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Zhao ZH, Chen SY, Zhao PC, Luo WL, Luo YL, Zuo JL, Li CH. Mechanically Adaptive Polymers Constructed from Dynamic Coordination Equilibria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400758. [PMID: 38450854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Designing materials capable of adapting their mechanical properties in response to external stimuli is the key to preventing failure and extending their service life. However, existing mechanically adaptive polymers are hindered by limitations such as inadequate load-bearing capacity, difficulty in achieving reversible changes, high cost, and a lack of multiple responsiveness. Herein, we address these challenges using dynamic coordination bonds. A new type of mechanically adaptive material with both rate- and temperature-responsiveness was developed. Owing to the stimuli-responsiveness of the coordination equilibria, the prepared polymers, PBMBD-Fe and PBMBD-Co, exhibit mechanically adaptive properties, including temperature-sensitive strength modulation and rate-dependent impact hardening. Benefitting from the dynamic nature of the coordination bonds, the polymers exhibited impressive energy dissipation, damping capacity (loss factors of 1.15 and 2.09 at 1.0 Hz), self-healing, and 3D printing abilities, offering durable and customizable impact resistance and protective performance. The development of impact-resistant materials with comprehensive properties has potential applications in the sustainable and intelligent protection fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Lin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Long Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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2
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Yan H, Liu S, Wen N, Yin J, Jiang H. Self-healing flexible strain sensor fabricated through 3D printing template sacrifice for motion monitoring with enhanced healing and mechanical performance. Nanotechnology 2024; 35:245503. [PMID: 38271718 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad22a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
With the advancements in flexible materials and information technology, flexible sensors are becoming increasingly pervasive in various aspects of life and production. They hold immense potential for further development in areas such as motion detection, electronic skin, soft robots, and wearable devices. Aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the raw material, while a diisocyanate reagent served as the cross-linking agent for the polymerization reaction, which involved the introduction of ureido groups, containing N-H and C=O bonds, into the long siloxane chain. The dynamic hydrogen bonding between the clusters completes the self-healing of the material. Using 1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]urea as a grafting agent, the urea groups are introduced into graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive fillers. Subsequently, a flexible polymer is used as the substrate to prepare conductive flexible self-healing composites. By controlling the amount of conductive fillers, flexible strain materials with varying sensitivities are obtained. Design the structure of the flexible strain sensor using three-dimensional (3D) modeling software with deposition printing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuofu Liu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wen
- Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, No. 18, Wenchang Avenue, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000, People's Republic of China
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3
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Cavender-Word TJ, Roberson DA. Development of a Resilience Parameter for 3D-Printable Shape Memory Polymer Blends. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5906. [PMID: 37687599 PMCID: PMC10488805 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper was to establish a metric, which we refer to as the resilience parameter, to evaluate the ability of a material to retain tensile strength after damage recovery for shape memory polymer (SMP) systems. In this work, three SMP blends created for the additive manufacturing process of fused filament fabrication (FFF) were characterized. The three polymer systems examined in this study were 50/50 by weight binary blends of the following constituents: (1) polylactic acid (PLA) and maleated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS-g-MA); (2) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and SEBS-g-MA); and (3) PLA and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The blends were melt compounded and specimens were fabricated by way of FFF and injection molding (IM). The effect of shape memory recovery from varying amounts of initial tensile deformation on the mechanical properties of each blend, in both additively manufactured and injection molded forms, was characterized in terms of the change in tensile strength vs. the amount of deformation the specimens recovered from. The findings of this research indicated a sensitivity to manufacturing method for the PLA/TPU blend, which showed an increase in strength with increasing deformation recovery for the injection molded samples, which indicates this blend had excellent resilience. The ABS/SEBS blend showed no change in strength with the amount of deformation recovery, indicating that this blend had good resilience. The PLA/SEBS showed a decrease in strength with an increasing amount of initial deformation, indicating that this blend had poor resilience. The premise behind the development of this parameter is to promote and aid the notion that increased use of shape memory and self-healing polymers could be a strategy for mitigating plastic waste in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truman J. Cavender-Word
