1
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Aarsen C, Liguori A, Mattsson R, Sipponen MH, Hakkarainen M. Designed to Degrade: Tailoring Polyesters for Circularity. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8473-8515. [PMID: 38936815 PMCID: PMC11240263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A powerful toolbox is needed to turn the linear plastic economy into circular. Development of materials designed for mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and/or biodegradation in targeted end-of-life environment are all necessary puzzle pieces in this process. Polyesters, with reversible ester bonds, are already forerunners in plastic circularity: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most recycled plastic material suitable for mechanical and chemical recycling, while common aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable under favorable conditions, such as industrial compost. However, this circular design needs to be further tailored for different end-of-life options to enable chemical recycling under greener conditions and/or rapid enough biodegradation even under less favorable environmental conditions. Here, we discuss molecular design of the polyester chain targeting enhancement of circularity by incorporation of more easily hydrolyzable ester bonds, additional dynamic bonds, or degradation catalyzing functional groups as part of the polyester chain. The utilization of polyester circularity to design replacement materials for current volume plastics is also reviewed as well as embedment of green catalysts, such as enzymes in biodegradable polyester matrices to facilitate the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine
V. Aarsen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Liguori
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rebecca Mattsson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika H. Sipponen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Guicherd M, Ben Khaled M, Guéroult M, Nomme J, Dalibey M, Grimaud F, Alvarez P, Kamionka E, Gavalda S, Noël M, Vuillemin M, Amillastre E, Labourdette D, Cioci G, Tournier V, Kitpreechavanich V, Dubois P, André I, Duquesne S, Marty A. An engineered enzyme embedded into PLA to make self-biodegradable plastic. Nature 2024; 631:884-890. [PMID: 39020178 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Plastic production reached 400 million tons in 2022 (ref. 1), with packaging and single-use plastics accounting for a substantial amount of this2. The resulting waste ends up in landfills, incineration or the environment, contributing to environmental pollution3. Shifting to biodegradable and compostable plastics is increasingly being considered as an efficient waste-management alternative4. Although polylactide (PLA) is the most widely used biosourced polymer5, its biodegradation rate under home-compost and soil conditions remains low6-8. Here we present a PLA-based plastic in which an optimized enzyme is embedded to ensure rapid biodegradation and compostability at room temperature, using a scalable industrial process. First, an 80-fold activity enhancement was achieved through structure-based rational engineering of a new hyperthermostable PLA hydrolase. Second, the enzyme was uniformly dispersed within the PLA matrix by means of a masterbatch-based melt extrusion process. The liquid enzyme formulation was incorporated in polycaprolactone, a low-melting-temperature polymer, through melt extrusion at 70 °C, forming an 'enzymated' polycaprolactone masterbatch. Masterbatch pellets were integrated into PLA by melt extrusion at 160 °C, producing an enzymated PLA film (0.02% w/w enzyme) that fully disintegrated under home-compost conditions within 20-24 weeks, meeting home-composting standards. The mechanical and degradation properties of the enzymated film were compatible with industrial packaging applications, and they remained intact during long-term storage. This innovative material not only opens new avenues for composters and biomethane production but also provides a feasible industrial solution for PLA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guicherd
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- Carbios, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Ben Khaled
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - M Guéroult
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- Carbios, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J Nomme
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - P Alvarez
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - E Kamionka
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - S Gavalda
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- Carbios, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Noël
- Carbiolice, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Vuillemin
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - E Amillastre
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - D Labourdette
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - G Cioci
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - V Kitpreechavanich
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Dubois
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - I André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
| | - S Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - A Marty
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
- Carbios, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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3
