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Li X, Li S, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Zhan A. Deciphering protein-mediated underwater adhesion in an invasive biofouling ascidian: Discovery, validation, and functional mechanism of an interfacial protein. Acta Biomater 2024; 181:146-160. [PMID: 38679406 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Discovering macromolecules and understanding the associated mechanisms involved in underwater adhesion are essential for both studying the fundamental ecology of benthos in aquatic ecosystems and developing biomimetic adhesive materials in industries. Here, we employed quantitative proteomics to assess protein expression variations during the development of the distinct adhesive structure - stolon in the model fouling ascidian, Ciona robusta. We found 16 adhesive protein candidates with increased expression in the stolon, with ascidian adhesive protein 1 (AAP1) being particularly rich in adhesion-related signal peptides, amino acids, and functional domains. Western blot and immunolocalization analyses confirmed the prominent AAP1 signals in the mantle, tunic, stolon, and adhesive footprints, indicating the interfacial role of this protein. Surface coating and atomic force microscopy experiments verified AAP1's adhesion to diverse materials, likely through the specific electrostatic and hydrophobic amino acid interactions with various substrates. In addition, molecular docking calculations indicated the AAP1's potential for cross-linking via hydrogen bonds and salt bridges among Von Willebrand factor type A domains, enhancing its adhesion capability. Altogether, the newly discovered interfacial protein responsible for permanent underwater adhesion, along with the elucidated adhesion mechanisms, are expected to contribute to the development of biomimetic adhesive materials and anti-fouling strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Discovering macromolecules and studying their associated mechanisms involved in underwater adhesion are essential for understanding the fundamental ecology of benthos in aquatic ecosystems and developing innovative bionic adhesive materials in various industries. Using multidisciplinary analytical methods, we identified an interfacial protein - Ascidian Adhesive Protein 1 (AAP1) from the model marine fouling ascidian, Ciona robusta. The interfacial functions of AAP1 are achieved by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and the Von Willebrand factor type A domain-based cross-linking likely enhances AAP1's interfacial adhesion. The identification and validation of the interfacial functions of AAP1, combined with the elucidation of adhesion mechanisms, present a promising target for the development of biomimetic adhesive materials and the formulation of effective anti-fouling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiguo Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiawei Cheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aibin Zhan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Youssef L, Renner-Rao M, Eren ED, Jehle F, Harrington MJ. Fabrication of Tunable Mechanical Gradients by Mussels via Bottom-Up Self-Assembly of Collagenous Precursors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2294-2305. [PMID: 36657382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Functionally graded interfaces are prominent in biological tissues and are used to mitigate stress concentrations at junctions between mechanically dissimilar components. Biological mechanical gradients serve as important role models for bioinspired design in technically and biomedically relevant applications. However, this necessitates elucidating exactly how natural gradients mitigate mechanical mismatch and how such gradients are fabricated. Here, we applied a cross-disciplinary experimental approach to understand structure, function, and formation of mechanical gradients in byssal threads─collagen-based fibers used by marine mussels to anchor on hard surfaces. The proximal end of threads is approximately 50-fold less stiff and twice as extensible as the distal end. However, the hierarchical structure of the distal-proximal junction is still not fully elucidated, and it is unclear how it is formed. Using tensile testing coupled with video extensometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy on native threads, we identified a continuous graded transition in mechanics, composition, and nanofibrillar morphology, which extends several hundreds of microns and which can vary significantly between individual threads. Furthermore, we performed in vitro fiber assembly experiments using purified secretory vesicles from the proximal and distal regions of the secretory glands (which contain different precursor proteins), revealing spontaneous self-assembly of distinctive distal- and proximal-like fiber morphologies. Aside from providing fundamental insights into the byssus structure, function, and fabrication, our findings reveal key design principles for bioinspired design of functionally graded polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Max Renner-Rao
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Egemen Deniz Eren
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Franziska Jehle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Yi J, Nguyen KCT, Wang W, Yang W, Pan M, Lou E, Major PW, Le LH, Zeng H. Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Double-Network Hydrogel for Intraoral Ultrasound Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8943-8952. [PMID: 35019570 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases could be diagnosed through intraoral ultrasound imaging with the advantages of simple operation procedures, low cost, and low safety risks. A couplant is normally placed between transducers and tissues for better ultrasound image quality. If applied intraorally, the couplants should possess good stability in water and robust mechanical properties, as well as strong adhesiveness to transducers and tissues. However, commercial couplants, such as Aquaflex (AF) cannot fulfill these requirements. In this work, inspired by the mussel adhesion mechanism, we reported a poly(vinyl alcohol)-polyacrylamide-polydopamine (PVA-PAM-PDA) hydrogel synthesized by incorporating PDA into the PAM-PVA double-network for intraoral ultrasound imaging. The hydrogel maintains good stability in water as well as exceptional mechanical properties and can adhere to different substrates (i.e., metal, glass, and porcine skin) without losing the original adhesion strength after multiple adhesion-strip cycles. Besides, when applied to porcine mandibular incisor imaging, the PVA-PAM-PDA hydrogel possesses good image quality for diagnosis as AF does. This work provides practical insights into the fabrication of multifunctional hydrogel-based interfaces between human tissues and medical devices for disease diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Yi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kim-Cuong T Nguyen
