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Zeng H, Ning W, Liu X, Luo W, Xia N. Unlocking the potential of bispecific ADCs for targeted cancer therapy. Front Med 2024:10.1007/s11684-024-1072-8. [PMID: 39039315 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biologically targeted drugs composed of antibodies and cytotoxic drugs connected by linkers. These innovative compounds enable precise drug delivery to tumor cells, minimizing harm to normal tissues and offering excellent prospects for cancer treatment. However, monoclonal antibody-based ADCs still present challenges, especially in terms of balancing efficacy and safety. Bispecific antibodies are alternatives to monoclonal antibodies and exhibit superior internalization and selectivity, producing ADCs with increased safety and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we present available evidence and future prospects regarding the use of bispecific ADCs for cancer treatment, including a comprehensive overview of bispecific ADCs that are currently in clinical trials. We offer insights into the future development of bispecific ADCs to provide novel strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenjing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Wang H, Song M, Xu J, Liu Z, Peng M, Qin H, Wang S, Wang Z, Liu K. Long-Acting Strategies for Antibody Drugs: Structural Modification, Controlling Release, and Changing the Administration Route. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:295-316. [PMID: 38635015 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Because of their high specificity, high affinity, and targeting, antibody drugs have been widely used in the treatment of many diseases and have become the most favored new drugs for research in the world. However, some antibody drugs (such as small-molecule antibody fragments) have a short half-life and need to be administered frequently, and are often associated with injection-site reactions and local toxicities during use. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of antibody drugs that are long-acting and have fewer side effects. This paper reviews existing strategies to achieve long-acting antibody drugs, including modification of the drug structure, the application of drug delivery systems, and changing their administration route. Among these, microspheres have been studied extensively regarding their excellent tolerance at the injection site, controllable loading and release of drugs, and good material safety. Subcutaneous injection is favored by most patients because it can be quickly self-administered. Subcutaneous injection of microspheres is expected to become the focus of developing long-lasting antibody drug strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhenjing Liu
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mingyue Peng
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haoqiang Qin
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shaoqian Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kehai Liu
- College of Food, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Nanhui New Town, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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3
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Natangelo S, Trapani D, Koukoutzeli C, Boscolo Bielo L, Marvaso G, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Curigliano G. Radiation therapy, tissue radiosensitization, and potential synergism in the era of novel antibody-drug conjugates. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 195:104270. [PMID: 38272150 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a therapeutic class of agents designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic payloads to cancer cells. With the increasingly positioning of ADCs in the clinical practice, combinations with other treatment modalities, including radiation therapy (RT), will open new opportunities but also challenges. This review evaluates ADC-RT interactions, examining therapeutic synergies and potential caveats. ADC payloads can be radiosensitizing, enhancing cytotoxicity when used in combination with RT. Antigens targeted by ADCs can have various tissue expressions, resulting in possible off-target toxicities by tissue radiosensitization. Notably, the HER-2-directed ADC trastuzumab emtansine has appeared to increase the risk of radionecrosis when used concomitantly with brain RT, as glial cells can express HER2, too. Other possible organ-specific effects are discussed, such as pulmonary and cardiac toxicities. The lack of robust clinical data on the ADC-RT combination raises concerns regarding specific side effects and the ultimate trade-off of toxicity and safety of some combined approaches. Clinical studies are needed to assess ADC-RT combination safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Natangelo
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chrysanthi Koukoutzeli
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boscolo Bielo
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Zhao Y, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Trifunctional Dibromomaleimide Reagents Built Around A Lysine Scaffold Deliver Site-selective Dual-modality Antibody Conjugation. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300356. [PMID: 37548625 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and application of a selection of trifunctional reagents for the dual-modality modification of native, solvent accessible disulfide bonds in trastuzumab. The reagents were developed from the dibromomaleimide (DBM) platform with two orthogonal clickable functional groups built around a lysine core. We also describe the development of an aryl diselenide additive which enables antibody disulfide reduction in 4 minutes and a rapid overall reduction-bridging-double click sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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5