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Wu J, Cortes KAF, Li C, Wang Y, Guo C, Momenzadeh K, Yeritsyan D, Hanna P, Lechtig A, Nazarian A, Lin SJ, Kaplan DL. Tuning the Biodegradation Rate of Silk Materials via Embedded Enzymes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2607-2615. [PMID: 38478959 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Conventional thinking when designing biodegradable materials and devices is to tune the intrinsic properties and morphological features of the material to regulate their degradation rate, modulating traditional factors such as molecular weight and crystallinity. Since regenerated silk protein can be directly thermoplastically molded to generate robust dense silk plastic-like materials, this approach afforded a new tool to control silk degradation by enabling the mixing of a silk-degrading protease into bulk silk material prior to thermoplastic processing. Here we demonstrate the preparation of these silk-based devices with embedded silk-degrading protease to modulate the degradation based on the internal presence of the enzyme to support silk degradation, as opposed to the traditional surface degradation for silk materials. The degradability of these silk devices with and without embedded protease XIV was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Ultimately, this new process approach provides direct control of the degradation lifetime of the devices, empowered through internal digestion via water-activated proteases entrained and stabilized during the thermoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Kareen A Fajardo Cortes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yushu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Kaveh Momenzadeh
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., RN 115, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Diana Yeritsyan
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., RN 115, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Philip Hanna
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., RN 115, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Aron Lechtig
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., RN 115, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., RN 115, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Samuel J Lin
- Divisions of Plastic Surgery and Otolaryngology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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4
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Greene AF, Abbel R, Vaidya AA, Tanjay Q, Chen Y, Risani R, Saggese T, Barbier M, Petcu M, West M, Theobald B, Gaugler E, Parker K. Environmentally Benign Fast-Degrading Conductive Composites. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:455-465. [PMID: 38147683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally benign conductive composite that rapidly degrades in the presence of warm water via enzyme-mediated hydrolysis is described. This represents the first time that hydrolytic enzymes have been immobilized onto eco-friendly conductive carbon sources with the express purpose of degrading the encapsulating biodegradable plastic. Amano Lipase (AL)-functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNF) were compounded with polycaprolactone (PCL) to produce the composite film CNFAL-PCL (thickness ∼ 600 μm; CNFAL = 20.0 wt %). To serve as controls, films of the same thickness were also produced, including CNF-AL5-PCL (CNF mixed with AL and PCL; CNF = 19.2 wt % and AL = 5.00 wt %), CNF-PCL (CNF = 19.2 wt %), ALx-PCL (AL = x = 1.00 or 5.00 wt %), and PCL. The electrical performance of the CNF-containing composites was measured, and conductivities of 14.0 ± 2, 22.0 ± 5, and 31.0 ± 6 S/m were observed for CNFAL-PCL, CNF-AL5-PCL, and CNF-PCL, respectively. CNFAL-PCL and control films were degraded in phosphate buffer (2.00 mg/mL film/buffer) at 50 °C, and their average percent weight loss (Wtavg%) was recorded over time. After 3 h CNFAL-PCL degraded to a Wtavg% of 90.0% and had completely degraded after 8 h. This was considerably faster than CNF-AL5-PCL, which achieved a total Wtavg% of 34.0% after 16 days, and CNF-PCL, which was with a Wtavg% of 7.00% after 16 days. Scanning electron microscopy experiments (SEM) found that CNFAL-PCL has more open pores on its surface and that it fractures faster during degradation experiments which exposes the interior enzyme to water. An electrode made from CNFAL-PCL was fabricated and attached to an AL5-PCL support to form a fast-degrading thermal sensor. The resistance was measured over five cycles where the temperature was varied between 15.0-50.0 °C. The sensor was then degraded fully in buffer at 50 °C over a 48 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique F Greene
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Robert Abbel
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Alankar A Vaidya
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Queenie Tanjay
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Yi Chen
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Regis Risani
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Taryn Saggese
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Maxime Barbier
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Miruna Petcu
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Mark West
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Beatrix Theobald
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Eva Gaugler
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Kate Parker
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
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5
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Antezana PE, Municoy S, Ostapchuk G, Catalano PN, Hardy JG, Evelson PA, Orive G, Desimone MF. 4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2743. [PMID: 38140084 PMCID: PMC10747900 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, widely known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of biomaterials. While conventional 3D-printed structures are perceived as static, 4D printing introduces the ability to fabricate materials capable of self-transforming their configuration or function over time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or electric field. This transformative technology has garnered significant attention in the field of biomedical engineering due to its potential to address limitations associated with traditional therapies. Here, we delve into an in-depth review of 4D-printing systems, exploring their diverse biomedical applications and meticulously evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. We emphasize the novelty of this review paper by highlighting the latest advancements and emerging trends in 4D-printing technology, particularly in the context of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Edmundo Antezana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Sofia Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Gabriel Ostapchuk
