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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Vafakish B, Patel R, Falua KJ, Dunlop MJ, Acharya B. Cellulose nanocrystals in the development of biodegradable materials: A review on CNC resources, modification, and their hybridization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128834. [PMID: 38128804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The escalating demand for sustainable materials has propelled cellulose into the spotlight as a promising alternative to petroleum-based products. As the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, cellulose is ubiquitous, found in plants, bacteria, and even a unique marine animal-the tunicate. Cellulose polymers naturally give rise to microscale semi-crystalline fibers and nanoscale crystalline regions known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Exhibiting rod-like structures with widths spanning 3 to 50 nm and lengths ranging from 50 nm to several microns, CNC characteristics vary based on the cellulose source. The degree of crystallinity, crucial for CNC properties, fluctuates between 49 and 95 % depending on the source and synthesis method. CNCs, with their exceptional properties such as high aspect ratio, relatively low density (≈1.6 g cm-3), high axial elastic modulus (≈150 GPa), significant tensile strength, and birefringence, emerge as ideal candidates for biodegradable fillers in nanocomposites and functional materials. The percolation threshold, a mathematical concept defining long-range connectivity between filler and polymer, governs the effectiveness of reinforcement in nanocomposites. This threshold is intricately influenced by the aspect ratio and molecular interaction strength, impacting CNC performance in polymeric and pure nanocomposite materials. This comprehensive review explores diverse aspects of CNCs, encompassing their derivation from various sources, methods of modification (both physical and chemical), and hybridization with heterogeneous fillers. Special attention is devoted to the hybridization of CNCs derived from tunicates (TCNC) with those from wood (WCNC), leveraging the distinct advantages of each. The overarching objective is to demonstrate how this hybridization strategy mitigates the limitations of WCNC in composite materials, offering improved interaction and enhanced percolation. This, in turn, is anticipated to elevate the reinforcing effects and pave the way for the development of nanocomposites with tunable viscoelastic, physicochemical, and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Bahareh Vafakish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Dunlop
- Tunistrong Technologies Incorporated, 7207 Route 11, Wellington, Charlottetown, PE C0B 20E, Canada.
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
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Ren Q, Wu M, Wang L, Zheng W, Hikima Y, Semba T, Ohshima M. Light and strong poly (lactic acid)/ cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite foams with enhanced rheological and crystallization property. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Li Z, Zhu G, Lin N. Dispersibility Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymeric-Based Composites. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4439-4468. [PMID: 36195577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are hydrophilic nanoparticles extracted from biomass with properties and functions different from cellulose and are being developed for property-oriented applications such as high stiffness, abundant active groups, and biocompatibility. It has broad application prospects in the field of composite materials, while the dispersibility of the CNC in polymers is the key to its application performance. Many reviews have discussed in-depth the modification strategies to improve the dispersibility of the CNC and summarized all characterization for the CNC, but there are no reviews on the in-depth exploration of dispersion characterization. This review is a comprehensive summary of the characterization of CNC dispersion in the matrix in terms of direct observation, indirect evaluation, and quantified evaluation, summarizing how and why different characterization tools reveal dispersibility. In addition, "decision tree" flowcharts are presented to provide the reader with a reference for selecting the appropriate characterization method for a specific composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ge Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
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Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)-Nanocellulose Composite and Its Thermal Degradation Studied by TGA/FTIR. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153158. [PMID: 35956673 PMCID: PMC9371198 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the synthesis methods of crystalline porous materials often involve powder products, which not only affects the practical application but also has complex synthesis operations and limited scale. Based on the mechanochemical method, we choose COF-TpPa-1, preparing TpPa-1-DANC composites. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a kind of crystalline material formed by covalent bonds of light elements. COFs possess well pore structure and high thermal stability. However, the state of synthesized powders limits their application. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are promising renewable micron materials with abundant hydroxyl groups on their surface. It is possible to prepare high-strength materials such as film, water, and aerogel. Firstly, the nanocellulose was oxidized by the sodium periodate method to obtain aldehyde cellulose nanocrystals (DANC). TpPa-1-DANC not only had the crystal characteristic peak of COFs at 2θ ≈ 5° but also had a BET surface area of 247 m2/g. The chemical bonds between COFs and DANC formed by Schiff base reaction appeared in FTIR and XPS. The pyrolysis behavior of the composite was characterized by TG-IR, which showed that the composite had good thermal stability. With the advantages of nanocellulose as a material in every dimension, we believe that this method can be conducive to the large-scale synthesis of COFs composites, and has the possibility of multi-form synthesis of COFs.