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Selection of single domain anti-transferrin receptor antibodies for blood-brain barrier transcytosis using a neurotensin based assay and histological assessment of target engagement in a mouse model of Alzheimer's related amyloid-beta pathology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276107. [PMID: 36256604 PMCID: PMC9578589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major obstacle in developing specific diagnostic imaging agents for many neurological disorders. In this study we aimed to generate single domain anti-mouse transferrin receptor antibodies (anti-mTfR VHHs) to mediate BBB transcytosis as components of novel MRI molecular contrast imaging agents. Anti-mTfR VHHs were produced by immunizing a llama with mTfR, generation of a VHH phage display library, immunopanning, and in vitro characterization of candidates. Site directed mutagenesis was used to generate additional variants. VHH fusions with neurotensin (NT) allowed rapid, hypothermia-based screening for VHH-mediated BBB transcytosis in wild-type mice. One anti-mTfR VHH variant was fused with an anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) VHH dimer and labeled with fluorescent dye for direct assessment of in vivo target engagement in a mouse model of AD-related Aβ plaque pathology. An anti-mTfR VHH called M1 and variants had binding affinities to mTfR of <1nM to 1.52nM. The affinity of the VHH binding to mTfR correlated with the efficiency of the VHH-NT induced hypothermia effects after intravenous injection of 600 nmol/kg body weight, ranging from undetectable for nonbinding mutants to -6°C for the best mutants. The anti-mTfR VHH variant M1P96H with the strongest hypothermia effect was fused to the anti-Aβ VHH dimer and labeled with Alexa647; the dye-labeled VHH fusion construct still bound both mTfR and Aβ plaques at concentrations as low as 0.22 nM. However, after intravenous injection at 600 nmol/kg body weight into APP/PS1 transgenic mice, there was no detectible labeling of plaques above control levels. Thus, NT-induced hypothermia did not correlate with direct target engagement in cortex, likely because the concentration required for NT-induced hypothermia was lower than the concentration required to produce in situ labeling. These findings reveal an important dissociation between NT-induced hypothermia, presumably mediated by hypothalamus, and direct engagement with Aβ-plaques in cortex. Additional methods to assess anti-mTfR VHH BBB transcytosis will need to be developed for anti-mTfR VHH screening and the development of novel MRI molecular contrast agents.
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6
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Chrzastek A, Thanasi IA, Irving JA, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Dual reactivity disulfide bridging reagents; enabling new approaches to antibody fragment bioconjugation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11533-11539. [PMID: 36320392 PMCID: PMC9555722 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bridging, also known as disulfide stapling, is a powerful strategy for the construction of site-selective protein bioconjugates. Here we describe the first examples of a new class of such reagents, containing a 'stable-labile' design. These dual-reactive reagents are designed to form a stable bond to one cysteine and a labile bond to the second; resulting in a robust attachment to the protein with one end of the bridge, whilst the other end serves as a reactive handle for subsequent bioconjugation. By incorporating thioesters into these bridges, we demonstrate that they are primed for native chemical ligation (NCL) with N-terminal cysteines; offering an alternative to the requirement for C-terminal thioesters for use in such ligations. Alternatively, the use of hydrazine as the ligating nucleophile enables a separate cargo to be attached to each cysteine residue, which are exploited to insert variably cleavable linkers. These methodologies are demonstrated on an antibody fragment, and serve to expand the scope of disulfide bridging strategies whilst offering a convenient route to the construction of multifunctional antibody fragment conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Chrzastek
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London WC1E 6JF London UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
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7
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Jäger S, Dickgiesser S, Tonillo J, Hecht S, Kolmar H, Schröter C. EGFR binding Fc domain-drug conjugates: stable and highly potent cytotoxic molecules mediate selective cell killing. Biol Chem 2021; 403:525-534. [PMID: 34535048 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The exposition of cancer cells to cytotoxic doses of payload is fundamental for the therapeutic efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in solid cancers. To maximize payload exposure, tissue penetration can be increased by utilizing smaller-sized drug conjugates which distribute deeper into the tumor. Our group recently explored small human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeting Fc antigen binding fragments (Fcabs) for ADC applications in a feasibility study. Here, we expand this concept using epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting Fcabs for the generation of site-specific auristatin-based drug conjugates. In contrast to HER2-targeting Fcabs, we identified novel conjugation sites in the EGFR-targeting Fcab scaffold that allowed for higher DAR enzymatic conjugation. We demonstrate feasibility of resultant EGFR-targeting Fcab-drug conjugates that retain binding to half-life prolonging neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and EGFR and show high serum stability as well as target receptor mediated cell killing at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Our results emphasize the applicability of the Fcab format for the generation of drug conjugates designed for increased penetration of solid tumors and potential FcRn-driven antibody-like pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jäger
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan Dickgiesser
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason Tonillo