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
| | - Paolo Nicolás Catalano
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Junín 954, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - John G. Hardy
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Pablo Andrés Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Martin Federico Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
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6
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Stafin K, Śliwa P, Piątkowski M. Towards Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Tissue Engineering: A Biomimetic Approach in a 3D Printing Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16180. [PMID: 38003368 PMCID: PMC10671727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar bone is a unique type of bone, and the goal of bone tissue engineering (BTE) is to develop methods to facilitate its regeneration. Currently, an emerging trend involves the fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL)-based scaffolds using a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to enhance an osteoconductive architecture. These scaffolds are further modified with hydroxyapatite (HA), type I collagen (CGI), or chitosan (CS) to impart high osteoinductive potential. In conjunction with cell therapy, these scaffolds may serve as an appealing alternative to bone autografts. This review discusses research gaps in the designing of 3D-printed PCL-based scaffolds from a biomimetic perspective. The article begins with a systematic analysis of biological mineralisation (biomineralisation) and ossification to optimise the scaffold's structural, mechanical, degradation, and surface properties. This scaffold-designing strategy lays the groundwork for developing a research pathway that spans fundamental principles such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and fabrication techniques. Ultimately, this paves the way for systematic in vitro and in vivo studies, leading to potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Stafin
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (P.Ś.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Śliwa
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Marek Piątkowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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7
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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8
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Bher A, Cho Y, Auras R. Boosting Degradation of Biodegradable Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200769. [PMID: 36648129 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of polymers in composting conditions is an alternative end-of-life (EoL) scenario for contaminated materials collected through the municipal solid waste management system, mainly when mechanical or chemical methods cannot be used to recycle them. Compostability certification requirements are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, approaches to accelerate the biodegradation of these polymers in simulated composting conditions can facilitate and speed up the evaluation and selection of potential compostable polymer alternatives and inform faster methods to biodegrade these polymers in real composting. This review highlights recent trends, challenges, and future strategies to accelerate biodegradation by modifying the polymer properties/structure and the compost environment. Both abiotic and biotic methods show potential for accelerating the biodegradation of biodegradable polymers. Abiotic methods, such as the incorporation of additives, reduction of molecular weight, reduction of size and reactive blending, are potentially the most straightforward, providing a level of technology that allows for easy adoption and adaptability. Novel methods, including the concept of self-immolative and triggering the scission of polymer chains in specific conditions, are increasingly sought. In terms of biotic methods, dispersion/encapsulation of enzymes during the processing step, biostimulation of the environment, and bioaugmentation with specific microbial strains during the biodegradation process are promising to accelerate biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal Bher
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yujung Cho
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rafael Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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9
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Ölçücü G, Krauss U, Jaeger KE, Pietruszka J. Carrier‐Free Enzyme Immobilizates for Flow Chemistry. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ölçücü
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Biorganic Chemistry Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
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10