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Mugwagwa LR, Chimphango AFA. Predicting mechanical properties of hemicellulose-based films reinforced with acetylated nanocellulose. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Physicochemical properties and potential application of hemicellulose/pectin/nanocellulose biocomposites as active packaging for fatty foods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dhali K, Ghasemlou M, Daver F, Cass P, Adhikari B. A review of nanocellulose as a new material towards environmental sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145871. [PMID: 33631573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers, commonly referred to as plastics, are anthropogenic contaminants that adversely affect the natural ecosystems. The continuous disposal of long lifespan plastics has resulted in the accumulation of plastic waste, leading to significant pollution of both marine and terrestrial habitats. Scientific pursuit to seek environment-friendly materials from renewable resources has focused on cellulose, the primary reinforcement component of the cell wall of plants, as it is the most abundantly available biopolymer on earth. This paper provides an overview on the current state of science on nanocellulose research; highlighting its extraction procedures from lignocellulosic biomass. Literature shows that the process used to obtain nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass greatly influences its morphology, properties and surface chemistry. The efficacy of chemical methods that use alkali, acid, bleaching agents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent for pre-treatment of biomass is discussed. There has been a continuous endeavour to optimize the pre-treatment protocol as it is specific to lignocellulosic biomass and also depends on factors such as nature of the biomass, process and environmental parameters and economic viability. Nanofibers are primarily isolated through mechanical fibrillation while nanocrystals are predominantly extracted using acid hydrolysis. A concise overview on the ways to improve the yield of nanocellulose from cellulosic biomass is also presented in this review. This work also reviews the techniques used to modify the surface properties of nanocellulose by functionalizing surface hydroxyl groups to impart desirable hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance. An assessment on the emerging application of nanocellulose with an emphasis on development of nanocomposite materials for designing environmentally sustainable products is incorporated. Finally, the status of the industrial production of nanocellulose presented, which indicates that there is a continuously increased demand for cellulose nanomaterials. The demand for cellulose is expected to increase further due to its increasing and broadening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingshuk Dhali
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Department of Post-Harvest Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, W.B., India
| | - Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Fugen Daver
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Peter Cass
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Jo J, Kim H, Jeong SY, Park C, Hwang HS, Koo B. Changes in Mechanical Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoate with Double Silanized Cellulose Nanocrystals Using Different Organosiloxanes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061542. [PMID: 34208072 PMCID: PMC8230657 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable plastic with great potential for tackling plastic waste and marine pollution issues, but its commercial applications have been limited due to its poor processability. In this study, surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals were used to improve the mechanical properties of PHA composites produced via a melt-extrusion process. Double silanization was conducted to obtain hydrophobically treated CNC-based fillers, using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS). The morphology, particle size distributions, and surface characteristics of the silanized CNCs and their compatibility with a PHA polymer matrix differed by the organosiloxane treatment and drying method. It was confirmed that the double silanized CNCs had hydrophobic surface characteristics and narrow particle size distributions, and thereby showed excellent dispersibility in a PHA matrix. Adding hydrophobically treated CNCs to form a PHA composite, the elongation at break of the PHA composites was improved up to 301%, with little reduction of Young's modulus, compared to pure PHA. Seemingly, the double silanized CNCs added played a similar role to a nucleation agent in the PHA composite. It is expected that such high ductility can improve the mechanical properties of PHA composites, making them more suitable for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Jo
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Cheonan-si 31056, Korea; (J.J.); (S.-Y.J.); (H.S.H.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Hyeyun Kim
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Cheonan-si 31056, Korea; (J.J.); (S.-Y.J.); (H.S.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (B.K.); Tel.: +82-04-1598-8478 (H.K.); +82-04-1589-8409 (B.K.)
| | - So-Yeon Jeong
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Cheonan-si 31056, Korea; (J.J.); (S.-Y.J.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Ha Soo Hwang
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Cheonan-si 31056, Korea; (J.J.); (S.-Y.J.); (H.S.H.)
