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Batarchuk V, Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Kovacs AH, Hodgson A, Rodriguez K, Aldossary R, Talwar T, Hasselbrink C, Ruset IC, DeBoef B, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (HyperCEST) Molecular Imaging: Achievements and Future Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1939. [PMID: 38339217 PMCID: PMC10856220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging field that is set to revolutionize our perspective of disease diagnosis, treatment efficacy monitoring, and precision medicine in full concordance with personalized medicine. A wide range of hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe biosensors have been recently developed, demonstrating their potential applications in molecular settings, and achieving notable success within in vitro studies. The favorable nuclear magnetic resonance properties of 129Xe, coupled with its non-toxic nature, high solubility in biological tissues, and capacity to dissolve in blood and diffuse across membranes, highlight its superior role for applications in molecular MRI settings. The incorporation of reporters that combine signal enhancement from both hyperpolarized 129Xe and chemical exchange saturation transfer holds the potential to address the primary limitation of low sensitivity observed in conventional MRI. This review provides a summary of the various applications of HP 129Xe biosensors developed over the last decade, specifically highlighting their use in MRI. Moreover, this paper addresses the evolution of in vivo applications of HP 129Xe, discussing its potential transition into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Batarchuk
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
- Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Antal Halen Kovacs
- Applied Life Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Aaron Hodgson
- Physics Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Karla Rodriguez
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
| | - Ruba Aldossary
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Tanu Talwar
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
| | - Carson Hasselbrink
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-005, USA
| | | | - Brenton DeBoef
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Mitchell S. Albert
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
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2
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Hincapie R, Bhattacharya S, Keshavarz-Joud P, Chapman AP, Crooke SN, Finn MG. Preparation and Biological Properties of Oligonucleotide-Functionalized Virus-like Particles. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37257068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are powerful molecules for programming function and assembly. When arrayed on nanoparticle scaffolds in high density, the resulting molecules, spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), become imbued with unique properties. We used the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to graft oligonucleotides on Qβ virus-like particles to see if such structures also gain SNA-like behavior. Copper-binding ligands were shown to promote the click reaction without degrading oligonucleotide substrates. Reactions were first optimized with a small-molecule fluorogenic reporter and were then applied to the more challenging synthesis of polyvalent protein nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates. The resulting particles exhibited the enhanced cellular uptake and protection from nuclease-mediated oligonucleotide cleavage characteristic of SNAs, had similar residence time in the liver relative to unmodified particles, and were somewhat shielded from immune recognition, resulting in nearly 10-fold lower antibody titers relative to unmodified particles. Oligonucleotide-functionalized virus-like particles thus provide an interesting option for protein nanoparticle-mediated delivery of functional molecules.
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Ikwuagwu B, Hartman E, Mills CE, Tullman-Ercek D. Systematic engineering of virus-like particles to identify self-assembly rules for shifting particle size. Virology 2023; 579:137-147. [PMID: 36669330 PMCID: PMC10776172 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising scaffolds for biomaterials as well as diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, there are some key challenges to be solved, such as the ability to engineer alternate sizes for varied use cases. To this end, we created a library of MS2 VLP variants at two key residues in the coat protein which have been implicated as important to controlling VLP size and geometry. By adapting a method for systematic mutagenesis coupled with size-based selections and high-throughput sequencing as a readout, we developed a quantitative assessment of two residues in MS2 coat protein that govern the size shift in MS2 VLPs. We then applied the strategy to the equivalent residues in Qβ VLPs, an MS2 homolog, and demonstrate that the analogous pair of residues are also able to impact Qβ VLP size and shape. These results underscore the power of fitness landscapes in identifying critical features for assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ikwuagwu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Emily Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Carolyn E Mills
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Danielle Tullman-Ercek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological Institute B486, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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5
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Abstract