- Polymer Extrusion Lab, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - David A. Roberson
- Polymer Extrusion Lab, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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4
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Safaei A, Brancart J, Wang Z, Yazdani S, Vanderborght B, Van Assche G, Terryn S. Fast Self-Healing at Room Temperature in Diels-Alder Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3527. [PMID: 37688153 PMCID: PMC10490179 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being primarily categorized as non-autonomous self-healing polymers, we demonstrate the ability of Diels-Alder polymers to heal macroscopic damages at room temperature, resulting in complete restoration of their mechanical properties within a few hours. Moreover, we observe immediate partial recovery, occurring mere minutes after reuniting the fractured surfaces. This fast room-temperature healing is accomplished by employing an off-stoichiometric maleimide-to-furan ratio in the polymer network. Through an extensive investigation of seven Diels-Alder polymers, the influence of crosslink density on self-healing, thermal, and (thermo-)mechanical performance was thoroughly examined. Crosslink density variations were achieved by adjusting the molecular weight of the monomers or utilizing the off-stoichiometric maleimide-to-furan ratio. Quasistatic tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, dynamic rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to evaluate the individual effects of these parameters on material performance. While lowering the crosslink density in the polymer network via decreasing the off-stoichiometric ratio demonstrated the greatest acceleration of healing, it also led to a slight decrease in (dynamic) mechanical performance. On the other hand, reducing crosslink density using longer monomers resulted in faster healing, albeit to a lesser extent, while maintaining the (dynamic) mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Safaei
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Sogol Yazdani
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
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5
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Orozco F, Horvat D, Miola M, Moreno-Villoslada I, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Electroactive Thermo-Pneumatic Soft Actuator with Self-Healing Features: A Critical Evaluation. Soft Robot 2023; 10:852-859. [PMID: 36927095 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft actuators that operate with overpressure have been successfully implemented as soft robotic grippers. Naturally, as these pneumatic devices are prone to cuts, self-healing properties are attractive. Here, we prepared a gripper that operates based on the liquid-gas phase transition of ethanol within its hollow structure. The gripping surface of the device is coated with a self-healing polymer that heals with heat. This gripper also includes a stainless steel wire along the device that heats the entire structure through resistive heating. This design results in a soft robotic gripper that actuates and heals in parallel driven by the same practical stimulus, that is, electricity. Compared to other self-healing soft grippers, this approach has the advantage of being simple and having autonomous self-healing. However, there remain fundamental drawbacks that limit its implementation. The current work critically assesses this overpressure approach and concludes with a broad perspective regarding self-healing soft robotic grippers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orozco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Horvat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Miola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ranjita K Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bednarczyk P, Mozelewska K, Klebeko J, Rokicka J, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P. Impact of the Chemical Structure of Photoreactive Urethane (Meth)Acrylates with Various (Meth)Acrylate Groups and Built-In Diels-Alder Reaction Adducts on the UV-Curing Process and Self-Healing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040924. [PMID: 36850208 PMCID: PMC9967232 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of UV-curable urethane (meth)acrylates were obtained by copolymerization of the Diels-Alder adduct (HODA), isophorone diisocyanate, PEG1000, and various hydroxy (meth)acrylates. The aim of the present work was to determine the influence of the chemical structure of the introduced (meth)acrylic groups, i.e., hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and hydroxypropyl methacrylate, on the UV-curing process and self-healing properties of cured coatings. The chemical structure of prepolymers was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, whereas the UV-curing process was monitored in real time using FTIR and photo-DSC. In turn, the self-healing properties were characterized in relation to the thermally reversible mechanism, which was tested using the following methods: an FTIR spectroscope equipped with a heating attachment; DSC and TG apparatus; and an optical microscope equipped with a stage with programmable heating. The result of comprehensive research on the self-healing of photocurable coatings in the context of the presence of various photoreactive groups and the course of the curing process allows one to control the self-healing process by reducing the effective healing temperature. The self-healing properties, taken together with the fast UV curing of the coatings and excellent properties of cured coatings, make the material attractive for a variety of applications, in particular in cases where coatings are not repaired, e.g., for economic reasons or when it is not possible, such as in flexible electronic screens, car paint film, and aircraft interior finishes.