- R&D Center, OomphChem Inc., 1223-24 Cheonan-daero, Cheonan-si 31080, Korea
| | - Bonwook Koo
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Cheonan-si 31056, Korea; (J.J.); (S.-Y.J.); (H.S.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (B.K.); Tel.: +82-04-1598-8478 (H.K.); +82-04-1589-8409 (B.K.)
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Simona P, Ulrica E. Renewable Molecules & Materials: Anselme Payen Award Symposium in Honor of Ann-Christine Albertsson. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1647-1652. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Percec Simona
- Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edlund Ulrica
- Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Azamian Jazi M, Ramezani S.A. A, Haddadi SA, Ghaderi S, Azamian F. In situ
emulsion polymerization and characterization of PVAc nanocomposites including colloidal silica nanoparticles for wood specimens bonding. J Appl Polym Sci 2020; 137:48570. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Azamian Jazi
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering DepartmentSharif University of Technology P.O. Box: 11365‐9465 Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmad Ramezani S.A.
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering DepartmentSharif University of Technology P.O. Box: 11365‐9465 Tehran Iran
| | - Seyyed Arash Haddadi
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering DepartmentSharif University of Technology P.O. Box: 11365‐9465 Tehran Iran
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Kelowna V1V 1V7 Canada
| | - Saeed Ghaderi
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering DepartmentSharif University of Technology P.O. Box: 11365‐9465 Tehran Iran
| | - Fariba Azamian
- Department of Materials Science and NanotechnologySharif University of Technology, International Campus‐Kish 794117‐76655 Kish Iran
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11
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Nigmatullin R, Johns MA, Muñoz-García JC, Gabrielli V, Schmitt J, Angulo J, Khimyak YZ, Scott JL, Edler KJ, Eichhorn SJ. Hydrophobization of Cellulose Nanocrystals for Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions and Gels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1812-1823. [PMID: 31984728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surface hydrophobization of cellulose nanomaterials has been used in the development of nanofiller-reinforced polymer composites and formulations based on Pickering emulsions. Despite the well-known effect of hydrophobic domains on self-assembly or association of water-soluble polymer amphiphiles, very few studies have addressed the behavior of hydrophobized cellulose nanomaterials in aqueous media. In this study, we investigate the properties of hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their self-assembly and amphiphilic properties in suspensions and gels. CNCs of different hydrophobicity were synthesized from sulfated CNCs by coupling primary alkylamines of different alkyl chain lengths (6, 8, and 12 carbon atoms). The synthetic route permitted the retention of surface charge, ensuring good colloidal stability of hydrophobized CNCs in aqueous suspensions. We compare surface properties (surface charge, ζ potential), hydrophobicity (water contact angle, microenvironment probing using pyrene fluorescence emission), and surface activity (tensiometry) of different hydrophobized CNCs and hydrophilic CNCs. Association of hydrophobized CNCs driven by hydrophobic effects is confirmed by X-ray scattering (SAXS) and autofluorescent spectroscopy experiments. As a result of CNC association, CNC suspensions/gels can be produced with a wide range of rheological properties depending on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. In particular, sol-gel transitions for hydrophobized CNCs occur at lower concentrations than hydrophilic CNCs, and more robust gels are formed by hydrophobized CNCs. Our work illustrates that amphiphilic CNCs can complement associative polymers as modifiers of rheological properties of water-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Nigmatullin
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus A Johns
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Muñoz-García
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Gabrielli
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,LSFC-Laboratoire de Synthèse et Fonctionnalisation des Céramiques UMR 3080 CNRS/Saint-Gobain CREE, Saint-Gobain Research Provence, 550 Avenue Alphonse Jauffret, Cavaillon 84300, France
| | - Jesús Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Janet L Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
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Han L, Wang W, Zhang R, Dong H, Liu J, Kong L, Hou H. Effects of Preparation Method on the Physicochemical Properties of Cationic Nanocellulose and Starch Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121702. [PMID: 31795244 PMCID: PMC6956194 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) has attracted attention in recent years for the advantages offered by its unique characteristics. In this study, the effects of the preparation method on the properties of starch films were investigated by preparing NC from cationic-modified microcrystalline cellulose (MD-MCC) using three methods: Acid hydrolysis (AH), high-pressure homogenization (HH), and high-intensity ultrasonication (US). When MD-MCC was used as the starting material, the yield of NC dramatically increased compared to the NC yield obtained from unmodified MCC and the increased zeta potential improved its suspension stability in water. The NC prepared by the different methods had a range of particle sizes and exhibited needle-like structures with high aspect ratios. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that trimethyl quaternary ammonium salt groups were introduced to the cellulose backbone during etherification. AH-NC had a much lower maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) than HH-NC or US-NC. The starch/HH-NC film exhibited the best water vapor barrier properties because the HH-NC particles were well-dispersed in the starch matrix, as demonstrated by the surface morphology of the film. Our results suggest that cationic NC is a promising reinforcing agent for the development of starch-based biodegradable food-packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Haizhou Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Lingrang Kong
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.H.); (W.W.); (R.Z.); (H.D.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (H.H.)