The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) in the clinical setting enables the acquisition of valuable anatomical information in a rapid, non-invasive fashion. However, MRI applications for identifying disease-related biomarkers are limited due to low sensitivity at clinical magnetic field strengths. The development of hyperpolarized (hp) 129Xe MRI/MRS techniques as complements to traditional 1H-based imaging has been a burgeoning area of research over the past two decades. Pioneering experiments have shown that hp 129Xe can be encapsulated within host molecules to generate ultrasensitive biosensors. In particular, xenon has high affinity for cryptophanes, which are small organic cages that can be functionalized with affinity tags, fluorophores, solubilizing groups, and other moieties to identify biomedically relevant analytes. Cryptophane sensors designed for proteins, metal ions, nucleic acids, pH, and temperature have achieved nanomolar-to-femtomolar limits of detection via a combination of 129Xe hyperpolarization and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge D Zemerov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Aljabali AAA, Al Zoubi MS, Al-Batayneh KM, Pardhi DM, Dua K, Pal K, Tambuwala MM. Innovative Applications of Plant Viruses in Drug Targeting and Molecular Imaging- A Review. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:491-506. [PMID: 33030133 DOI: 10.2174/1573405616666201007160243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nature had already engineered various types of nanoparticles (NPs), especially viruses, which can deliver their cargo to the host/targeted cells. The ability to selectively target specific cells offers a significant advantage over the conventional approach. Numerous organic NPs, including native protein cages, virus-like particles, polymeric saccharides, and liposomes, have been used for the preparation of nanoparticles. Such nanomaterials have demonstrated better performance as well as improved biocompatibility, devoid of side effects, and stable without any deterioration. OBJECTIVE This review discusses current clinical and scientific research on naturally occurring nanomaterials. It also illustrates and updates the tailor-made approaches for selective delivery and targeted medications that require a high-affinity interconnection to the targeted cells. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed using keywords for viral nanoparticles, viral particles for drug delivery, viral nanoparticles for molecular imaging, theranostics applications of viral nanoparticles and plant viruses in nanomedicine. We searched on Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Medline, and Elsevier from 2000 till date and by the bibliographic review of all identified articles. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that structures dependent on nanomaterials might have potential applications in diagnostics, cell marking, comparing agents (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), and antimicrobial drugs, as well as drug delivery structures. However, measures should be taken in order to prevent or mitigate, in pharmaceutical or medical applications, the toxic impact or incompatibility of nanoparticle-based structures with biological systems. CONCLUSION The review provided an overview of the latest advances in nanotechnology, outlining the difficulties and the advantages of in vivo and in vitro structures that are focused on a specific subset of the natural nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mazhar S Al Zoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Khalid M Al-Batayneh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Science, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Dinesh M Pardhi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FL-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Molecular Sensing with Host Systems for Hyperpolarized 129Xe. Molecules 2020; 25:E4627. [PMID: 33050669 PMCID: PMC7587211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized noble gases have been used early on in applications for sensitivity enhanced NMR. 129Xe has been explored for various applications because it can be used beyond the gas-driven examination of void spaces. Its solubility in aqueous solutions and its affinity for hydrophobic binding pockets allows "functionalization" through combination with host structures that bind one or multiple gas atoms. Moreover, the transient nature of gas binding in such hosts allows the combination with another signal enhancement technique, namely chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Different systems have been investigated for implementing various types of so-called Xe biosensors where the gas binds to a targeted host to address molecular markers or to sense biophysical parameters. This review summarizes developments in biosensor design and synthesis for achieving molecular sensing with NMR at unprecedented sensitivity. Aspects regarding Xe exchange kinetics and chemical engineering of various classes of hosts for an efficient build-up of the CEST effect will also be discussed as well as the cavity design of host molecules to identify a pool of bound Xe. The concept is presented in the broader context of reporter design with insights from other modalities that are helpful for advancing the field of Xe biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
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8
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Shukla S, Hu H, Cai H, Chan SK, Boone CE, Beiss V, Chariou PL, Steinmetz NF. Plant Viruses and Bacteriophage-Based Reagents for Diagnosis and Therapy. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:559-587. [PMID: 32991265 PMCID: PMC8018517 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-052252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology exploits the prefabricated nanostructures of viruses, which are already abundant in nature. With well-defined molecular architectures, viral nanocarriers offer unprecedented opportunities for precise structural and functional manipulation using genetic engineering and/or bio-orthogonal chemistries. In this manner, they can be loaded with diverse molecular payloads for targeted delivery. Mammalian viruses are already established in the clinic for gene therapy and immunotherapy, and inactivated viruses or virus-like particles have long been used as vaccines. More recently, plant viruses and bacteriophages have been developed as nanocarriers for diagnostic imaging, vaccine and drug delivery, and combined diagnosis/therapy (theranostics). The first wave of these novel virus-based tools has completed clinical development and is poised to make an impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - He Hu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Soo-Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Christine E Boone
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul L Chariou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
