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Muszalska-Kolos I, Dwiecki PM. Searching for Conjugates as New Structures for Antifungal Therapies. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38470824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The progressive increase in fungal infections and the decrease in the effectiveness of current therapy explain research on new drugs. The synthesis of compounds with proven antifungal activity, favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties affecting their pharmaceutical availability and bioavailability, and limiting or eliminating side effects has become the goal of many studies. The publication describes the directions of searching for new compounds with antifungal activity, focusing on conjugates. The described modifications include, among others, azoles or amphotericin B in combination with fatty acids, polysaccharides, proteins, and synthetic polymers. The benefits of these combinations in terms of activity, mechanism of action, and bioavailability were indicated. The possibilities of creating or using nanoparticles, "umbrella" conjugates, siderophores (iron-chelating compounds), and monoclonal antibodies were also presented. Taking into account the role of vaccinations in prevention, the scope of research related to developing a vaccine protecting against fungal infections was also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Mariusz Dwiecki
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Pharmaceutical Company "Ziołolek" Sp. z o.o., Starolecka 189, 61-341 Poznan, Poland
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2
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Aderibigbe BA. Nanotherapeutics for the delivery of antifungal drugs. Ther Deliv 2024. [PMID: 38174574 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of fungal infections is challenging with high death rates reported among immunocompromised patients. The currently available antifungals suffer from poor bioavailability and solubility, pharmacokinetics, and drug resistance, with limited cellular uptake. The clinical pipeline of new antifungals is dry. The incorporation of antifungal drugs into polymer-based nanocarriers to form nanotherapeutics is a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic outcomes of the available antifungal drugs. This review summarizes different polymer-based nanotherapeutics strategies that have been explored for the delivery of antifungals, resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes, such as improved pharmacokinetics, targeted/sustained delivery, prolonged drug circulation, retention of the drugs at the localized site of action, and overcoming drug resistance when compared with the free antifungal drugs.
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Chakraborty A, Jasieniak M, Coad BR, Griesser HJ. Candida albicans Can Survive Antifungal Surface Coatings on Surfaces with Microcone Topography. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7769-7778. [PMID: 35006760 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the ability of Candida albicans, a medically significant human fungal pathogen, to minimize contact with an antifungal surface coating that on a flat surface is lethal on contact by growing on and between micron-sized surface topographical features, thus minimizing the contact area. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cells contacting the "floor" between microcones were killed, whereas cells attached to microcones survived and formed hyphal filaments. These spanned space between cones and avoided contact with the flat surface in-between cones. Thus, fungal cells managed to attach and grow despite the antifungal coating. This ability of Candida albicans to exploit topography features to minimize surface contact yet utilize the solid surface for anchoring reduces the effectiveness of the grafted antifungal surface coating. This suggests that biomedical devices with rough surfaces might be more challenging to protect against fungal biofilm formation via application of an antifungal coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha Chakraborty
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Marek Jasieniak
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Bryan R Coad
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Hans J Griesser
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Aspergillus fumigatus Fumagillin Contributes to Host Cell Damage. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110936. [PMID: 34829223 PMCID: PMC8619997 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of fumagillin, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, has not been studied in depth. In this study, we used a commercial fumagillin on cultures of two cell types (A549 pneumocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages). This toxin joins its target, MetAP2 protein, inside cells and, as a result, significantly reduces the electron chain activity, the migration, and the proliferation ability on the A549 cells, or affects the viability and proliferation ability of the RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, the toxin stimulates the germination and double branch hypha production of fungal cultures, pointing out an intrinsic resistant mechanism to fumagillin of fungal strains. In this study, we also used a fumagillin non-producer A. fumigatus strain (∆fmaA) as well as its complemented strain (∆fmaA::fmaA) and we tested the fumagillin secretion of the fungal strains using an Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) method. Furthermore, fumagillin seems to protect the fungus against phagocytosis in vitro, and during in vivo studies using infection of immunosuppressed mice, a lower fungal burden in the lungs of mice infected with the ∆fmaA mutant was demonstrated.