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Compatibility of Celluloce Nanocrystal Modified Cetrimmonium Chloride (CTAC) in Polylactic Acid Matrix as Packaging Material. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2019. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.22.4.157-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of population increases the consumption of nonbiodegradable plastic which causes waste buildup. Diversion of plastic material from nonbiodegradable material to biodegradable is an important alternatif. PLA is a plastic polymer that is easily degraded but very brittle. Palm oil waste containing oil palm empty bunches has the potential as a reinforcement material because the cellulose content is 30-40%. Minimizing size to nanoscale will increase the surface area and dispersion ability of cellulose dispersibility into the PLA polymer matrix, thus increasing compatibility in terms of and mechanical properties and surface morphology of the composite. Hydrolysis by strong acid and centrifugation at 5000 rpm succeeded in making cellulose nanocrystal with index of polidisperse 0.5 and average particle diameter of 7.967 nm. CTAC as a solubilizer and surface modifier agent successfully made interaction to cellulose nanocrystal as confirmed on absorption at wave number 2850 cm-1, 2960 cm-1 and 720 cm-1. Modified At the fixed CTAC concentration of 0.2 mol, the best mechanical properties of CNC-PLA composites were obtained in the composition ratio of 90: 10 with tensile strength of 26.295 MPa, elongation break of 68.18%, and Young modulus of 0.387 Gpa. The greater the CTAC added to nanocrystal cellulose, the lower the reinforcement value and the less reduction. Based on the results of morphology surface characterization, PLA surfaces required for degradation were obtained.
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Wang L, Okada K, Hikima Y, Ohshima M, Sekiguchi T, Yano H. Effect of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) Surface Treatment on Cellular Structures and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/CNF Nanocomposite Foams via Core-Back Foam Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E249. [PMID: 30960233 PMCID: PMC6419238 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, lightweight nanocomposite foams with expansion ratios ranging from 2⁻10-fold were fabricated using an isotactic polypropylene (iPP) matrix and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as the reinforcing agent via core-back foam injection molding (FIM). Both the native and modified CNFs, including the different degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.2 and 0.4, were melt-prepared and used for producing the polypropylene (PP)/CNF composites. Foaming results revealed that the addition of CNF greatly improved the foamability of PP, reaching 2⁻3 orders of magnitude increases in cell density, in comparison to those of the neat iPP foams. Moreover, tensile test results showed that the incorporation of CNF increased the tensile modulus and yield stress of both solid and 2-fold foamed PP, and a greater reinforcing effect was achieved in composites containing modified CNF. In the compression test, PP/CNF composite foams prepared with a DS of 0.4 exhibited dramatic improvements in mechanical performance for 10-fold foams, in comparison to iPP, with increases in the elastic modulus and collapse stress of PP foams of 486% and 468%, respectively. These results demonstrate that CNF is extraordinarily helpful in enhancing the foamability of PP and reinforcing PP foams, which has importance for the development of lightweight polymer composite foams containing a natural nanofiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kiyomi Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Sekiguchi
- New Business Development Division, SEIKO PMC Corp., Chiba 267-0056, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humano-sphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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Edlund U, Lagerberg T, Ålander E. Admicellar Polymerization Coating of CNF Enhances Integration in Degradable Nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:684-692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrica Edlund
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE Bioeconomy, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tove Lagerberg
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE Bioeconomy, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Ålander
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE Bioeconomy, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kedzior SA, Kiriakou M, Niinivaara E, Dubé MA, Fraschini C, Berry RM, Cranston ED. Incorporating Cellulose Nanocrystals into the Core of Polymer Latex Particles via Polymer Grafting. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:990-996. [PMID: 35650951 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was used to graft hydrophobic poly(butyl acrylate) from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) resulting in compatibilized CNCs that were successfully incorporated inside the core of polymer latex particles. CNCs are anisotropic nanoparticles derived from renewable resources and have potential as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites. However, challenges due to the incompatibility between cellulose and hydrophobic polymers and processing difficulties, such as aggregation, have limited the performance of CNC nanocomposites produced to date. Here, CNCs were incorporated into the miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate by adding polymer-grafted CNCs to the monomer phase. A poly(methyl methacrylate)-CNC nanocomposite latex was subsequently produced in situ, whereby polymer-grafted CNCs (with optimized graft length) were located inside the latex particles, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. This work provides a method for controlling the location of CNCs in latex-based nanocomposites and may extend the use of CNCs in commercial adhesives and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Kedzior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Michael Kiriakou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalyst Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Carole Fraschini