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Skinner JG, Ranta K, Whiting N, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Rosen MS, Chekmenev EY, Morris PG, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM. High Xe density, high photon flux, stopped-flow spin-exchange optical pumping: Simulations versus experiments. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 312:106686. [PMID: 32006793 PMCID: PMC7436892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) can enhance the NMR sensitivity of noble gases by up to five orders of magnitude at Tesla-strength magnetic fields. SEOP-generated hyperpolarised (HP) 129Xe is a promising contrast agent for lung imaging but an ongoing barrier to widespread clinical usage has been economical production of sufficient quantities with high 129Xe polarisation. Here, the 'standard model' of SEOP, which was previously used in the optimisation of continuous-flow 129Xe polarisers, is modified for validation against two Xe-rich stopped-flow SEOP datasets. We use this model to examine ways to increase HP Xe production efficiency in stopped-flow 129Xe polarisers and provide further insight into the underlying physics of Xe-rich stopped-flow SEOP at high laser fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Skinner
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kaili Ranta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Nicholas Whiting
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, MI, 48202, United States
| | - Peter G Morris
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Nanoparticle-Based Contrast Agents for 129Xe HyperCEST NMR and MRI Applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:9498173. [PMID: 31819739 PMCID: PMC6893250 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9498173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spin hyperpolarization techniques have enabled important advancements in preclinical and clinical MRI applications to overcome the intrinsic low sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance. Functionalized xenon biosensors represent one of these approaches. They combine two amplification strategies, namely, spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). The latter one requires host structures that reversibly bind the hyperpolarized noble gas. Different nanoparticle approaches have been implemented and have enabled molecular MRI with 129Xe at unprecedented sensitivity. This review gives an overview of the Xe biosensor concept, particularly how different nanoparticles address various critical aspects of gas binding and exchange, spectral dispersion for multiplexing, and targeted reporter delivery. As this concept is emerging into preclinical applications, comprehensive sensor design will be indispensable in translating the outstanding sensitivity potential into biomedical molecular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabadurai Jayapaul
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Complete Generation of a 129Xe Biosensor on the Solid Support by Systematic Backbone Assembly. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4004-4011. [PMID: 30428668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Xenon biosensors are an emerging tool for different molecular imaging approaches. For many applications, their development requires peptide synthesis steps, followed by the selective installation of a xenon host onto the peptide backbone in solution. In this study, three different strategies were attempted for generating entire Xe biosensors on the solid support. Notably, one strategy involving CryA-da was beneficial by directly integrating this host into the growing construct on a low loaded resin via modification of the administered subcomponent equivalents and by prolonging the coupling procedure. Subsequently, installation of additional amino acids or of additional labels onto the growing construct was achieved by a procedure in which an excess amine was administered to the activated CryA-da (acid) anchored onto the resin. Further, the as-generated Xe biosensor was tested for its NMR and MRI capabilities in H2O and compared to the performance of CryA-ma. Xe NMR of the biosensor indicated a clear CEST response and the Xe MR images revealed similar contrast compared to the reference host. These observations suggest that functionalizing CryA-da on both sides with multiple labels did not alter significantly its NMR capabilities. Hereby, we could show the successful and complete synthesis of a CryA-da-based xenon biosensor on the solid support without any notable side reactions and without the necessity of multiple purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabadurai Jayapaul
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
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12
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Skinner JG, Menichetti L, Flori A, Dost A, Schmidt AB, Plaumann M, Gallagher FA, Hövener JB. Metabolic and Molecular Imaging with Hyperpolarised Tracers. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:902-918. [PMID: 30120644 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since reaching the clinic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an irreplaceable radiological tool because of the macroscopic information it provides across almost all organs and soft tissues within the human body, all without the need for ionising radiation. The sensitivity of MR, however, is too low to take full advantage of the rich chemical information contained in the MR signal. Hyperpolarisation techniques have recently emerged as methods to overcome the sensitivity limitations by enhancing the MR signal by many orders of magnitude compared to the thermal equilibrium, enabling a new class of metabolic and molecular X-nuclei based MR tracers capable of reporting on metabolic processes at the cellular level. These hyperpolarised (HP) tracers have the potential to elucidate the complex metabolic processes of many organs and pathologies, with studies so far focusing on the fields of oncology and cardiology. This review presents an overview of hyperpolarisation techniques that appear most promising for clinical use today, such as dissolution dynamic nuclear polarisation (d-DNP), parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarisation (PHIP), Brute force hyperpolarisation and spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP), before discussing methods for tracer detection, emerging metabolic tracers and applications and progress in preclinical and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Graham Skinner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Flori