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Jäger S, Wagner TR, Rasche N, Kolmar H, Hecht S, Schröter C. Generation and Biological Evaluation of Fc Antigen Binding Fragment-Drug Conjugates as a Novel Antibody-Based Format for Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1699-1710. [PMID: 34185508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) antigen binding fragments (Fcabs) represent a novel antibody format comprising a homodimeric Fc region with an engineered antigen binding site. In contrast to their full-length antibody offspring, Fcabs combine Fc-domain-mediated and antigen binding functions at only one-third of the size. Their reduced size is accompanied by elevated tissue penetration capabilities, which is an attractive feature for the treatment of solid tumors. In the present study, we explored for the first time Fcabs as a novel scaffold for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). As model, various HER2-targeting Fcab variants coupled to a pH-sensitive dye were used in internalization experiments. A selective binding on HER2-expressing tumor cells and receptor-mediated endocytosis could be confirmed for selected variants, indicating that these Fcabs meet the basic prerequisite for an ADC approach. Subsequently, Fcabs were site-specifically coupled to cytotoxic monomethyl auristatin E yielding homogeneous conjugates. The conjugates retained HER2 and FcRn binding behavior of the parent Fcabs, showed a selective in vitro cell killing and conjugation site-dependent serum stability. Moreover, Fcab conjugates showed elevated penetration in a spheroid model, compared to their full-length antibody and Trastuzumab counterparts. Altogether, the presented results emphasize the potential of Fcabs as a novel scaffold for targeted drug delivery in solid cancers and pave the way for future in vivo translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jäger
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim R Wagner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Liu B, Singh K, Gong S, Canakci M, Osborne BA, Thayumanavan S. Protein–Antibody Conjugates (PACs): A Plug‐and‐Play Strategy for Covalent Conjugation and Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Pristine Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Khushboo Singh
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery Institute for Applied Life Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Shuai Gong
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery Institute for Applied Life Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Mine Canakci
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery Institute for Applied Life Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Barbara A. Osborne
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery Institute for Applied Life Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery Institute for Applied Life Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
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10
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Liu B, Singh K, Gong S, Canakci M, Osborne B, Thayumanavan S. Protein-Antibody Conjugates (PACs): A Plug-and-Play Strategy for Covalent Conjugation and Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Pristine Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12813-12818. [PMID: 33768625 PMCID: PMC8762996 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here on protein-antibody conjugates (PACs) that are used for antibody-directed delivery of protein therapeutics to specific cells. PACs have the potential to judiciously combine the merits of two prolific therapeutic approaches-biologics and antibody-drug conjugates. We utilize spherical polymer brushes to construct PACs using the combination of two simple and efficient functionally orthogonal click chemistries. In addition to the synthesis and characterization of these nanoparticles, we demonstrate that PACs are indeed capable of specifically targeting cells based on the presence of target antigen on the cell surface to deliver proteins. The potentially broad adaptability of PACs opens up new opportunities for targeted biologics in therapeutics and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Khushboo Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Shuai Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Mine Canakci
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Barbara Osborne
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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11
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PEG Linker Improves Antitumor Efficacy and Safety of Affibody-Based Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041540. [PMID: 33546481 PMCID: PMC7913616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have become an important modality of clinical cancer treatment. However, traditional ADCs have some limitations, such as reduced permeability in solid tumors due to the high molecular weight of monoclonal antibodies, difficulty in preparation and heterogeneity of products due to the high drug/antibody ratio (4-8 small molecules per antibody). Miniaturized ADCs may be a potential solution, although their short circulation half-life may lead to new problems. In this study, we propose a novel design strategy for miniaturized ADCs in which drug molecules and small ligand proteins are site-specifically coupled via a bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain. The results showed that the inserted PEG chains significantly prolonged the circulation half-life but also obviously reduced the cytotoxicity of the conjugates. Compared with the conjugate ZHER2-SMCC-MMAE (HM), which has no PEG insertion, ZHER2-PEG4K-MMAE (HP4KM) and ZHER2-PEG10K-MMAE (HP10KM) with 4 or 10 kDa PEG insertions have 2.5- and 11.2-fold half-life extensions and 4.5- and 22-fold in vitro cytotoxicity reductions, respectively. The combined effect leads to HP10KM having the most ideal tumor therapeutic ability at the same dosages in the animal model, and its off-target toxicity was also reduced by more than 4 times compared with that of HM. These results may indicate that prolonging the half-life is very helpful in improving the therapeutic capacity of miniaturized ADCs. In the future, the design of better strategies that can prolong half-life without affecting cytotoxicity may be useful for further improving the therapeutic potential of these molecules.
