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Zhao Y, Wang H, Jin L, Zhang Z, Liu L, Zhou M, Zhang X, Zhang L. Targeting fusion proteins of the interleukin family: A promising new strategy for the treatment of autoinflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106647. [PMID: 37984595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
As a means of communication between immune cells and non-immune cells, Interleukins (ILs) has the main functions of stimulating the proliferation and activation of inflammatory immune cells such as dendritic cells and lymphocytes, promote the development of blood cells and so on. However, dysregulation of ILs expression is a major feature of autoinflammatory diseases. The drugs targeting ILs or IL-like biologics have played an important role in the clinical treatment of autoinflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, the widespread use of IL products may result in significant off-target adverse reactions. Thus, there is a clear need to develop next-generation ILs products in the biomedical field. Fusion proteins are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Over the last 30 years, there has been increasing interest in the use of fusion protein technology for developing anti-inflammatory drugs. In comparison to single-target drugs, fusion proteins, as multiple targets drugs, have the ability to enhance the cytokine therapeutic index, resulting in improved efficacy over classical drugs. The strategy of preparing ILs or their receptors as fusion proteins is increasingly used in the treatment of autoimmune and chronic inflammation. This review focuses on the efficacy of several fusion protein drugs developed with ILs or their receptors in the treatment of autoinflammatory diseases, in order to illustrate the prospects of this new technology as an anti-inflammatory drug development protocol in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lianghu Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Mengqi Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Antonenko A, Singh AK, Mosna K, Krężel A. OaAEP1 Ligase-Assisted Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Full Cysteine-Rich Metal-Binding Cyanobacterial Metallothionein SmtA. Bioconjug Chem 2023. [PMID: 36921066 PMCID: PMC10119931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Among all approaches used for the semisynthesis of natural or chemically modified products, enzyme-assisted ligation is among the most promising and dynamically developing approaches. Applying an efficient C247A mutant of Oldenlandia affinis plant ligase OaAEP1 and solid-phase peptide synthesis chemistry, we present the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a complete sequence of the cysteine-rich and metal-binding cyanobacterial metallothionein Synechococcus metallothionein A (SmtA). Zn(II) and Cd(II) binding to the newly synthesized SmtA showed identical properties to the protein expressed in Escherichia coli. The presented approach is the first example of the use of OaAEP1 mutant for total protein synthesis of metallothionein, which occurs in mild conditions preventing cysteine thiol oxidation. The recognition motif of the applied enzyme could naturally occur in the protein structure or be synthetically or genetically incorporated in some loops or secondary structure elements. Therefore, we envision that this strategy can be used for efficiently obtaining SmtA and for a wide range of proteins and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Antonenko
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Avinash Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Karolina Mosna
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Artur Krężel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
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bioTCIs: Middle-to-Macro Biomolecular Targeted Covalent Inhibitors Possessing Both Semi-Permanent Drug Action and Stringent Target Specificity as Potential Antibody Replacements. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043525. [PMID: 36834935 PMCID: PMC9968108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapies targeting immuno-modulatory targets such as checkpoint proteins, chemokines, and cytokines have made significant impact in several areas, including cancer, inflammatory disease, and infection. However, antibodies are complex biologics with well-known limitations, including high cost for development and production, immunogenicity, a limited shelf-life because of aggregation, denaturation, and fragmentation of the large protein. Drug modalities such as peptides and nucleic acid aptamers showing high-affinity and highly selective interaction with the target protein have been proposed alternatives to therapeutic antibodies. The fundamental limitation of short in vivo half-life has prevented the wide acceptance of these alternatives. Covalent drugs, also known as targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), form permanent bonds to target proteins and, in theory, eternally exert the drug action, circumventing the pharmacokinetic limitation of other antibody alternatives. The TCI drug platform, too, has been slow in gaining acceptance because of its potential prolonged side-effect from off-target covalent binding. To avoid the potential risks of irreversible adverse drug effects from off-target conjugation, the TCI modality is broadening from the conventional small molecules to larger biomolecules possessing desirable properties (e.g., hydrolysis resistance, drug-action reversal, unique pharmacokinetics, stringent target specificity, and inhibition of protein-protein interactions). Here, we review the historical development of the TCI made of bio-oligomers/polymers (i.e., peptide-, protein-, or nucleic-acid-type) obtained by rational design and combinatorial screening. The structural optimization of the reactive warheads and incorporation into the targeted biomolecules enabling a highly selective covalent interaction between the TCI and the target protein is discussed. Through this review, we hope to highlight the middle to macro-molecular TCI platform as a realistic replacement for the antibody.