- FPInnovations, 570 Boulevard St. Jean, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada, H9R 3J9
| | - Richard M. Berry
- CelluForce Inc., 625 Président-Kennedy Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1K2
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
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17
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Geng S, Wei J, Aitomäki Y, Noël M, Oksman K. Well-dispersed cellulose nanocrystals in hydrophobic polymers by in situ polymerization for synthesizing highly reinforced bio-nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11797-11807. [PMID: 29675528 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nanocomposites, dispersing hydrophilic nanomaterials in a hydrophobic matrix using simple and environmentally friendly methods remains challenging. Herein, we report a method based on in situ polymerization to synthesize nanocomposites of well-dispersed cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). We have also shown that by blending this PVAc/CNC nanocomposite with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a good dispersion of the CNCs can be reached in PLA. The outstanding dispersion of CNCs in both PVAc and PLA/PVAc matrices was shown by different microscopy techniques and was further supported by the mechanical and rheological properties of the composites. The in situ PVAc/CNC nanocomposites exhibit enhanced mechanical properties compared to the materials produced by mechanical mixing, and a theoretical model based on the interphase effect and dispersion that reflects this behavior was developed. Comparison of the rheological and thermal behaviors of the mixed and in situ PVAc/CNC also confirmed the great improvement in the dispersion of nanocellulose in the latter. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed with only 0.1 wt% CNCs when the in situ PVAc/CNC was blended with PLA, as demonstrated by significant increases in elastic modulus, yield strength, elongation to break and glass transition temperature compared to the PLA/PVAc only material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Geng
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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18
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Ansari F, Berglund LA. Toward Semistructural Cellulose Nanocomposites: The Need for Scalable Processing and Interface Tailoring. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2341-2350. [PMID: 29577729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocomposites can be considered for semistructural load-bearing applications where modulus and strength requirements exceed 10 GPa and 100 MPa, respectively. Such properties are higher than for most neat polymers but typical for molded short glass fiber composites. The research challenge for polymer matrix biocomposites is to develop processing concepts that allow high cellulose nanofibril (CNF) content, nanostructural control in the form of well-dispersed CNF, the use of suitable polymer matrices, as well as molecular scale interface tailoring to address moisture effects. From a practical point of view, the processing concept needs to be scalable so that large-scale industrial processing is feasible. The vast majority of cellulose nanocomposite studies elaborate on materials with low nanocellulose content. An important reason is the challenge to prevent CNF agglomeration at high CNF content. Research activities are therefore needed on concepts with the potential for rapid processing with controlled nanostructure, including well-dispersed fibrils at high CNF content so that favorable properties are obtained. This perspective discusses processing strategies, agglomeration problems, opportunities, and effects from interface tailoring. Specifically, preformed CNF mats can be used to design nanostructured biocomposites with high CNF content. Because very few composite materials combine functional and structural properties, CNF materials are an exception in this sense. The suggested processing concept could include functional components (inorganic clays, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, among others). In functional three-phase systems, CNF networks are combined with functional components (nanoparticles or fibril coatings) together with a ductile polymer matrix. Such materials can have functional properties (optical, magnetic, electric, etc.) in combination with mechanical performance, and the comparably low cost of nanocellulose may facilitate the use of large nanocomposite structures in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ansari
- Fiber and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm SE-10044 , Sweden
| | - Lars A Berglund
- Fiber and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm SE-10044 , Sweden
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19
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Ouzas A, Niinivaara E, Cranston ED, Dubé MA. In Situ Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization of 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate/n-Butyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites for Adhesive Applications. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201700068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ouzas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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20
