulfoxide. AePhe was successfully incorporated into superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) at the 133 and 149 sites by using the amber codon suppression method. The IR spectra of these sfGFP constructs indicated that the azide group at the 149 site was not fully solvated despite the location in sfGFP and the three-atom linker between the azido group and the aromatic ring of AePhe. An X-ray crystal structure of sfGFP-149-AePhe was solved at 1.45 Å resolution and provides an explanation for the IR data as the flexible linker adopts a conformation which partially buries the azide on the protein surface. Both sfGFP-AePhe constructs efficiently undergo a bioorthogonal strain-promoted click cycloaddition with a dibenzocyclooctyne derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Tookmanian
- Department of Chemistry Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 (USA)
| | | | - Edward E Fenlon
- Department of Chemistry Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 (USA).
| | - Scott H Brewer
- Department of Chemistry Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 (USA).
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16
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Ekholm FS, Pynnönen H, Vilkman A, Koponen J, Helin J, Satomaa T. Synthesis of the copper chelator TGTA and evaluation of its ability to protect biomolecules from copper induced degradation during copper catalyzed azide-alkyne bioconjugation reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:849-52. [PMID: 26647226 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most successful bioconjugation strategies to date is the copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), however, the typically applied reaction conditions have been found to degrade sensitive biomolecules. Herein, we present a water soluble copper chelator which can be utilized to protect biomolecules from copper induced degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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