1
|
Ditzler RAJ, King AJ, Towell SE, Ratushnyy M, Zhukhovitskiy AV. Editing of polymer backbones. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:600-615. [PMID: 37542179 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are at the epicentre of modern technological progress and the associated environmental pollution. Considerations of both polymer functionality and lifecycle are crucial in these contexts, and the polymer backbone - the core of a polymer - is at the root of these considerations. Just as the meaning of a sentence can be altered by editing its words, the function and sustainability of a polymer can also be transformed via the chemical modification of its backbone. Yet, polymer modification has primarily been focused on the polymer periphery. In this Review, we focus on the transformations of the polymer backbone by defining some concepts fundamental to this topic (for example, 'polymer backbone' and 'backbone editing') and by collecting and categorizing examples of backbone editing scattered throughout a century's worth of chemical literature, and outline critical directions for further research. In so doing, we lay the foundation for the field of polymer backbone editing and hope to accelerate its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A J Ditzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sydney E Towell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maxim Ratushnyy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang X, Liu L, Wang Z, Fan Y, Zhang J, Yong Q, Li X. A honeycomb-like hydrogel in-situ constructed by Streptococcus zooepidemicus and TOCN for the proliferation of bacteria. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Najafi M, Habibi M, Fokkink R, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. LCST polymers with UCST behavior. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2132-2141. [PMID: 33439188 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, temperature dependent behavior of dense dispersions of core crosslinked flower-like micelles is investigated. Micelles were prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of two ABA block copolymers with PEG B-blocks and thermosensitive A-blocks containing PNIPAM and crosslinkable moieties. At a temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), self-assembly of the polymers resulted in the formation of flower-like micelles with a hydrophilic PEG shell and a hydrophobic core. The micellar core was stabilized by native chemical ligation (NCL). Above the LCST, micelles displayed a radius of ∼35 nm, while a radius of ∼48 nm was found below the LCST due to hydration of the PNIPAM core. Concentrated dispersions of these micelles (≥7.5 wt%) showed glassy state behavior below a critical temperature (Tc: 28 °C) which is close to the LCST of the polymers. Below this Tc, the increase in the micelle volume resulted in compression of micelles together above a certain concentration and formation of a glass. We quantified and compared micelle packing at different concentrations and temperatures. The storage moduli (G') of the dispersions showed a universal dependence on the effective volume fraction, which increased substantially above a certain effective volume fraction of φ = 1.2. Furthermore, a disordered lattice model describing this behavior fitted the experimental data and revealed a critical volume fraction of φc = 1.31 close to the experimental value of φ = 1.2. The findings reported provide insights for the molecular design of novel thermosensitive PNIPAM nanoparticles with tunable structural and mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Najafi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mehdi Habibi
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Fokkink
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Najafi M, Asadi H, van den Dikkenberg J, van Steenbergen MJ, Fens MHAM, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Conversion of an Injectable MMP-Degradable Hydrogel into Core-Cross-Linked Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1739-1751. [PMID: 31945299 PMCID: PMC7218746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new type of injectable hydrogel called "HyMic" that can convert into core cross-linked (CCL) micelles upon exposure to matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's), was designed and developed for drug delivery applications. HyMic is composed of CCL micelles connected via an enzyme cleavable linker. To this end, two complementary ABA block copolymers with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as B block were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The A blocks were composed of a random copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and either N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-cysteine (HPMA-Cys) or N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide-ethylthioglycolate succinic acid (HPMA-ETSA). Mixing the aqueous solutions of the obtained polymers and rising the temperature above the cloud point of the PNIPAM block resulted in the self-assembly of these polymers into flower-like micelles composed of a hydrophilic PEG shell and hydrophobic core. The micellar core was cross-linked by native chemical ligation between the cysteine (in HPMA-Cys) and thioester (in HPMA-ETSA) functionalities. A slight excess of thioester to cysteine groups (molar ratio 3:2) was used to allow further chemical reactions exploiting the unreacted thioester groups. The obtained micelles displayed a Z-average diameter of 80 ± 1 