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V2, Canada
| | - Wenda Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenshuai Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mingfei Pan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Edmond Lou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Paul W Major
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Lawrence H Le
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V2, Canada.,School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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Bowden TJ, Kraev I, Lange S. Extracellular Vesicles and Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Mollusca-The Blue Mussel ( Mytilus edulis), Soft Shell Clam ( Mya arenaria), Eastern Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica) and Atlantic Jacknife Clam ( Ensis leei). BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120416. [PMID: 33255637 PMCID: PMC7760292 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Oysters and clams form an important component of the food chain and food security and are of considerable commercial value worldwide. They are affected by pollution and climate change, as well as a range of infections, some of which are opportunistic. For aquaculture purposes they are furthermore of great commercial value and changes in their immune responses can also serve as indicators of changes in ocean environments. Therefore, studies into understanding new factors in their immune systems may aid new biomarker discovery and are of considerable value. This study assessed new biomarkers relating to changes in protein function in four economically important marine molluscs, the blue mussel, soft shell clam, Eastern oyster, and Atlantic jacknife clam. These findings indicate novel regulatory mechanisms of important metabolic and immunology related pathways in these mollusks. The findings provide new understanding to how these pathways function in diverse ways in different animal species as well as aiding new biomarker discovery for Mollusca aquaculture. Abstract Oysters and clams are important for food security and of commercial value worldwide. They are affected by anthropogenic changes and opportunistic pathogens and can be indicators of changes in ocean environments. Therefore, studies into biomarker discovery are of considerable value. This study aimed at assessing extracellular vesicle (EV) signatures and post-translational protein deimination profiles of hemolymph from four commercially valuable Mollusca species, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), soft shell clam (Mya arenaria), Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and Atlantic jacknife clam (Ensis leei). EVs form part of cellular communication by transporting protein and genetic cargo and play roles in immunity and host–pathogen interactions. Protein deimination is a post-translational modification caused by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), and can facilitate protein moonlighting in health and disease. The current study identified hemolymph-EV profiles in the four Mollusca species, revealing some species differences. Deiminated protein candidates differed in hemolymph between the species, with some common targets between all four species (e.g., histone H3 and H4, actin, and GAPDH), while other hits were species-specific; in blue mussel these included heavy metal binding protein, heat shock proteins 60 and 90, 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase, GTP cyclohydrolase feedback regulatory protein, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase, and fibrinogen domain containing protein. In soft shell clam specific deimination hits included dynein, MCM3-associated protein, and SCRN. In Eastern oyster specific deimination hits included muscle LIM protein, beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein, myosin heavy chain, thaumatin-like protein, vWFA domain-containing protein, BTB domain-containing protein, amylase, and beta-catenin. Deiminated proteins specific to Atlantic jackknife clam included nacre c1q domain-containing protein and PDZ domain-containing protein In addition, some proteins were common as deiminated targets between two or three of the Bivalvia species under study (e.g., EP protein, C1q domain containing protein, histone H2B, tubulin, elongation factor 1-alpha, dominin, extracellular superoxide dismutase). Protein interaction network analysis for the deiminated protein hits revealed major pathways relevant for immunity and metabolism, providing novel insights into post-translational regulation via deimination. The study contributes to EV characterization in diverse taxa and understanding of roles for PAD-mediated regulation of immune and metabolic pathways throughout phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Bowden
- Aquaculture Research Institute, School of Food & Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA;
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000
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Isocyanate-terminated urethane-based methacrylate for in situ collagen scaffold modification. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Guo Q, Chen J, Wang J, Zeng H, Yu J. Recent progress in synthesis and application of mussel-inspired adhesives. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1307-1324. [PMID: 31907498 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09780e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and robust adhesion of marine mussels to diverse solid surfaces in wet environments is mediated by the secreted mussel adhesive proteins which are abundant in a catecholic amino acid, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa). Over the last two decades, enormous efforts have been devoted to the development of synthetic mussel-inspired adhesives with water-resistant adhesion and cohesion properties by modifying polymer systems with Dopa and its analogues. In the present review, an overview of the unique features of various mussel foot proteins is provided in combination with an up-to-date understanding of catechol chemistry, which contributes to the strong interfacial binding via balancing a variety of covalent and noncovalent interactions including oxidative cross-linking, electrostatic interaction, metal-catechol coordination, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and π-π/cation-π interactions. The recent developments of novel Dopa-containing adhesives with on-demand mechanical properties and other functionalities are then summarized under four broad categories: viscous coacervated adhesives, soft adhesive hydrogels, smart adhesives, and stiff adhesive polyesters, where their emerging applications in engineering, biological and biomedical fields are discussed. Limitations of the developed adhesives are identified and future research perspectives in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Huang J, Qiu X, Xie L, Jay GD, Schmidt TA, Zeng H. Probing the Molecular Interactions and Lubrication Mechanisms of Purified Full-Length Recombinant Human Proteoglycan 4 (rhPRG4) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA). Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1056-1067. [PMID: 30608145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin, also known as proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), is important for understanding the ultralow friction of cartilage lubrication. Most previous research has focused on native lubricin either purified from synovial fluid or articular cartilage explant culture media. In this work, the adsorption behavior and lubrication mechanism of full-length recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) on mica as well as the effect of adding hyaluronic acid (HA, a polysaccharide) were systematically investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) technique. A low friction coefficient (μ ∼ 0.04) was measured when multilayer rhPRG4 (∼31 nm) was confined in between mica surfaces, even when the load increased to ∼1.2 MPa. Intriguingly, a previously unreported ultralow friction coefficient (μ < 0.005) was observed at a low sliding velocity ( v = 0.14 μm/s) with the applied load P reaching ∼3.6 MPa when a diluted rhPRG4 solution (∼90 μg/mL) was used. The distinct friction behavior is likely due to the smooth and more close-packed lubricin coating, as made evident by the atomic force microscope imaging. Adding HA onto multilayer rhPRG4-coated mica increased the friction coefficient μ to ∼0.1; however, the load bearing property increased, indicating potential synergistic effect between rhPRG4 and HA, which was further demonstrated by the weak adhesion observed when separating rhPRG4-coated mica and HA-coated aminopropyltriethoxysilane-mica (APTES-mica). Alternatively, adding premixed rhPRG4-HA on mica had a friction coefficient (μ ∼ 0.1) close to that of injecting concentrated rhPRG4 (∼450 μg/mL) with lower load sustainability. Our results provide fundamental insights into the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin and its interaction with HA, with useful implications for the underlying mechanism of ultralow friction provided by synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Center for Advanced Jet Engineering Technologies (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Department of Mechanical Engineering , Shandong University , Jingshi Road 17923 , Jinan 250061 , China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Xiaoyong Qiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States.,Department of Engineering , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Dental Medicine , University of Connecticut Health Center , 263 Farmington Avenue , Farmington , Connecticut 06030 , United States
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
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Harrington MJ, Jehle F, Priemel T. Mussel Byssus Structure‐Function and Fabrication as Inspiration for Biotechnological Production of Advanced Materials. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800133. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of BiomaterialsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam14424Germany
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University801 Sherbrooke Street WestMontreal H3A 0B8QuebecCanada
| | - Franziska Jehle
- Department of BiomaterialsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam14424Germany
| | - Tobias Priemel
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University801 Sherbrooke Street WestMontreal H3A 0B8QuebecCanada
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9
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Wang J, Scheibel T. Recombinant Production of Mussel Byssus Inspired Proteins. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800146. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Lehrstuhl BiomaterialienUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl BiomaterialienUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095440BayreuthGermany
- Forschungszentrum für Bio‐Makromoleküle (BIOmac)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMat)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
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Lin J, Yang Z, Hu X, Hong G, Zhang S, Song W. The Effect of Alkali Treatment on Properties of Dopamine Modification of Bamboo Fiber/Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040403. [PMID: 30966437 PMCID: PMC6415265 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a synergistic treatment including dopamine (DA) modification and alkali pretreatment on bamboo fiber (BF) was used as reinforcement in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of BF/PLA composites. The effects of the sodium hydroxide loading rate on the performance of mussel-inspired dopamine-modified bamboo fiber and the BF/PLA composites were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical testing (examining flexural, tensile, and impact properties), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis of the composites suggested that the optimal condition was treatment with a 4 wt % solution of NaOH and a 1 wt % concentration of dopamine. Compared with the untreated bamboo fiber/polylactic acid composites, the synergistic treatment improved the thermal properties and mechanical properties; flexural, tensile, and impact strengths increased by 16.1%, 34.4%, and 3.7%, respectively. It was further verified that appropriate alkali treatment was a promising approach in promoting the effect of dopamine-modified coating while maintaining the crystal structure of the cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zexun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Gonghua Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuangbao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Liu C, Xie L, Zhang R. Ca2+ Mediates the Self-Assembly of the Foot Proteins of Pinctada fucata from the Nanoscale to the Microscale. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3347-3355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- Institute
of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking
Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Liping Xie
- Institute
of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Institute
of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314006, China
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