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Nagaraj S, Manivannan S, Narayan S. Potent antifungal agents and use of nanocarriers to improve delivery to the infected site: A systematic review. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:849-873. [PMID: 34351655 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There are four major classes of antifungals with the predominant mechanism of action being targeting of cell wall or cell membrane. As in other drugs, low solubility of these compounds has led to low bioavailability in target tissues. Enhanced drug dosages have effects such as toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and increased drug resistance by fungi. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art of antifungals, structure, mechanism of action, other usages, and toxic side effects. The emergence of nanoformulations to transport and uniformly release cargo at the target site is a boon in antifungal treatment. The article details research that lead to the development of nanoformulations of antifungals and potential advantages and avoidance of the lacunae characterizing conventional drugs. A range of nanoformulations based on liposomes, polymers are in various stages of research and their potential advantages have been brought out. It could be observed that under similar dosages, test models, and duration, nanoformulations provided enhanced activity, reduced toxicity, higher uptake and higher immunostimulatory effects. In most instances, the mechanism of antifungal activity of nanoformulations was similar to that of regular antifungal. There are possibilities of coupling multiple antifungals on the same nano-platform. Increased activity coupled with multiple mechanisms of action presents for nanoformulations a tremendous opportunity to overcome antifungal resistance. In the years to come, robust methods for the preparation of nanoformulations taking into account the repeatability and reproducibility in action, furthering the studies on nanoformulation toxicity and studies of human models are required before extensive use of nanoformulations as a prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Nagaraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivakami Manivannan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Velazco-Medel MA, Camacho-Cruz LA, Magaña H, Palomino K, Bucio E. Simultaneous Grafting Polymerization of Acrylic Acid and Silver Aggregates Formation by Direct Reduction Using γ Radiation onto Silicone Surface and Their Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility. Molecules 2021; 26:2859. [PMID: 34065879 PMCID: PMC8151000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of medical devices is an area that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years; particularly, those developments which search to modify existing devices to render them antimicrobial. Most of these modifications involve at least two stages (modification of the base material with a polymer graft and immobilization of an antimicrobial agent) which are both time-consuming and complicate synthetic procedures; therefore, as an improvement, this project sought to produce antimicrobial silicone (PDMS) in a single step. Using gamma radiation as both an energy source for polymerization initiation and as a source of reducing agents in solution, PDMS was simultaneously grafted with acrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (AAc:EGDMA) while producing antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto the surface of the material. To obtain reproducible materials, experimental variables such as the effect of the dose, the intensity of radiation, and the concentration of the silver salt were evaluated, finding the optimal reaction conditions to obtain materials with valuable properties. The characterization of the material was performed using electronic microscopy and spectroscopic techniques such as 13C-CPMAS-SS-NMR and FTIR. Finally, these materials demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus while retaining good cell viabilities (above 90%) for fibroblasts BALB/3T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene A. Velazco-Medel
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad 7 Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Luis A. Camacho-Cruz
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad 7 Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Héctor Magaña
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, University Boulevard No. 14418, Otay Mesa, Tijuana 22390, Mexico; (H.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Kenia Palomino
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, University Boulevard No. 14418, Otay Mesa, Tijuana 22390, Mexico; (H.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad 7 Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
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Horvat S, Yu Y, Manz H, Keller T, Beilhack A, Groll J, Albrecht K. Nanogels as Antifungal‐Drug Delivery System Against
Aspergillus Fumigatus. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Horvat
- Department for functional materials in medicine and dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 D-97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Yidong Yu
- Department for functional materials in medicine and dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 D-97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Hannah Manz
- Department of Medicine II Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine Würzburg University Hospital 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Keller
- Department for functional materials in medicine and dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 D-97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine Würzburg University Hospital 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department for functional materials in medicine and dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 D-97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Krystyna Albrecht
- Department for functional materials in medicine and dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 D-97070 Würzburg Germany
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Alex J, Ulbrich J, Rosales-Guzmán M, Weber C, Schubert US, Guerrero-Sanchez C. Kinetic investigations on homo- and co-polymerizations of pentafluorophenyl (meth)acrylates. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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