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Chow J, Perez‐Garcia P, Dierkes R, Streit WR. Microbial enzymes will offer limited solutions to the global plastic pollution crisis. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 16:195-217. [PMID: 36099200 PMCID: PMC9871534 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Global economies depend on the use of fossil-fuel-based polymers with 360-400 million metric tons of synthetic polymers being produced per year. Unfortunately, an estimated 60% of the global production is disposed into the environment. Within this framework, microbiologists have tried to identify plastic-active enzymes over the past decade. Until now, this research has largely failed to deliver functional biocatalysts acting on the commodity polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), ether-based polyurethane (PUR), polyamide (PA), polystyrene (PS) and synthetic rubber (SR). However, few enzymes are known to act on low-density and low-crystalline (amorphous) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and ester-based PUR. These above-mentioned polymers represent >95% of all synthetic plastics produced. Therefore, the main challenge microbiologists are currently facing is in finding polymer-active enzymes targeting the majority of fossil-fuel-based plastics. However, identifying plastic-active enzymes either to implement them in biotechnological processes or to understand their potential role in nature is an emerging research field. The application of these enzymes is still in its infancy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on microbial plastic-active enzymes, their global distribution and potential impact on plastic degradation in industrial processes and nature. We further outline major challenges in finding novel plastic-active enzymes, optimizing known ones by synthetic approaches and problems arising through falsely annotated and unfiltered use of database entries. Finally, we highlight potential biotechnological applications and possible re- and upcycling concepts using microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chow
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Pablo Perez‐Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Robert Dierkes
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang R. Streit
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
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11
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Brancewicz-Steinmetz E, Sawicki J. Bonding and Strengthening the PLA Biopolymer in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15165563. [PMID: 36013700 PMCID: PMC9416234 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing method that enables rapid prototyping and design flexibility. A variety of thermoplastic polymers can be used in printing. As it is necessary to reduce the consumption of petrochemical resources, alternative solutions are being researched, and the interest in using bioplastics and biocomposites is constantly growing. Often, however, the properties of biopolymers are insufficient and need to be improved to compete with petroleum-based plastics. The paper aims to analyze the available information on elements produced from more than one material, with additive manufacturing resulting from 3D printing using biopolymer Polylactic Acid (PLA). The study notes the possibility of modifying and improving the properties of PLA using layered printing or by modifying PLA filaments. Several modifications improving and changing the properties of PLA were also noted, including printing parameters when combined with other materials: process temperatures, filling, and surface development for various sample geometries.
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12
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Shen J, Zhang S, Fang X, Salmon S. Advances in 3D Gel Printing for Enzyme Immobilization. Gels 2022; 8:460. [PMID: 35892719 PMCID: PMC9331464 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating enzymes with three-dimensional (3D) printing is an exciting new field of convergence research that holds infinite potential for creating highly customizable components with diverse and efficient biocatalytic properties. Enzymes, nature's nanoscale protein-based catalysts, perform crucial functions in biological systems and play increasingly important roles in modern chemical processing methods, cascade reactions, and sensor technologies. Immobilizing enzymes on solid carriers facilitates their recovery and reuse, improves stability and longevity, broadens applicability, and reduces overall processing and chemical conversion costs. Three-dimensional printing offers extraordinary flexibility for creating high-resolution complex structures that enable completely new reactor designs with versatile sub-micron functional features in macroscale objects. Immobilizing enzymes on or in 3D printed structures makes it possible to precisely control their spatial location for the optimal catalytic reaction. Combining the rapid advances in these two technologies is leading to completely new levels of control and precision in fabricating immobilized enzyme catalysts. The goal of this review is to promote further research by providing a critical discussion of 3D printed enzyme immobilization methods encompassing both post-printing immobilization and immobilization by physical entrapment during 3D printing. Especially, 3D printed gel matrix techniques offer mild single-step entrapment mechanisms that produce ideal environments for enzymes with high retention of catalytic function and unparalleled fabrication control. Examples from the literature, comparisons of the benefits and challenges of different combinations of the two technologies, novel approaches employed to enhance printed hydrogel physical properties, and an outlook on future directions are included to provide inspiration and insights for pursuing work in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaomeng Fang
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sonja Salmon
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
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13