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7
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Roels E, Terryn S, Ferrentino P, Brancart J, Van Assche G, Vanderborght B. An Interdisciplinary Tutorial: A Self-Healing Soft Finger with Embedded Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:811. [PMID: 36679614 PMCID: PMC9863682 DOI: 10.3390/s23020811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the field of soft robotics, knowledge of material science is becoming more and more important. However, many researchers have a background in only one of both domains. To aid the understanding of the other domain, this tutorial describes the complete process from polymer synthesis over fabrication to testing of a soft finger. Enough background is provided during the tutorial such that researchers from both fields can understand and sharpen their knowledge. Self-healing polymers are used in this tutorial, showing that these polymers that were once a specialty, have become accessible for broader use. The use of self-healing polymers allows soft robots to recover from fatal damage, as shown in this tutorial, which increases their lifespan significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Roels
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pasquale Ferrentino
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Irzhak VI, Uflyand IE, Dzhardimalieva GI. Self-Healing of Polymers and Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245404. [PMID: 36559772 PMCID: PMC9784839 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the description of methods for the self-healing of polymers, polymer composites, and coatings. The self-healing of damages that occur during the operation of the corresponding structures makes it possible to extend the service life of the latter, and in this case, the problem of saving non-renewable resources is simultaneously solved. Two strategies are considered: (a) creating reversible crosslinks in the thermoplastic and (b) introducing a healing agent into cracks. Bond exchange reactions in network polymers (a) proceed as a dissociative process, in which crosslinks are split into their constituent reactive fragments with subsequent regeneration, or as an associative process, the limiting stage of which is the interaction of the reactive end group and the crosslink. The latter process is implemented in vitrimers. Strategy (b) is associated with the use of containers (hollow glass fibers, capsules, microvessels) that burst under the action of a crack. Particular attention is paid to self-healing processes in metallopolymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim I. Irzhak
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Moscow Aviation Institute, National Research University, 125993 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Rana S, Solanki M, Sahoo NG, Krishnakumar B. Bio-Vitrimers for Sustainable Circular Bio-Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4338. [PMID: 36297916 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG) and cut CO2-emission is forcing researchers to develop bio-based materials over conventional polymers. Since most of the established bio-based polymeric materials demonstrate prominent sustainability, however, performance, cost, and durability limit their utilization in real-time applications. Additionally, a sustainable circular bioeconomy (CE) ensures SDGs deliver material production, where it ceases the linear approach from production to waste. Simultaneously, sustainable circular bio-economy promoted materials should exhibit the prominent properties to involve and substitute conventional materials. These interceptions can be resolved through state-of-the-art bio-vitrimeric materials that display durability/mechanical properties such as thermosets and processability/malleability such as thermoplastics. This article emphasizes the current need for vitrimers based on bio-derived chemicals; as well as to summarize the developed bio-based vitrimers (including reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties) and their requirements for a sustainable circular economy in future prospects.
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Meurer J, Hniopek J, Ahner J, Schmitt M, Popp J, Zechel S, Peneva K, Hager MD. In-depth characterization of self-healing polymers based on π-π interactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2496-2504. [PMID: 34646398 PMCID: PMC8491711 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-healing behavior of two supramolecular polymers based on π–π-interactions featuring different polymer backbones is presented. For this purpose, these polymers were synthesized utilizing a polycondensation of a perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride with polyether-based diamines and the resulting materials were investigated using various analytical techniques. Thus, the molecular structure of the polymers could be correlated with the ability for self-healing. Moreover, the mechanical behavior was studied using rheology. The activation of the supramolecular interactions results in a breaking of these noncovalent bonds, which was investigated using IR spectroscopy, leading to a sufficient increase in mobility and, finally, a healing of the mechanical damage. This scratch-healing behavior was also quantified in detail using an indenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Meurer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), e. V. Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Ahner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), e. V. Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Wang S, Urban MW. Self-Healable Fluorinated Copolymers Governed by Dipolar Interactions. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101399. [PMID: 34231336 PMCID: PMC8425892 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although dipolar forces between copolymer chains are relatively weak, they result in ubiquitous inter- and/or intramolecular interactions which are particularly critical in achieving the mechanical integrity of polymeric materials. In this study, a route is developed to obtain self-healable properties in thermoplastic copolymers that rely on noncovalent dipolar interactions present in essentially all macromolecules and particularly fluorine-containing copolymers. The combination of dipolar interactions between C─F and C═O bonds as well as CH2 /CH3 entities facilitates self-healing without external intervention. The presence of dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced-dipole induced dipole interactions leads to a viscoelastic response that controls macroscopic autonomous multicycle self-healing of fluorinated copolymers under ambient conditions. Energetically favorable dipolar forces attributed to monomer sequence and monomer molar ratios induces desirable copolymer tacticities, enabling entropic energy recovery stored during mechanical damage. The use of dipolar forces instead of chemical or physical modifications not only eliminates additional alternations enabling multiple damage-repair cycles but also provides further opportunity for designing self-healable commodity thermoplastics. These materials may offer numerous applications, ranging from the use in electronics, ion batteries, H2 fuel dispense hoses to self-healable pet toys, packaging, paints and coatings, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - Marek W. Urban