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Huan S, Liu G, Cheng W, Han G, Bai L. Electrospun Poly(lactic acid)-Based Fibrous Nanocomposite Reinforced by Cellulose Nanocrystals: Impact of Fiber Uniaxial Alignment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1037-1046. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Huan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P R China
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P R China
| | - Wanli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P R China
| | - Guangping Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P R China
| | - Long Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P R China
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21
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Polyurethane acrylate networks including cellulose nanocrystals: a comparison between UV and EB- curing. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Boujemaoui A, Cobo Sanchez C, Engström J, Bruce C, Fogelström L, Carlmark A, Malmström E. Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals Surface-Modified via Covalent Grafting or Physisorption: A Comparative Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35305-35318. [PMID: 28895728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been surface-modified either via covalent grafting or through physisorption of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) and employed as reinforcement in PCL. Covalent grafting was achieved by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Two approaches were utilized for the physisorption: using either micelles of poly(dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA-b-PBMA) or latex nanoparticles of poly(dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (P(DMAEMA-co-MAA)-b-PBMA). Block copolymers (PDMAEMA-b-PBMA)s were obtained by ATRP and subsequently micellized. Latex nanoparticles were produced via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, employing polymer-induced self-assembly (PISA) for the particle formation. For a reliable comparison, the amounts of micelles/latex particles adsorbed and the amount of polymer grafted onto the CNCs were kept similar. Two different chain lengths of PBMA were targeted, below and above the critical molecular weight for chain entanglement of PBMA (Mn,c ∼ 56 000 g mol-1). Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanocomposites reinforced with unmodified and modified CNCs in different weight percentages (0.5, 1, and 3 wt %) were prepared via melt extrusion. The resulting composites were evaluated by UV-vis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile testing. All materials resulted in higher transparency, greater thermal stability, and stronger mechanical properties than unfilled PCL and nanocomposites containing unmodified CNCs. The degradation temperature of PCL reinforced with grafted CNCs was higher than that of micelle-modified CNCs, and the latter was higher than that of latex-adsorbed CNCs with a long PBMA chain length. The results clearly indicate that covalent grafting is superior to physisorption with regard to thermal and mechanical properties of the final nanocomposite. This unique study is of great value for the future design of CNC-based nanocomposites with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assya Boujemaoui
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Cobo Sanchez
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Engström
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Bruce
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Fogelström
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carlmark
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Kuo PY, Barros LDA, Yan N, Sain M, Qing Y, Wu Y. Nanocellulose composites with enhanced interfacial compatibility and mechanical properties using a hybrid-toughened epoxy matrix. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:249-257. [PMID: 28962766 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a growing interest in utilizing nanocellulose fibres (NCFs) based composites for achieving a higher sustainability, mechanical performance of these composites is limited due to the poor compatibility between fibre reinforcement and polymer matrices. Here we developed a bio-nanocomposite with an enhanced fibre/resin interface using a hybrid-toughened epoxy. A strong reinforcing effect of NCFs was achieved, demonstrating an increase up to 88% in tensile strength and 298% in tensile modulus as compared to neat petro-based P-epoxy. The toughness of neat P-epoxy was improved by 84% with the addition of 10wt% bio-based E-epoxy monomers, which also mitigated the amount of usage of bisphenol A (BPA). The morphological analyses showed that the hybrid epoxy improved the resin penetration and fibre distribution significantly in the resulting composites. Thus, our findings demonstrated the promise of developing sustainable and high performance epoxy composites combing NCFs with a hybrid petro-based and bio-based epoxy resin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Kuo
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, No. 1, Section 1, Shennong Road, Yilan City, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Luizmar de Assis Barros
- Institute of Forestry, Department of Wood Chemistry, University Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465-Km7 Campus Universitário, Seropédica, RJ, 23851-970, Brazil
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Mohini Sain
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yan Qing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yiqiang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
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24