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12
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Deonarain MP, Yahioglu G. Current strategies for the discovery and bioconjugation of smaller, targetable drug conjugates tailored for solid tumor therapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:613-624. [PMID: 33275475 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1858050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have undergone a recent resurgence with 5 product approvals over the last 2 years but for those close to the field, it's been repeated cycles of setbacks and new innovations. A new wave of innovation is in the type of format used to deliver the cytotoxic payloads, with smaller bio-molecules being designed to have more optimal penetration and elimination properties tailored for solid tumors.Areas covered: In this review, the authors cover many of the recently described smaller-format drug conjugates (including formats such as diabodies, Fabs, scFvs, domain antibodies) with an emphasis on the types of conjugation technologies used to attach the chemical linker-payload.Expert opinion: Smaller formats are highly influenced by the structure of the linker-payload, arguably more-so than larger ADCs, so careful consideration is needed where solublising and pharmacokinetic modulation is required. High-quality conjugates are being developed with in vivo tumor efficacy and tolerability properties competitive with ADCs and with a few formats already in clinical development, we expect the pipeline to expand and to reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gokhan Yahioglu
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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13
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Dean AQ, Luo S, Twomey JD, Zhang B. Targeting cancer with antibody-drug conjugates: Promises and challenges. MAbs 2021; 13:1951427. [PMID: 34291723 PMCID: PMC8300931 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1951427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of biotherapeutics that utilize antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site. As of May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ten ADCs, namely Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu®, Trodelvy®, Blenrep®, and Zynlonta™ as monotherapy or combinational therapy for breast cancer, urothelial cancer, myeloma, acute leukemia, and lymphoma. In addition, over 80 investigational ADCs are currently being evaluated in approximately 150 active clinical trials. Despite the growing interest in ADCs, challenges remain to expand their therapeutic index (with greater efficacy and less toxicity). Recent advances in the manufacturing technology for the antibody, payload, and linker combined with new bioconjugation platforms and state-of-the-art analytical techniques are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. This review highlights the current status of marketed ADCs and those under clinical investigation with a focus on translational strategies to improve product quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q. Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Julianne D. Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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14
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Burt AJ, Ahmadvand P, Opp LK, Ryan AT, Kang C, Mancini RJ. A Ligand‐Directed Nitrophenol Carbonate for Transient in situ Bioconjugation and Drug Delivery. ChemMedChem 2020. [PMCID: PMC7702144 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the first use of ligand‐directed proximity accelerated bioconjugation chemistry in the tandem delivery and release of a therapeutic payload. To do this, we designed a nitrophenol carbonate for ligand‐directed in situ bioconjugation of a prodrug payload to a protein. The transient nature of our conjugation chemistry renders the protein a depot for time‐dependent release of active drug following hydrolysis and self‐immolation. In our model system, using an immunostimulant prodrug, biotin ligand, and avidin protein, we observe release of bioavailable immunostimulant both spectroscopically and with an immune cell line over 48 h. Avidin co‐crystalized with the nitrophenolate directing group verified the binding pose of the ligand and offered insight into the mechanism of in situ bioconjugation. Overall, this scaffold warrants further investigation for the time‐dependent delivery of therapeutics and use in protein ligand pairs beyond biotin and avidin used for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Burt
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University 1470 NE College Ave Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Parvaneh Ahmadvand
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University 1470 NE College Ave Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Larissa K. Opp