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
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12
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Kosarli M, Polymerou A, Foteinidis G, Vazouras C, Paipetis AS. Healing Efficiency of CNTs-Modified-UF Microcapsules That Provide Higher Electrical Conductivity and EMI Shielding Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2753. [PMID: 34451294 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), at three percentages, into the urea-formaldehyde (UF) shell-wall of microcapsules on the healing efficiency is reported. The modified shell-wall created a conductive network in semi-conductive epoxies, which led to an improvement of the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE); utilizing the excellent electrical properties of the CNTs. The microcapsule’s mean diameter and shell wall were examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal stability was evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The healing efficiency was assessed in terms of fracture toughness, while the electrical properties were measured using impedance spectroscopy. The measurements of the EMI SE were carried out in the frequency range of 7–9 GHz. The derived results indicated that the incorporation of the CNTs resulted in a decrease in the mean size of the microcapsules, while the thermal stability remained unchanged. In particular, the introduction of 0.5% w/v CNTs did not affect the healing efficiency, while it increased the initial mechanical properties of the epoxy after the incorporation of the self-healing system by 27%. At the same time, it led to the formation of a conductive network, providing electrical conductivity to the epoxies. The experimental results showed that the SE increased on average 5 dB or more after introducing conductive microcapsules.
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Galdeano M, Ruipérez F, Matxain JM. Theoretical Characterization of New Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Responsive Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1573. [PMID: 34068943 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, responsive materials including dynamic bonds have been widely acclaimed due to their expectation to pilot advanced materials. Within these materials, synthetic polymers have shown to be good candidates. Recently, the so-called frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) have been used to create responsive materials. Concretely, the activation of diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) by a triphenylborane (TPB) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) based FLP has been recently exploited for the production of dynamic cross-links. In this work, we computationally explore the underlying dynamic chemistry in these materials, in order to understand the nature and reversibility of the interaction between the FLP and DEAD. With this goal in mind, we first characterize the acidity and basicity of several TPB and TPP derivatives using different substituents, such as electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. Our results show that strong electron-donating groups increase the acidity of TPB and decrease the basicity of TPP. However, the FLP–DEAD interaction is not mainly dominated by the influence of these substituents in the acidity or basicity of the TPB or TPP systems, but by attractive or repulsive forces between substituents such as hydrogen bonds or steric effects. Based on these results, a new material is proposed based on FLP–DEAD complexes.
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Orozco F, Niyazov Z, Garnier T, Migliore N, Zdvizhkov AT, Raffa P, Moreno-Villoslada I, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Maleimide Self-Reaction in Furan/Maleimide-Based Reversibly Crosslinked Polyketones: Processing Limitation or Potential Advantage? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082230. [PMID: 33924288 PMCID: PMC8069175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers crosslinked via furan/maleimide thermo-reversible chemistry have been extensively explored as reprocessable and self-healing thermosets and elastomers. For such applications, it is important that the thermo-reversible features are reproducible after many reprocessing and healing cycles. Therefore, side reactions are undesirable. However, we have noticed irreversible changes in the mechanical properties of such materials when exposing them to temperatures around 150 °C. In this work, we study whether these changes are due to the self-reaction of maleimide moieties that may take place at this rather low temperature. In order to do so, we prepared a furan-grafted polyketone crosslinked with the commonly used aromatic bismaleimide (1,1'-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide), and exposed it to isothermal treatments at 150 °C. The changes in the chemistry and thermo-mechanical properties were mainly studied by infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and rheology. Our results indicate that maleimide self-reaction does take place in the studied polymer system. This finding comes along with limitations over the reprocessing and self-healing procedures for furan/maleimide-based reversibly crosslinked polymers that present their softening (decrosslinking) point at relatively high temperatures. On the other hand, the side reaction can also be used to tune the properties of such polymer products via in situ thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orozco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Zafarjon