nm (PDI 0.1), and ζ-potential of -4.2 ± 0.4 mV and were linked using two types of pentablock copolymers of P(NIPAM-co-HPMA-Cys)-PEG-peptide-PEG-P(NIPAM-co-HPMA-Cys) (Pep-NC) to yield hydrogels. The pentablock copolymers were synthesized using a PEG-peptide-PEG ATRP macroinitiator and the peptide midblock (lysine-glycine-proline-glutamine-isoleucine-phenylalanine-glycine-glutamine-lysine (Lys-Gly-Pro-Gln-Gly-Ile-Phe-Gly-Gln-Lys)) consisted of either l- or d-amino acids (l-Pep-NC or d-Pep-NC), of which the l-amino acid sequence is a substrate for matrix metalloproteases 2 and 9 (MMPs 2 and 9). Upon mixing of the CCL micelles and the linker (l/d-Pep-NC), the cysteine functionalities of the l/d-Pep-NC reacted with remaining thioester moieties in the micellar core via native chemical ligation yielding a hydrogel within 160 min as demonstrated by rheological measurements. As anticipated, the gel cross-linked with l-Pep-NC was degraded in 7-45 days upon exposure to metalloproteases in a concentration-dependent manner, while the gel cross-linked with the d-Pep-NC remained intact even after 2 months. Dynamic light scattering analysis of the release medium revealed the presence of nanoparticles with a Z-average diameter of ∼120 nm (PDI < 0.3) and ζ-potential of ∼-3 mV, indicating release of core cross-linked micelles upon HyMic exposure to metalloproteases. An in vitro study demonstrated that the released CCL micelles were taken up by HeLa cells. Therefore, HyMic as an injectable and enzyme degradable hydrogel displaying controlled and on-demand release of CCL micelles has potential for intracellular drug delivery in tissues with upregulation of MMPs, for example, in cancer tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Najafi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hamed Asadi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Polymer
Laboratory, Chemistry Department, School of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joep van den Dikkenberg
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mies J. van Steenbergen
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H. A. M. Fens
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pertici V, Trimaille T, Gigmes D. Inputs of Macromolecular Engineering in the Design of Injectable Hydrogels Based on Synthetic Thermoresponsive Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pertici
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Trimaille
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harrison TD, Yunyaeva O, Borecki A, Hopkins CC, de Bruyn JR, Ragogna PJ, Gillies ER. Phosphonium Polyelectrolyte Complexes for the Encapsulation and Slow Release of Ionic Cargo. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:152-162. [PMID: 31502452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexation, the combination of anionically and cationically charged polymers through ionic interactions, can be used to form hydrogel networks. These networks can be used to encapsulate and release cargo, but the release of cargo is typically rapid, occurring over a period of hours to a few days and they often exhibit weak, fluid-like mechanical properties. Here we report the preparation and study of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) from sodium hyaluronate (HA) and poly[tris(hydroxypropyl)(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphonium chloride], poly[triphenyl(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphonium chloride], poly[tri(n-butyl)(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphonium chloride], or poly[triethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphonium chloride]. The networks were compacted by ultracentrifugation, then their composition, swelling, rheological, and self-healing properties were studied. Their properties depended on the structure of the phosphonium polymer and the salt concentration, but in general, they exhibited predominantly gel-like behavior with relaxation times greater than 40 s and self-healing over 2-18 h. Anionic molecules, including fluorescein, diclofenac, and adenosine-5'-triphosphate, were encapsulated into the PECs with high loading capacities of up to 16 wt %. Fluorescein and diclofenac were slowly released over 60 days, which was attributed to a combination of hydrophobic and ionic interactions with the dense PEC network. The cytotoxicities of the polymers and their corresponding networks with HA to C2C12 mouse myoblast cells was investigated and found to depend on the structure of the polymer and the properties of the network. Overall, this work demonstrates the utility of polyphosphonium-HA networks for the loading and slow release of ionic drugs and that their physical and biological properties can be readily tuned according to the structure of the phosphonium polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan D Harrison
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Olga Yunyaeva
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Aneta Borecki
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Cameron C Hopkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 3K7
| | - John R de Bruyn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5B7.,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5B9