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University 1470 NE College Ave Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Austin T. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University 1470 NE College Ave Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University 1470 NE College Ave Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Rock J. Mancini
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University 1470 NE College Ave Pullman WA 99164 USA
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Washington State University 1470 NE College Ave Pullman WA 99164 USA
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15
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Scott AM, Akhurst T, Lee FT, Ciprotti M, Davis ID, Weickhardt AJ, Gan HK, Hicks RJ, Lee ST, Kocovski P, Guo N, Oh M, Mileshkin L, Williams S, Murphy D, Pathmaraj K, O'Keefe GJ, Gong SJ, Pedersen JS, Scott FE, Wheatcroft MP, Hudson PJ. First clinical study of a pegylated diabody 124I-labeled PEG-AVP0458 in patients with tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 positive cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11404-11415. [PMID: 33052222 PMCID: PMC7545991 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Through protein engineering and a novel pegylation strategy, a diabody specific to tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) (PEG-AVP0458) has been created to optimize pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to tumor. We report the preclinical and clinical translation of PEG-AVP0458 to a first-in-human clinical trial of a diabody. Methods: Clinical translation followed characterization of PEG-AVP0458 drug product and preclinical biodistribution and imaging assessments of Iodine-124 trace labeled PEG-AVP0458 (124I-PEG-AVP0458). The primary study objective of the first-in-human study was the safety of a single protein dose of 1.0 or 10 mg/m2 124I-PEG-AVP0458 in patients with TAG-72 positive relapsed/ metastatic prostate or ovarian cancer. Secondary study objectives were evaluation of the biodistribution, tumor uptake, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity. Patients were infused with a single-dose of 124I labeled PEG-AVP0458 (3-5 mCi (111-185 MBq) for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, performed sequentially over a one-week period. Safety, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and immunogenicity were assessed up to 28 days after infusion. Results: PEG-AVP0458 was radiolabeled with 124I and shown to retain high TAG-72 affinity and excellent targeting of TAG-72 positive xenografts by biodistribution analysis and PET imaging. In the first-in-human trial, no adverse events or toxicity attributable to 124I-PEG-AVP0458 were observed. Imaging was evaluable in 5 patients, with rapid and highly specific targeting of tumor and minimal normal organ uptake, leading to high tumor:blood ratios. Serum concentration values of 124I-PEG-AVP0458 showed consistent values between patients, and there was no significant difference in T½α and T½β between dose levels with mean (± SD) results of T½α = 5.10 ± 4.58 hours, T½β = 46.19 ± 13.06 hours. Conclusions: These data demonstrates the safety and feasibility of using pegylated diabodies for selective tumor imaging and potential delivery of therapeutic payloads in cancer patients.
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16
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Rapid Evaluation of Antibody Fragment Endocytosis for Antibody Fragment-Drug Conjugates. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060955. [PMID: 32630402 PMCID: PMC7355425 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as the most promising strategy in targeted cancer treatment. Recent strategies for the optimization ADCs include the development of antibody fragment-drug conjugates (FDCs). The critical factor in the successful development of ADCs and FDCs is the identification of tumor antigen-specific and internalizing antibodies (Abs). However, systematic comparison or correlation studies of internalization rates with different antibody formats have not been reported previously. In this study, we generated a panel of scFv-phage Abs using phage display technology and their corresponding scFv and scFv-Fc fragments and evaluated their relative internalization kinetics in relation to their antibody forms. We found that the relative rates and levels of internalization of scFv-phage antibodies positively correlate with their scFv and scFv-Fc forms. Our systematic study demonstrates that endocytosis of scFv-phage can serve as a predictive indicator for the assessment of Ab fragment internalization. Additionally, the present study demonstrates that endocytic antibodies can be rapidly screened and selected from phage antibody libraries prior to the conversion of phage antibodies for the generation of the conventional antibody format. Our strategic approach for the identification and evaluation of endocytic antibodies would expedite the selection for optimal antibodies and antibody fragments and be broadly applicable to ADC and FDC development.