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Dost
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benjamin Schmidt
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Section Biomedical Imaging and MOIN CC, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging and MOIN CC, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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13
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Hartman EC, Lobba MJ, Favor AH, Robinson SA, Francis MB, Tullman-Ercek D. Experimental Evaluation of Coevolution in a Self-Assembling Particle. Biochemistry 2018; 58:1527-1538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Marco J. Lobba
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Andrew H. Favor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Danielle Tullman-Ercek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
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14
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Jeevanandam J, Pal K, Danquah MK. Virus-like nanoparticles as a novel delivery tool in gene therapy. Biochimie 2018; 157:38-47. [PMID: 30408502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are considered as natural nanomaterials as they are in the size range of 20-500 nm with a genetical material either DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat capsid. Recently, the field of virus nanotechnology is gaining significant attention from researchers. Attention is given to the utilization of viruses as nanomaterials for medical, biotechnology and energy applications. Removal of genetic material from the viral capsid creates empty capsid for drug incorporation and coating the capsid protein crystals with antibodies, enzymes or aptamers will enhance their targeted drug deliver efficiency. Studies reported that these virus-like nanoparticles have been used in delivering drugs for cancer. It is also used in imaging and sensory applications for various diseases. However, there is reservation among researchers to utilize virus-like nanoparticles in targeted delivery of genes in gene therapy, as there is a possibility of using virus-like nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery. In addition, other biomedical applications that are explored using virus-like nanoparticles and the probable mechanism of delivering genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Jeevanandam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT250, Miri, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Bharath University, Department of Nanotechnology, Research Park, 173 Agharam Road, Selaiyur, Chennai, 600073, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, United States
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15
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Roose BW, Zemerov SD, Wang Y, Kasimova MA, Carnevale V, Dmochowski IJ. A Structural Basis for 129 Xe Hyper-CEST Signal in TEM-1 β-Lactamase. Chemphyschem 2018; 20:260-267. [PMID: 30151973 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded (GE) contrast agents detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enable non-invasive visualization of gene expression and cell proliferation at virtually unlimited penetration depths. Using hyperpolarized 129 Xe in combination with chemical exchange saturation transfer, an MR contrast approach known as hyper-CEST, enables ultrasensitive protein detection and biomolecular imaging. GE MRI contrast agents developed to date include nanoscale proteinaceous gas vesicles as well as the monomeric bacterial proteins TEM-1 β-lactamase (bla) and maltose binding protein (MBP). To improve understanding of hyper-CEST NMR with proteins, structural and computational studies were performed to further characterize the Xe-bla interaction. X-ray crystallography validated the location of a high-occupancy Xe binding site predicted by MD simulations, and mutagenesis experiments confirmed this Xe site as the origin of the observed CEST contrast. Structural studies and MD simulations with representative bla mutants offered additional insight regarding the relationship between local protein structure and CEST contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Roose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Serge D Zemerov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marina A Kasimova
- Science for Life Laboratory Department of Theoretical Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo Carnevale
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1925 N 12th St, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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16
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Kelemen RE, Erickson SB, Chatterjee A. Synthesis at the interface of virology and genetic code expansion. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 46:164-171. [PMID: 30086446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
How a virus efficiently invades its host cell and masterfully engineers its properties provides valuable lessons and resources for the emerging discipline of synthetic biology, which seeks to create engineered biological systems with novel functions. Recently, the toolbox of synthetic biology has also been enriched by the genetic code expansion technology, which has provided access to a large assortment of unnatural amino acids with novel chemical functionalities that can be site-specifically incorporated into proteins in living cells. The synergistic interplay of these two disciplines holds much promise to advance their individual progress, while creating new paradigms for synthetic biology. In this review we seek to provide an account of the recent advances at the interface of these two research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kelemen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, 246B Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States
| | - Sarah B Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, 246B Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, 246B Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
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17