Niyazov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Timon Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Nicola Migliore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Alexander T. Zdvizhkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Santos SC, La Scala JJ, Palmese GR. Effect of Microcapsule Content on Diels-Alder Room Temperature Self-Healing Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123064. [PMID: 33371328 PMCID: PMC7767355 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A furan functionalized epoxy-amine thermoset with an embedded microcapsule healing system that utilizes reversible Diels-Alder healing chemistry was used to investigate the influence of microcapsule loading on healing efficiency. A urea-formaldehyde encapsulation technique was used to create capsules with an average diameter of 150 µm that were filled with a reactive solution of bismaleimide in phenyl acetate. It was found that optimum healing of the thermoset occurred at 10 wt% microcapsule content for the compositions investigated. The diffusion of solvent through the crack interface and within fractured samples was investigated using analytical diffusion models. The decrease in healing efficiency at higher microcapsule loading was attributed partially to solvent-induced plasticization at the interface. The diffusion analysis also showed that the 10% optimum microcapsule concentration occurs for systems with the same interfacial solvent concentration. This suggests that additional physical and chemical phenomena are also responsible for the observed optimum. Such phenomena could include a reduction in surface area available for healing and the saturation of interfacial furan moieties by reaction with increasing amounts of maleimide. Both would result from increased microcapsule loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadella C. Santos
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - John J. La Scala
- Army Research Laboratory, 4600 Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21005-5096, USA;
| | - Giuseppe R. Palmese
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Dzhardimalieva GI, Yadav BC, Kudaibergenov SE, Uflyand IE. Basic Approaches to the Design of Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymers for Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2594. [PMID: 33158271 PMCID: PMC7694280 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as a revolutionary system for harvesting mechanical energy have demonstrated high vitality and great advantage, which open up great prospects for their application in various areas of the society of the future. The past few years have seen exponential growth in many new classes of self-healing polymers (SHPs) for TENGs. This review presents and evaluates the SHP range for TENGs, and also attempts to assess the impact of modern polymer chemistry on the development of advanced materials for TENGs. Among the most widely used SHPs for TENGs, the analysis of non-covalent (hydrogen bond, metal-ligand bond), covalent (imine bond, disulfide bond, borate bond) and multiple bond-based SHPs in TENGs has been performed. Particular attention is paid to the use of SHPs with shape memory as components of TENGs. Finally, the problems and prospects for the development of SHPs for TENGs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of Metallopolymers, The Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia;
- Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University), 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Bal C. Yadav
- Nanomaterials and Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India;
| | - Sarkyt E. Kudaibergenov
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology, Almaty 050019, Kazakhstan;
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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17
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Irigoyen M, Matxain JM, Ruipérez F. Effect of Molecular Structure in the Chain Mobility of Dichalcogenide-Based Polymers with Self-Healing Capacity. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1960. [PMID: 31795394 PMCID: PMC6960971 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that the reaction mechanism in self-healing diphenyl dichalcogenide-based polymers involves the formation of sulfenyl and selenyl radicals. These radicals are able to attack a neighbouring dichalcogenide bond via a three-membered transition state, leading to the interchange of chalcogen atoms. Hence, the chain mobility is crucial for the exchange reaction to take place. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations have been performed in a set of disulfide- and diselenide-based materials to analyze the effect of the molecular structure in the chain mobility. First of all, a validation of the computational protocol has been carried out, and different simulation parameters like initial guess, length of the molecular chains, size of the simulation box and simulation time, have been evaluated. This protocol has been used to study the chain mobility and also the self-healing capacity, which depends on the probability to generate radicals ( ρ ), the barrier of the exchange reaction ( Δ G ) and the mobility of the chains ( ω ). The first two parameters have been obtained in previous quantum chemical calculations on the systems under study in this work. After analyzing the self-healing capacity, it is concluded that aromatic diselenides (PD-SeSe) are the best candidates among those studied to show self-healing, due to lower reaction barriers and larger ω values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Irigoyen
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Jon M. Matxain
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain;
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18
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Abend M, Zechel S, Schubert US, Hager MD. Detailed Analysis of the Influencing Parameters on the Self-Healing Behavior of Dynamic Urea-Crosslinked Poly(methacrylate)s. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193597. [PMID: 31590469 PMCID: PMC6804315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For this paper, the self-healing ability of poly(methacrylate)s crosslinked via reversible urea bonds was studied in detail. In this context, the effects of healing time and temperature on the healing process were investigated. Furthermore, the impact of the size of the damage (i.e., area of the scratch) was monitored. Aging processes, counteracting the self-healing process, result in a decrease in the mechanical performance. This effect diminishes the healing ability. Consequently, the current study is a first approach towards a detailed analysis of self-healing polymers regarding the influencing parameters of the healing process, considering also possible aging processes for thermo-reversible polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Abend