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Young SA, Riahinezhad H, Amsden BG. In situ-forming, mechanically resilient hydrogels for cell delivery. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5742-5761. [PMID: 31531443 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Injectable, in situ-forming hydrogels can improve cell delivery in tissue engineering applications by facilitating minimally invasive delivery to irregular defect sites and improving cell retention and survival. Tissues targeted for cell delivery often undergo diverse mechanical loading including high stress, high strain, and repetitive loading conditions. This review focuses on the development of hydrogel systems that meet the requirements of mechanical resiliency, cytocompatibility, and injectability for such applications. First, we describe the most important design considerations for maintaining the viability and function of encapsulated cells, for reproducing the target tissue morphology, and for achieving degradation profiles that facilitate tissue replacement. Models describing the relationships between hydrogel structure and mechanical properties are described, focusing on design principles necessary for producing mechanically resilient hydrogels. The advantages and limitations of current strategies for preparing cytocompatible, injectable, and mechanically resilient hydrogels are reviewed, including double networks, nanocomposites, and high molecular weight amphiphilic copolymer networks. Finally, challenges and opportunities are outlined to guide future research in this developing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Hossein Riahinezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Brian G Amsden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prince DA, Villamagna IJ, Borecki A, Beier F, de Bruyn JR, Hurtig M, Gillies ER. Thermoresponsive and Covalently Cross-Linkable Hydrogels for Intra-Articular Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3498-3507. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Andrew Prince
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ian J. Villamagna
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Aneta Borecki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3B7, Canada
| | - John R. de Bruyn
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark Hurtig
- Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
In-situ forming thermosensitive hydroxypropyl chitin-based hydrogel crosslinked by Diels-Alder reaction for three dimensional cell culture. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:368-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
11
|
Mutlu H, Ceper EB, Li X, Yang J, Dong W, Ozmen MM, Theato P. Sulfur Chemistry in Polymer and Materials Science. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800650. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Institute for Biological Interfaces III; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Ezgi Berfin Ceper
- Department of Bioengineering; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jingmei Yang
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Fundamental Science and Frontiers; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610054 China
| | - Wenyuan Dong
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mehmet Murat Ozmen
- Department of Bioengineering; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Biological Interfaces III; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Najafi M, Kordalivand N, Moradi MA, van den Dikkenberg J, Fokkink R, Friedrich H, Sommerdijk NAJM, Hembury M, Vermonden T. Native Chemical Ligation for Cross-Linking of Flower-Like Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3766-3775. [PMID: 30102855 PMCID: PMC6143283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, native chemical ligation (NCL) was used as a selective cross-linking method to form core-cross-linked thermosensitive polymeric micelles for drug delivery applications. To this end, two complementary ABA triblock copolymers having polyethylene glycol (PEG) as midblock were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The thermosensitive poly isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) outer blocks of the polymers were copolymerized with either N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-cysteine (HPMA-Cys), P(NIPAM- co-HPMA-Cys)-PEG-P(NIPAM- co-HPMA-Cys) (PNC) or N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-ethylthioglycolate succinic acid (HPMA-ETSA), P(NIPAM- co-HPMA-ETSA)-PEG-P(NIPAM- co-HPMA-ETSA) (PNE). Mixing of these polymers in aqueous solution followed by heating to 50 °C resulted in the formation of thermosensitive flower-like micelles. Subsequently, native chemical ligation in the core of micelles resulted in stabilization of the micelles with a Z-average of 65 nm at body temperature. Decreasing the temperature to 10 °C only affected the size of the micelles (increased to 90 nm) but hardly affected the polydispersity index (PDI) and aggregation number ( Nagg) confirming covalent stabilization of the micelles by NCL. CryoTEM images showed micelles with an uniform spherical shape and dark patches close to the corona of micelles were observed in the tomographic view. The dark patches represent more dense areas in the micelles which coincide with the higher content of HPMA-Cys/ETSA close to the PEG chain revealed by the polymerization kinetics study. Notably, this cross-linking method provides the possibility for conjugation of functional molecules either by using the thiol moieties still present after NCL or by simply adjusting the molar ratio between the polymers (resulting in excess cysteine or thioester moieties) during micelle formation. Furthermore, in vitro cell experiments demonstrated that fluorescently labeled micelles were successfully taken up by HeLa cells while cell viability remained high even at high micelle concentrations. These results demonstrate the potential of these micelles for drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Najafi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Neda Kordalivand