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Shao Y, Liao Z, Gao B, He B. Emerging 3D Printing Strategies for Enzyme Immobilization: Materials, Methods, and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11530-11543. [PMID: 35449952 PMCID: PMC9016833 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the strategies of enzyme immobilization possess attractive advantages that contribute to realizing recovery or reuse of enzymes and improving their stability, they have become one of the most desirable techniques in industrial catalysis, biosensing, and biomedicine. Among them, 3D printing is the emerging and most potential enzyme immobilization strategy. The main advantages of 3D printing strategies for enzyme immobilization are that they can directly produce complex channel structures at low cost, and the printed scaffolds with immobilized enzymes can be completely modified just by changing the original design graphics. In this review, a comprehensive set of developments in the fields of 3D printing techniques, materials, and strategies for enzyme immobilization and the potential applications in industry and biomedicine are summarized. In addition, we put forward some challenges and possible solutions for the development of this field and some possible development directions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhijun Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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14
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Wei XF, Capezza AJ, Cui Y, Li L, Hakonen A, Liu B, Hedenqvist MS. Millions of microplastics released from a biodegradable polymer during biodegradation/enzymatic hydrolysis. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:118068. [PMID: 35066257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we show that enzymatic hydrolysis of a biodegradable polyester (poly(ε-caprolactone)) by Amano Lipase PS in an aqueous (buffer) environment yielded rapidly an excessive number of microplastic particles; merely 0.1 g of poly(ε-caprolactone) film was demonstrated to yield millions of particles. There were also indications of non-enzymatic hydrolysis at the same conditions, but this did not yield any particles within the time frame of the experiment (up to 6 days). Microplastic particles formed had irregular shapes with an average size of around 10 µm, with only a few reaching 60 µm. The formation of microplastic particles resulted from the uneven hydrolysis/erosion rate across the polymer film surface, which led to a rough and undulating surface with ridge, branch, and rod-shaped micro-protruding structures. The consequent detachment and fragmentation of these micro-sized protruding structures resulted in the release of microplastics to the surroundings. Together with microplastics, hydrolysis products such as acidic monomers and oligomers were also released during the enzymatic hydrolysis process, causing a pH decrease in the surrounding liquid. The results suggest that the risk of microplastic pollution from biodegradable plastics is notable despite their biodegradation. Special attention needs to be paid when using and disposing of biodegradable plastics, considering the enormous impact of the paradigm shift towards more biodegradable products on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Feng Wei
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonio J Capezza
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuxiao Cui
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lengwan Li
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aron Hakonen
- Sensor Visions AB, SE, 455 22 Hisings Backa, Sweden
| | - Baicang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610207, China
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Veskova
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Federica Sbordone
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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16
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Zhang W, Day GJ, Zampetakis I, Carrabba M, Zhang Z, Carter BM, Govan N, Jackson C, Chen M, Perriman AW. Three-Dimensional Printable Enzymatically Active Plastics. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:6070-6077. [PMID: 35983011 PMCID: PMC9376927 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a facile route to the synthesis of enzymatically active highly fabricable plastics, where the enzyme is an intrinsic component of the material. This is facilitated by the formation of an electrostatically stabilized enzyme-polymer surfactant nanoconstruct, which, after lyophilization and melting, affords stable macromolecular dispersions in a wide range of organic solvents. A selection of plastics can then be co-dissolved in the dispersions, which provides a route to bespoke 3D enzyme plastic nanocomposite structures using a wide range of fabrication techniques, including melt electrowriting, casting, and piston-driven 3D printing. The resulting constructs comprising active phosphotriesterase (arPTE) readily detoxify organophosphates with persistent activity over repeated cycles and for long time periods. Moreover, we show that the protein guest molecules, such as arPTE or sfGFP, increase the compressive Young's modulus of the plastics and that the identity of the biomolecule influences the nanomorphology and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. Overall, we demonstrate that these biologically active nanocomposite plastics are compatible with state-of-the-art 3D fabrication techniques and that the methodology could be readily applied to produce robust and on-demand smart nanomaterial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
H. Zhang
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Day
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Zampetakis
- Bristol
Composites Institute (ACCIS), University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Carrabba
- Bristol
Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Ben M. Carter
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Govan
- Defence
Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Jackson
- Australian
National University, Research School of
Chemistry, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Menglin Chen
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Adam W. Perriman
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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