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Riggle BA, Greenberg ML, Wang Y, Wissner RF, Zemerov SD, Petersson EJ, Dmochowski IJ. A cryptophane-based "turn-on" 129Xe NMR biosensor for monitoring calmodulin. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8883-8887. [PMID: 29058007 PMCID: PMC5681859 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02391j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We present the first cryptophane-based "turn-on" 129Xe NMR biosensor, employing a peptide-functionalized cryptophane to monitor the activation of calmodulin (CaM) protein in solution. In the absence of CaM binding, interaction between the peptide and cryptophane completely suppresses the hyperpolarized 129Xe-cryptophane NMR signal. Biosensor binding to Ca2+-activated CaM produces the expected 129Xe-cryptophane NMR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Riggle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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18
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Adamson EB, Ludwig KD, Mummy DG, Fain SB. Magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized agents: methods and applications. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:R81-R123. [PMID: 28384123 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6be8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, hyperpolarized (HP) contrast agents have been under active development for MRI applications to address the twin challenges of functional and quantitative imaging. Both HP helium (3He) and xenon (129Xe) gases have reached the stage where they are under study in clinical research. HP 129Xe, in particular, is poised for larger scale clinical research to investigate asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrotic lung diseases. With advances in polarizer technology and unique capabilities for imaging of 129Xe gas exchange into lung tissue and blood, HP 129Xe MRI is attracting new attention. In parallel, HP 13C and 15N MRI methods have steadily advanced in a wide range of pre-clinical research applications for imaging metabolism in various cancers and cardiac disease. The HP [1-13C] pyruvate MRI technique, in particular, has undergone phase I trials in prostate cancer and is poised for investigational new drug trials at multiple institutions in cancer and cardiac applications. This review treats the methodology behind both HP gases and HP 13C and 15N liquid state agents. Gas and liquid phase HP agents share similar technologies for achieving non-equilibrium polarization outside the field of the MRI scanner, strategies for image data acquisition, and translational challenges in moving from pre-clinical to clinical research. To cover the wide array of methods and applications, this review is organized by numerical section into (1) a brief introduction, (2) the physical and biological properties of the most common polarized agents with a brief summary of applications and methods of polarization, (3) methods for image acquisition and reconstruction specific to improving data acquisition efficiency for HP MRI, (4) the main physical properties that enable unique measures of physiology or metabolic pathways, followed by a more detailed review of the literature describing the use of HP agents to study: (5) metabolic pathways in cancer and cardiac disease and (6) lung function in both pre-clinical and clinical research studies, concluding with (7) some future directions and challenges, and (8) an overall summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Adamson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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19
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Mari E, Berthault P. 129Xe NMR-based sensors: biological applications and recent methods. Analyst 2017; 142:3298-3308. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular systems that target analytes of interest and host spin-hyperpolarized xenon lead to powerful 129Xe NMR-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mari
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université de Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - P. Berthault
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université de Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
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20
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Wallat JD, Czapar AE, Wang C, Wen AM, Wek KS, Yu X, Steinmetz NF, Pokorski JK. Optical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Fluorous Colloidal Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:103-112. [PMID: 27992176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Improved imaging of cancerous tissue has the potential to aid prognosis and improve patient outcome through longitudinal imaging of treatment response and disease progression. While nuclear imaging has made headway in cancer imaging, fluorinated tracers that enable magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) hold promise, particularly for repeated imaging sessions because nonionizing radiation is used. Fluorine MRI detects molecular signatures by imaging a fluorinated tracer and takes advantage of the spatial and anatomical resolution afforded by MRI. This manuscript describes a fluorous polymeric nanoparticle that is capable of 19F MR imaging and fluorescent tracking for in vitro and in vivo monitoring of immune cells and cancerous tissue. The fluorous particle is derived from low-molecular-weight amphiphilic copolymers that self-assemble into micelles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 260 nm. The polymer is MR-active at concentrations as low as 2.1 mM in phantom imaging studies. The fluorinated particle demonstrated rapid uptake into immune cells for potential cell-tracking or delineation of the tumor microenvironment and showed negligible toxicity. Systemic administration indicates significant uptake into two tumor types, triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer, with little accumulation in off-target tissue. These results indicate a robust platform imaging agent capable of immune cell tracking and systemic disease monitoring with exceptional uptake of the nanoparticle in multiple cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline D Wallat
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Anna E Czapar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Charlie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Kristen S Wek
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Case School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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