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17
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Glassman PM, Walsh LR, Villa CH, Marcos-Contreras OA, Hood ED, Muzykantov VR, Greineder CF. Molecularly Engineered Nanobodies for Tunable Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1144-1155. [PMID: 32167754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of single-domain antibody fragments, or nanobodies, has gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to traditional monoclonal antibody-based approaches. Relatively little is known, however, about the utility of nanobodies as targeting agents for delivery of therapeutic cargoes, particularly to vascular epitopes or in the setting of acute inflammatory conditions. We used a nanobody (VCAMelid) directed against mouse vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and techniques for site-specific radiolabeling and bioconjugation to measure targeting to sites of constitutive and inducible antigen expression and investigate the impact of various characteristics (affinity, valence, circulation time) on nanobody biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. Engineering of VCAMelid for bivalent binding (BiVCAMelid) increased affinity by an order of magnitude and provided 2.8- and 3.6-fold enhancements in splenic and brain targeting in naive mice, with a further 2.6-fold increase in brain uptake in the setting of focal CNS inflammation. In contrast, introduction of an albumin-binding arm (VCAM/ALB8) did not affect binding affinity, but its prolonged circulation time resulted in 3.5-fold and 17.4-fold increases in splenic and brain uptake at 20 min post-dose and remarkable 40-, 25-, and 15-fold enhancements in overall exposure of blood, spleen, and brain, respectively, relative to both VCAMelid and BiVCAMelid. Both therapeutic protein (superoxide dismutase, SOD-1) and nanocarrier (liposome) delivery were enhanced by conjugation to VCAM-1 targeted nanobodies. The bispecific VCAM/ALB8 maintained its superiority over VCAMelid in enhancing both circulation time and organ targeting of SOD-1, but its advantages were largely blunted by conjugation to liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Landis R Walsh
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Carlos H Villa
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Oscar A Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Hood
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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V Kholodenko I, V Kalinovsky D, V Svirshchevskaya E, I Doronin I, V Konovalova M, V Kibardin A, V Shamanskaya T, S Larin S, M Deyev S, V Kholodenko R. Multimerization through Pegylation Improves Pharmacokinetic Properties of scFv Fragments of GD2-Specific Antibodies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213835. [PMID: 31653037 PMCID: PMC6864547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-binding fragments of antibodies specific to the tumor-associated ganglioside GD2 are well poised to play a substantial role in modern GD2-targeted cancer therapies, however, rapid elimination from the body and reduced affinity compared to full-length antibodies limit their therapeutic potential. In this study, scFv fragments of GD2-specific antibodies 14.18 were produced in a mammalian expression system that specifically bind to ganglioside GD2, followed by site-directed pegylation to generate mono-, di-, and tetra-scFv fragments. Fractionated pegylated dimers and tetramers of scFv fragments showed significant increase of the binding to GD2 which was not accompanied by cross-reactivity with other gangliosides. Pegylated multimeric di-scFvs and tetra-scFvs exhibited cytotoxic effects in GD2-positive tumor cells, while their circulation time in blood significantly increased compared with monomeric antibody fragments. We also demonstrated a more efficient tumor uptake of the multimers in a syngeneic GD2-positive mouse cancer model. The findings of this study provide the rationale for improving therapeutic characteristics of GD2-specific antibody fragments by multimerization and propose a strategy to generate such molecules. On the basis of multimeric antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies and conjugates with cytotoxic drugs or radioactive isotopes may be developed that will possess improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Kholodenko
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya St., Moscow 119121, Russia.
| | - Daniel V Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Elena V Svirshchevskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Igor I Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Real Target LLC, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Maria V Konovalova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1, Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Tatyana V Shamanskaya
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1, Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Sergey S Larin
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1, Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Sergey M Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Roman V Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Real Target LLC, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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