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Tabuchi Y, Yang J, Taki M. Relative Nuclease Resistance of a DNA Aptamer Covalently Conjugated to a Target Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7778. [PMID: 35887130 PMCID: PMC9319527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to the therapeutic application of an aptamer is its susceptibility to nuclease digestion. Here, we confirmed the acquisition of relative nuclease resistance of a DNA-type thrombin binding aptamer with a warhead (TBA3) by covalent binding to a target protein in the presence of serum/various nucleases. When the thrombin-inhibitory activity of TBA3 on thrombin was reversed by the addition of the complementary strand, the aptamer was instantly degraded by the nucleases, showing that the properly folded/bound aptamer conferred the resistance. Covalently binding aptamers possessing both a prolonged drug effect and relative nuclease resistance would be beneficial for in vivo translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Tabuchi
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Chofu 182-8585, Japan;
| | - Jay Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Chofu 182-8585, Japan;
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WL 53706, USA
- Department of GI Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 068-8638, Japan
| | - Masumi Taki
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Chofu 182-8585, Japan;
- Institute for Advanced Science, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Chofu 182-8585, Japan
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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 239.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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Apley KD, Laflin AD, Johnson SN, Batrash N, Griffin JD, Berkland CJ, DeKosky BJ. Optimized Production of Fc Fusion Proteins by Sortase Enzymatic Ligation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:16839-16853. [PMID: 38646185 PMCID: PMC11031256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fc fusions are a growing class of drugs comprising an antibody Fc domain covalently linked to a protein or peptide and can pose manufacturing challenges. In this study we evaluated three synthetic approaches to generate Fc fusions, using Fc-insulin as a model drug candidate. Engineered human IgG1 was digested with HRV3C to produce an Fc fragment with a C-terminal sortase tag (Fc-LPETGGH6). The synthesis of Fc-insulin2 from Fc-LPETGGH6 was evaluated with direct sortase-mediated ligation (SML) and two chemoenzymatic strategies. Direct SML was performed with triglycine-insulin, and chemoenzymatic strategies used to SML fuse either triglycine-azide or triglycine-DBCO prior to linking insulin with copper-catalyzed or strain-promoted azidealkyne cycloaddition. Reaction conditions were optimized by evaluating reagent concentrations, relative equivalents, temperature, and time. Direct SML provided the most effective reaction yields, converting 60-70% of Fc-LPETGGH6 to Fc-insulin2, whereas our optimized chemoenzymatic synthesis converted 30-40% of Fc-LPETGGH6 to Fc-insulin2. Here we show that SML is a practical and efficient method to synthesize Fc fusions and provide an optimized pathway for fusion drug synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Apley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Amy D Laflin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Stephanie N Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Noora Batrash
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - J Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States; The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Yamazaki S, Shikida N, Takahashi K, Matsuda Y, Inoue K, Shimbo K, Mihara Y. Lipoate-acid ligase a modification of native antibody: Synthesis and conjugation site analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 51:128360. [PMID: 34537330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation is an important chemical biology research focus, especially in the development of methods to produce pharmaceutical bioconjugates and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In this report, an enzyme-catalyzed conjugation method combined with a chemical reaction was used to modify a native antibody under mild reaction conditions. Our investigation revealed that lipoic-acid ligase (LplA) modifies native IgG1 with biased site-specificity. An intact mass analysis revealed that 98.3% of IgG1 was modified by LplA and possessed at least one molecule of octanocic acid. The average number of modifications per antibody was calculated to be 4.6. Peptide mapping analysis revealed that the modified residues were K225, K249 and K363 in the Fc region, and K30, K76 and K136 in the heavy chain and K39/K42, K169, K188 and K190 in the light chain of the Fab region. Careful evaluation including solvent exposed amino acid analysis suggested that these conjugate sites were not only solvent exposed but also biased by the site-specificity of LplA. Furthermore, antibody fragment conjugation may be able to take advantage of this enzymatic approach. This feasibility study serves as a demonstration for preparing enzymatically modified antibodies with conjugation site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamazaki
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Shikida
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kota Inoue
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimbo
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Mihara
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
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Jäger S, Wagner TR, Rasche N, Kolmar H, Hecht S, Schröter C. Generation and Biological Evaluation of Fc Antigen Binding Fragment-Drug Conjugates as a Novel Antibody-Based Format for Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1699-1710. [PMID: 34185508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) antigen binding fragments (Fcabs) represent a novel antibody format comprising a homodimeric Fc region with an engineered antigen binding site. In contrast to their full-length antibody offspring, Fcabs combine Fc-domain-mediated and antigen binding functions at only one-third of the size. Their reduced size is accompanied by elevated tissue penetration capabilities, which is an attractive feature for the treatment of solid tumors. In the present study, we explored for the first time Fcabs as a novel scaffold for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). As model, various HER2-targeting Fcab variants coupled to a pH-sensitive dye were used in internalization experiments. A selective binding on HER2-expressing tumor cells and receptor-mediated endocytosis could be confirmed for selected variants, indicating that these Fcabs meet the basic prerequisite for an ADC approach. Subsequently, Fcabs were site-specifically coupled to cytotoxic monomethyl auristatin E yielding homogeneous conjugates. The conjugates retained HER2 and FcRn binding behavior of the parent Fcabs, showed a selective in vitro cell killing and conjugation site-dependent serum stability. Moreover, Fcab conjugates showed elevated penetration in a spheroid model, compared to their full-length antibody and Trastuzumab counterparts. Altogether, the presented results emphasize the potential of Fcabs as a novel scaffold for targeted drug delivery in solid cancers and pave the way for future in vivo translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jäger