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad-Amin Moradi
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Joep van den Dikkenberg
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Fokkink
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Mathew Hembury
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS),
Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Su J. Thiol-Mediated Chemoselective Strategies for In Situ Formation of Hydrogels. Gels 2018; 4:E72. [PMID: 30674848 PMCID: PMC6209259 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks composed of hydrated polymer chains and have been a material of choice for many biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering due to their unique biocompatibility, tunable physical characteristics, flexible methods of synthesis, and range of constituents. In many cases, methods for crosslinking polymer precursors to form hydrogels would benefit from being highly selective in order to avoid cross-reactivity with components of biological systems leading to adverse effects. Crosslinking reactions involving the thiol group (SH) offer unique opportunities to construct hydrogel materials of diverse properties under mild conditions. This article reviews and comments on thiol-mediated chemoselective and biocompatible strategies for crosslinking natural and synthetic macromolecules to form injectable hydrogels for applications in drug delivery and cell encapsulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wei R, Song W, Yang F, Zhou J, Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhao W, Zhao C. Bidirectionally pH-Responsive Zwitterionic Polymer Hydrogels with Switchable Selective Adsorption Capacities for Anionic and Cationic Dyes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanying Song
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jukai Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fliervoet LAL, Najafi M, Hembury M, Vermonden T. Heterofunctional Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) Macroinitiator Enabling Controlled Synthesis of ABC Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8390-8397. [PMID: 29151618 PMCID: PMC5688415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABC triblock copolymers with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) midblock have attractive properties for biomedical applications because of PEG's favorable properties regarding biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. However, easy strategies to synthesize polymers containing a PEG midblock are limited. In this study, the successful synthesis of a heterofunctional PEG macroinitiator containing both an azoinitiator and an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator is demonstrated. This novel PEG macroinitiator allows the development of elegant synthesis routes for PEG midblock-containing ABC copolymers that does not require protection of initiating sites or polymer end-group postmodification. Polymers with outer blocks composed of different monomers were synthesized to illustrate the versatility of this macroinitiator. N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) was included to obtain thermosensitive polymers, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) provided pH-sensitive properties, and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) functioned as a noncharged hydrophilic block that also allows for postmodifications reactions. This synthesis approach can further contribute to the design of high-precision polymers with tailorable block compositions and polymer topologies, which is highly attractive for applications in nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lies A L Fliervoet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marzieh Najafi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathew Hembury
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buwalda SJ, Dijkstra PJ, Feijen J. In situ forming stereocomplexed and post-photocrosslinked acrylated star poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Gregoritza M, Messmann V, Abstiens K, Brandl FP, Goepferich AM. Controlled Antibody Release from Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Diels–Alder Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gregoritza
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Messmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Abstiens
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand P. Brandl
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim M. Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Buwalda SJ, Vermonden T, Hennink WE. Hydrogels for Therapeutic Delivery: Current Developments and Future Directions. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:316-330. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sytze J. Buwalda
- Institute
of Biomolecules Max Mousseron, Department of Artificial Biopolymers,
Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 5247, CNRS-University of Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li S, Wang J, Song L, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Hou X, Yuan X. Injectable PAMAM/ODex double-crosslinked hydrogels with high mechanical strength. Biomed Mater 2016; 12:015012. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/12/1/015012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Ceccaldi C, Strandman S, Hui E, Montagnon E, Schmitt C, Hadj Henni A, Lerouge S. Validation and application of a nondestructive and contactless method for rheological evaluation of biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2565-2573. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ceccaldi
- Department of mechanical engineering; École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), 1100 Notre-Dame Street West; Montreal QC H3C 1K3 Canada
- Laboratory of biomaterials and endovascular implants (LBEV); Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St Denis; Montreal QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Satu Strandman
- Rheolution Inc., 5333 Avenue Casgrain, suite 712; Montreal QC H2T1X3 Canada
| | - Eve Hui
- Department of mechanical engineering; École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), 1100 Notre-Dame Street West; Montreal QC H3C 1K3 Canada
- Laboratory of biomaterials and endovascular implants (LBEV); Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St Denis; Montreal QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Emmanuel Montagnon
- Rheolution Inc., 5333 Avenue Casgrain, suite 712; Montreal QC H2T1X3 Canada
| | - Cédric Schmitt
- Rheolution Inc., 5333 Avenue Casgrain, suite 712; Montreal QC H2T1X3 Canada
| | - Anis Hadj Henni
- Rheolution Inc., 5333 Avenue Casgrain, suite 712; Montreal QC H2T1X3 Canada
| | - Sophie Lerouge
- Department of mechanical engineering; École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), 1100 Notre-Dame Street West; Montreal QC H3C 1K3 Canada
- Laboratory of biomaterials and endovascular implants (LBEV); Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St Denis; Montreal QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boere KWM, Blokzijl MM, Visser J, Linssen JEA, Malda J, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Biofabrication of reinforced 3D-scaffolds using two-component hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:9067-9078. [PMID: 32263038 PMCID: PMC7116180 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progress in biofabrication technologies is mainly hampered by the limited number of suitable hydrogels that can act as bioinks. Here, we present a new bioink for 3D-printing, capable of forming large, highly defined constructs. Hydrogel formulations consisted of a thermoresponsive polymer mixed with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or a hyaluronic acid (HA) cross-linker with a total polymer concentration of 11.3 and 9.1 wt% respectively. These polymer solutions were partially cross-linked before plotting by a chemoselective reaction called oxo-ester mediated native chemical ligation, yielding printable formulations. Deposition on a heated plate of 37 °C resulted in the stabilization of the construct due to the thermosensitive nature of the hydrogel. Subsequently, further chemical cross-linking of the hydrogel precursors proceeded after extrusion to form mechanically stable hydrogels that exhibited a storage modulus of 9 kPa after 3 hours. Flow and elastic properties of the polymer solutions and hydrogels were analyzed under similar conditions to those used during the 3D-printing process. These experiments showed the ability to extrude the hydrogels, as well as their rapid recovery after applied shear forces. Hydrogels were printed in grid-like structures, hollow cones and a model representing a femoral condyle, with a porosity of 48 ± 2%. Furthermore, an N-hydroxysuccinimide functionalized thermoplastic poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) derivative was successfully synthesized and 3D-printed. We demonstrated that covalent grafting of the developed hydrogel to the thermoplastic reinforced network resulted in improved mechanical properties and yielded high construct integrity. Reinforced constructs also containing hyaluronic acid showed high cell viability of chondrocytes, underlining their potential for further use in regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel W. M. Boere
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. Blokzijl
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jetze Visser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Elder A. Linssen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hacker MC, Nawaz HA. Multi-Functional Macromers for Hydrogel Design in Biomedical Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27677-706. [PMID: 26610468 PMCID: PMC4661914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary biomaterials are expected to provide tailored mechanical, biological and structural cues to encapsulated or invading cells in regenerative applications. In addition, the degradative properties of the material also have to be adjustable to the desired application. Oligo- or polymeric building blocks that can be further cross-linked into hydrogel networks, here addressed as macromers, appear as the prime option to assemble gels with the necessary degrees of freedom in the adjustment of the mentioned key parameters. Recent developments in the design of multi-functional macromers with two or more chemically different types of functionalities are summarized and discussed in this review illustrating recent trends in the development of advanced hydrogel building blocks for regenerative applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Hacker
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hafiz Awais Nawaz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|