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Safaei A, Brancart J, Wang Z, Yazdani S, Vanderborght B, Van Assche G, Terryn S. Fast Self-Healing at Room Temperature in Diels-Alder Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3527. [PMID: 37688153 PMCID: PMC10490179 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being primarily categorized as non-autonomous self-healing polymers, we demonstrate the ability of Diels-Alder polymers to heal macroscopic damages at room temperature, resulting in complete restoration of their mechanical properties within a few hours. Moreover, we observe immediate partial recovery, occurring mere minutes after reuniting the fractured surfaces. This fast room-temperature healing is accomplished by employing an off-stoichiometric maleimide-to-furan ratio in the polymer network. Through an extensive investigation of seven Diels-Alder polymers, the influence of crosslink density on self-healing, thermal, and (thermo-)mechanical performance was thoroughly examined. Crosslink density variations were achieved by adjusting the molecular weight of the monomers or utilizing the off-stoichiometric maleimide-to-furan ratio. Quasistatic tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, dynamic rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to evaluate the individual effects of these parameters on material performance. While lowering the crosslink density in the polymer network via decreasing the off-stoichiometric ratio demonstrated the greatest acceleration of healing, it also led to a slight decrease in (dynamic) mechanical performance. On the other hand, reducing crosslink density using longer monomers resulted in faster healing, albeit to a lesser extent, while maintaining the (dynamic) mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Safaei
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Sogol Yazdani
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
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Bakkali-Hassani C, Edera P, Langenbach J, Poutrel QA, Norvez S, Gresil M, Tournilhac F. Epoxy Vitrimer Materials by Lipase-Catalyzed Network Formation and Exchange Reactions. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:338-343. [PMID: 36802496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and reprocessing of an epoxy vitrimer material is performed in a fully biocatalyzed process wherein network formation and exchange reactions are promoted by a lipase enzyme. Binary phase diagrams are introduced to select suitable diacid/diepoxide monomer compositions overcoming the limitations (phase separation/sedimentation) imposed by curing temperature inferior than 100 °C, to protect the enzyme. The ability of lipase TL, embedded in the chemical network, to catalyze efficiently exchange reactions (transesterification) is demonstrated by combining multiple stress relaxation experiments at 70-100 °C and complete recovery of mechanical strength after several reprocessing assays (up to 3 times). Complete stress relaxation ability disappears after heating at 150 °C, due to enzyme denaturation. Transesterification vitrimers thus designed are complementary to those involving classical catalysis (e.g., using the organocatalyst triazabicyclodecene) for which complete stress relaxation is possible only at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bakkali-Hassani
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Paolo Edera
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jakob Langenbach
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Quentin-Arthur Poutrel
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Matthieu Gresil
- i-Composites Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
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Wu S, Wu Y, Sun B, Zhang P, Tang K. Experimental and optimization for kinetic resolution of 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol enantiomers by lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic phase. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bakkali-Hassani C, Berne D, Ladmiral V, Caillol S. Transcarbamoylation in Polyurethanes: Underestimated Exchange Reactions? Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Chappuis S, Edera P, Cloitre M, Tournilhac F. Enriching an Exchangeable Network with One of Its Components: The Key to High- Tg Epoxy Vitrimers with Accelerated Relaxation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sélène Chappuis
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Edera
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Cloitre
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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Shape memory elastomers: A review of synthesis, design, advanced manufacturing, and emerging applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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