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim R Wagner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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Kapcan E, Lake B, Yang Z, Rullo AF. Methods to Validate Binding and Kinetics of "Proximity-Inducing" Covalent Immune-Recruiting Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 12:e88. [PMID: 33326159 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of covalent inhibitors and chemoproteomic probes in translational chemical biology research requires the development of robust biophysical and analytical methods to characterize their complex interactions with target biomolecules. Importantly, these methods must efficiently assess target selectivity and accurately discern noncovalent binding from the formation of resultant covalent adducts. One recently reported covalent chemical tool used in tumor immune oncology, covalent immune recruiters (CIRs), increases the proximity of immune cells and cancer cells, promoting immune recognition and response. Herein we describe biolayer interferometry (BLI) biosensor, flow cytometry, and solution fluorescence-based assay approaches to characterize CIR:antibody binding and CIR-antibody covalent-labeling kinetics. BLI technology, akin to surface plasmon resonance, provides the unique opportunity to investigate molecular binding and labeling kinetics both on a solid surface (Basic Protocol 1) and in solution (Alternate Protocol 1). Here, recruitment of mass-containing proteins to the BLI probe via CIR is measured with high sensitivity and is used as a readout of CIR labeling activity. Further, CIR technology is used to label antibodies with a fluorescent handle. In this system, labeling is monitored via SDS-PAGE with a fluorescence gel imager, where increased fluorescence intensity of a sample reflects increased labeling (Basic Protocol 2). Analysis of CIR:antibody target-specific immune activation is demonstrated with a flow cytometry-based antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assay (Basic Protocol 3). This ADCP protocol may be further used to discern CIR:antibody binding from covalent adduct formation (Alternate Protocol 3). For the protocols described, each method may be used to analyze characteristics of any covalent-tagging or antibody-recruiting small molecule or protein-based technology. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Determining "on-probe" reaction kinetics of CIR1/CIR4 via biolayer interferometry with Octet RED96 Alternate Protocol 1: Determining "in-solution" reaction kinetics of prostate-specific membrane antigen targeting CIR (CIR3) via biolayer interferometry with Octet RED96 Basic Protocol 2: Reaction kinetics of covalently labeled antibodies via fluorescence SDS-PAGE Basic Protocol 3: Small molecule-directed antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis on live human cells measured via flow cytometry Alternate Protocol 2: Kinetic analysis of CIR3:antibody labeling via antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis on flow cytometry Support Protocol 1: Activation of U937 monocytes with interferon γ Support Protocol 2: Labeling streptavidin beads with biotinylated prostate-specific membrane antigen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Kapcan
- McMaster Immunology Research Center (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Lake
- McMaster Immunology Research Center (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zi Yang
- McMaster Immunology Research Center (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony F Rullo
- McMaster Immunology Research Center (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Fischer C. A patent review of apelin receptor (APJR) modulators (2014-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:251-261. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1731473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Zhao X, Ning Q, Mo Z, Tang S. A promising cancer diagnosis and treatment strategy: targeted cancer therapy and imaging based on antibody fragment. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 47:3621-3630. [PMID: 31468992 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1657875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the arrival of the precision medicine and personalized treatment era, targeted therapy that improves efficacy and reduces side effects has become the mainstream approach of cancer treatment. Antibody fragments that further enhance penetration and retain the most critical antigen-specific binding functions are considered the focus of research targeting cancer imaging and therapy. Thanks to the superior penetration and rapid blood clearance of antibody fragments, antibody fragment-based imaging agents enable efficient and sensitive imaging of tumour sites. In tumour-targeted therapy, antibody fragments can directly inhibit tumour proliferation and growth, serve as an ideal carrier for delivery of anti-tumour drugs, or manipulate the immune system to eliminate tumour cells. In this review, the excellent physicochemical properties and the basic structure of antibody fragments are expressly depicted depicted, the progress of antibody fragments in cancer therapy and imaging are thoroughly summarized, and the future development of antibody fragments is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhao
- Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics of Hunan Province, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China , Hengyang , China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua , China
| | - Qian Ning
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua , China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics of Hunan Province, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China , Hengyang , China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua , China
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12
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Aptamers: A Review of Their Chemical Properties and Modifications for Therapeutic Application. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234229. [PMID: 31766318 PMCID: PMC6930564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to specific target molecules. The shape-forming feature of single-stranded oligonucleotides provides high affinity and excellent specificity toward targets. Hence, aptamers can be used as analogs of antibodies. In December 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first aptamer-based therapeutic, pegaptanib (Macugen), targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Since then, however, no aptamer medication for public health has appeared. During these relatively silent years, many trials and improvements of aptamer therapeutics have been performed, opening multiple novel directions for the therapeutic application of aptamers. This review summarizes the basic characteristics of aptamers and the chemical modifications available for aptamer therapeutics.
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