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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19
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Key Words
- functional polymers for diagnosis, imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering
- functional polymers used in food science
- polymer-based medical devices
- polymer-based supramolecular chemistry
- polymerization or post-polymerization modification methods
- polymers for fabrication
- polymers for industrial catalysis
- polymers for information storage, electronics, and energy conversion
- polymers for sensing, separation, and purification
- polymers for water or effluent treatment
- polymers with biological activity (e.g., antitumor, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activity)
- renewable polymer materials used for agriculture
- self-healing polymers
- shape memory polymers
- stimuli-responsive polymers
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20
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Jiang Z, Bhaskaran A, Aitken HM, Shackleford ICG, Connal LA. Using Synergistic Multiple Dynamic Bonds to Construct Polymers with Engineered Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900038. [PMID: 30977952 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic bonds have achieved significant attention for their ability to impart fascinating properties to polymeric materials, such as high mechanical strength, self-healing, shape memory, 3D printability, and conductivity. Incorporating multiple dynamic bonds into polymer systems affords an attractive and efficient approach to endow multiple functionalities. This mini-review focuses on the use of complementary dynamic interactions to control the properties of soft materials. Owing to the diversity in dynamic chemistries that can be explored, the scope of this article is restricted to polymers and does not include colloids, amphiphiles, liquid crystals, or biological soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ayana Bhaskaran
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Heather M Aitken
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - India C G Shackleford
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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21
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Ju SH, Kim JC, Noh SM, Cheong IW. Environmentally Adaptable and Temperature-Selective Self-Healing Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800689. [PMID: 30387223 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Development of polymeric materials capable of self-healing at low temperatures is an important issue since their mechanical strength and self-healing performance are often in conflict with each other. Herein, random copolymers with self-healing capability in a wide temperature range prepared from 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), glyceryl monomethacrylate (GlyMA), and butyl methacrylate monomers via free-radical polymerization and subsequent cross-linking with hexamethylene diisocyanate are reported. Wound closure is facilitated by swelling below the lower critical solution temperature or by heating above the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the polymer. GlyMA units form metal-ligand coordination complexes with dibutyltin dilaurate, leading to the formation of new carbonate bonds under ambient CO2 and H2 O conditions. Although swelling/heating reduces the polymer's mechanical strength, it is fully restored following chemical re-bonding/drying at room temperature. The swelling and degree of scratch healing are affected by pH, temperature, and the DMAEMA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Ju
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Man Noh
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - In Woo Cheong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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22
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Dean LM, Krull BP, Li KR, Fedonina YI, White SR, Sottos NR. Enhanced Mixing of Microvascular Self-Healing Reagents Using Segmented Gas-Liquid Flow. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:32659-32667. [PMID: 30209942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular self-healing systems have previously been demonstrated to restore large-scale damage and achieve repeated healing of multiple damage events in polymers. However, the healing performance of these systems is often limited because the laminar nature of flow in microchannels results in poor mixing of two-part self-healing reagents. In this paper, we introduce segmented gas-liquid flow (SGLF) to enhance the mixing of reagents in microvascular self-healing systems. In SGLF, discrete liquid slugs containing self-healing reagents are separated by gas bubbles while flowing through a single microchannel. Recirculating streamlines within the liquid slugs can enhance the mixing of miscible liquids such as healing reagents. We investigate the effect of SGLF on mixing and healing for a two-stage chemistry used to restore large-scale damage in thermoset polymers. Additionally, we employ SGLF to deliver an epoxy-thiol chemistry, enabling the repeated recovery of fracture toughness in glass fiber-reinforced composites. In both systems, the mixing of healing agents delivered by SGLF is enhanced compared to alternative microvascular delivery strategies. For the two-stage chemistry, SGLF increases the maximum damage size that can be healed by 25% compared to laminar single-phase flow. Furthermore, there are concomitant increases in the extent of polymerization and the mechanical properties of the restored material, including a fivefold increase in the peak load sustained during a push-out test. For the epoxy-thiol chemistry, SGLF enables multiple healing cycles with healing efficiency above 100%. On the basis of these results, we envision that SGLF could improve performance for a variety of microvascular self-healing systems with different host materials, damage modes, and healing chemistries.