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Chi K, Catchmark JM. Crystalline nanocellulose/lauric arginate complexes. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:320-329. [PMID: 28917872 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a novel sustainable nanomaterial, crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) possesses many unique characteristics for emerging applications in coatings, emulsions, paints, pharmaceutical formulations, and other aqueous composite systems where interactions with oppositely charged surfactants are commonly employed. Herein, the binding interactions between sulfated CNC and a novel biologically-derived cationic surfactant lauric arginate (LAE) were comprehensively examined. Ionic strength and solution pH are two crucial factors in determining the adsorption of LAE to the CNC surface. Three different driving forces were identified for CNC-LAE binding interactions. Additionally, it was found that the adsorption of LAE to the CNC surface could notably impact the surface potential, aggregation state, hydrophobicity and thermal stability of the CNC. This work provides insights on the binding interactions between oppositely charged CNC and surfactants, and highlights the significance of optimizing the concentration of surfactant required to ionically decorate CNC for its enhanced dispersion and compatibilization in non-polar polymer matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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25
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Dong J, Li M, Zhou L, Lee S, Mei C, Xu X, Wu Q. The influence of grafted cellulose nanofibers and postextrusion annealing treatment on selected properties of poly(lactic acid) filaments for 3D printing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Dong
- School of Renewable Natural Resources; Louisiana State University AgCenter; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Meichun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources; Louisiana State University AgCenter; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Forest Products; Korea National Institute of Forest Research; Seoul 130-712 Korea
| | - Changtong Mei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Xinwu Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources; Louisiana State University AgCenter; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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26
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Huang S, Wang X, Shen J, Wu R, Zhao H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xia Y. Surface functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with polymeric ionic liquids during phase transfer. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1426-1433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Cationic surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals: Toward tailoring dispersion and interface in carboxymethyl cellulose films. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Boujemaoui A, Mazières S, Malmström E, Destarac M, Carlmark A. SI-RAFT/MADIX polymerization of vinyl acetate on cellulose nanocrystals for nanocomposite applications. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Benítez AJ, Lossada F, Zhu B, Rudolph T, Walther A. Understanding Toughness in Bioinspired Cellulose Nanofibril/Polymer Nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2417-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J. Benítez
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco Lossada
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Baolei Zhu
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Rudolph
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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30
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Huan S, Bai L, Cheng W, Han G. Manufacture of electrospun all-aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol)/cellulose nanocrystal composite nanofibrous mats with enhanced properties through controlling fibers arrangement and microstructure. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Nagalakshmaiah M, El Kissi N, Dufresne A. Ionic Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Quaternary Ammonium Salt and Their Melt Extrusion with Polypropylene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8755-8764. [PMID: 26990597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
On account to their high mechanical properties along with high reinforcing capacity, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) could be the ultimate choice for polymer nanocomposites as filler. Recently, different strategies have been investigated for the melt extrusion of CNC-based polymer nanocomposites because it is a solvent-free process and because this technique is more viable for commercial industrialization. However, most thermoplastic polymers are processed at high temperatures, and sulfuric acid preparation of CNC limits the processing because of surface sulfate groups degradation. In this study we profitably used these negatively charged groups, and quaternary ammonium salt was ionically adsorbed on CNC by a simple aqueous method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize adsorbed CNC, and changes in polarity were investigated by contact angle measurements. Modified CNC was extruded with polypropylene at 190 °C, and the ensuing composites were characterized in terms of mechanical (by dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests), thermal (by differential scanning calorimetry), and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) properties. The melt rheology of PP-based nanocomposites was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malladi Nagalakshmaiah
- LRP and ‡LGP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- LRP and ∥LGP2, CNRS , F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia El Kissi
- LRP and ‡LGP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- LRP and ∥LGP2, CNRS , F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- LRP and ‡LGP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- LRP and ∥LGP2, CNRS , F-38000, Grenoble, France
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