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23
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Zhu B, Merindol R, Benitez AJ, Wang B, Walther A. Supramolecular Engineering of Hierarchically Self-Assembled, Bioinspired, Cholesteric Nanocomposites Formed by Cellulose Nanocrystals and Polymers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:11031-40. [PMID: 27067311 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural composites are hierarchically structured by combination of ordered colloidal and molecular length scales. They inspire future, biomimetic, and lightweight nanocomposites, in which extraordinary mechanical properties are in reach by understanding and mastering hierarchical structure formation as tools to engineer multiscale deformation mechanisms. Here we describe a hierarchically self-assembled, cholesteric nanocomposite with well-defined colloid-based helical structure and supramolecular hydrogen bonds engineered on the molecular level in the polymer matrix. We use reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization to synthesize well-defined hydrophilic, nonionic polymers with a varying functionalization density of 4-fold hydrogen-bonding ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) motifs. We show that these copolymers can be coassembled with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), a sustainable, stiff, rod-like reinforcement, to give ordered cholesteric phases with characteristic photonic stop bands. The dimensions of the helical pitch are controlled by the ratio of polymer/CNC, confirming a smooth integration into the colloidal structure. With respect to the effect of the supramolecular motifs, we demonstrate that those regulate the swelling when exposing the biomimetic hybrids to water, and they allow engineering the photonic response. Moreover, the amount of hydrogen bonds and the polymer fraction are decisive in defining the mechanical properties. An Ashby plot comparing previous ordered CNC-based nanocomposites with our new hierarchical ones reveals that molecular engineering allows us to span an unprecedented mechanical property range from highest inelastic deformation (strain up to ∼13%) to highest stiffness (E ∼ 15 GPa) and combinations of both. We envisage that further rational design of the molecular interactions will provide efficient tools for enhancing the multifunctional property profiles of such bioinspired nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Zhu
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Remi Merindol
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alejandro J Benitez
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Baochun Wang
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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24
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Whiteley JM, Taynton P, Zhang W, Lee SH. Ultra-thin Solid-State Li-Ion Electrolyte Membrane Facilitated by a Self-Healing Polymer Matrix. Adv Mater 2015; 27:6922-7. [PMID: 26421754 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thin solid membranes are formed by a new strategy, whereby an in situ derived self-healing polymer matrix that penetrates the void space of an inorganic solid is created. The concept is applied as a separator in an all-solid-state battery with an FeS2 -based cathode and achieves tremendous performance for over 200 cycles. Processing in dry conditions represents a paradigm shift for incorporating high active-material mass loadings into mixed-matrix membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Whiteley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Philip Taynton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Se-Hee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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25
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He Y, Liao S, Jia H, Cao Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. A Self-Healing Electronic Sensor Based on Thermal-Sensitive Fluids. Adv Mater 2015; 27:4622-7. [PMID: 26153404 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A combination of liquid sensing materials and self-healing polymers is conceived for preparing electronic sensors that can be mended when they suffer damage. The leakage of ionic liquids at a breaking state is avoided with the help of the capillary effect. Photothermal conversion and magnetic-thermal conversion extend the sensing application. The successful development of self-healing sensors is promising for exploiting high-level electronic devices with long-term service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin He
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Shenglong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hanyu Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Xishan School, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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Tseng TC, Tao L, Hsieh FY, Wei Y, Chiu IM, Hsu SH. An Injectable, Self-Healing Hydrogel to Repair the Central Nervous System. Adv Mater 2015; 27:3518-24. [PMID: 25953204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An injectable, self-healing hydrogel (≈1.5 kPa) is developed for healing nerve-system deficits. Neurosphere-like progenitors proliferate in the hydrogel and differentiate into neuron-like cells. In the zebrafish injury model, the central nervous system function is partially rescued by injection of the hydrogel and significantly rescued by injection of the neurosphere-laden hydrogel. The self-healing hydrogel may thus potentially repair the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chen Tseng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shan-hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
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