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Zou C, Cai K, Yin R, Ma R, Wang F, Xiao Z, Wang Y, Xie Y, Wang H. Cellulose nanocrystal thermal smart molecular brushes with upper critical aggregation temperature. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:132942. [PMID: 38848841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Grafting thermo-responsive polymers onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and achieving critical temperature regulation has drawn significant research interest. The thermal transition behavior of CNCs can be controlled by adjusting the polymer molecular brushes on the CNCs surface. We synthesized poly((2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) grafted CNCs via surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer, followed by modifying PDMAEMA brushes into poly-3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (PDMAPS) brushes via quaternization. The critical temperature was regulated by modifying and grafting of poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate. Found the thermal stimulus-responsive type and transition point of CNCs can be controlled by adjusting the surface molecular brushes. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses indicated that CNC-PDMAEMA aggregated above 70 °C, whereas CNC-PDMAPS aggregated below 31 °C. The thermo-responsive materials based on CNCs exhibited a conversion from a lower critical aggregation temperature to an upper critical aggregation temperature (UCAT) type. CNC-PDMAPS-mPEG was obtained by modifying and grafting for UCAT to be regulated to approximately 37 °C, which is close to the human body temperature. CNC-PDMAPS and CNC-PDMAPS-mPEG exhibited only microscopic alterations and could encapsulate and release substances. Therefore, they demonstrate considerable potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Kangyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Ran Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Ronghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Fuji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zefang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yonggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yanjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Haigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing 26 Road, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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2
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Ma Y, Morozova SM, Kumacheva E. From Nature-Sourced Polysaccharide Particles to Advanced Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312707. [PMID: 38391153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute over 90% of the carbohydrate mass in nature, which makes them a promising feedstock for manufacturing sustainable materials. Polysaccharide particles (PSPs) are used as effective scavengers, carriers of chemical and biological cargos, and building blocks for the fabrication of macroscopic materials. The biocompatibility and degradability of PSPs are advantageous for their uses as biomaterials with more environmental friendliness. This review highlights the progresses in PSP applications as advanced functional materials, by describing PSP extraction, preparation, and surface functionalization with a variety of functional groups, polymers, nanoparticles, and biologically active species. This review also outlines the fabrication of PSP-derived macroscopic materials, as well as their applications in soft robotics, sensing, scavenging, water harvesting, drug delivery, and bioengineering. The paper is concluded with an outlook providing perspectives in the development and applications of PSP-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 2-nd Baumanskaya street, Moscow, 105005, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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3
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Ansari M, Darvishi A, Sabzevari A. A review of advanced hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1340893. [PMID: 38390359 PMCID: PMC10881834 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1340893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increase in weight and age of the population, the consumption of tobacco, inappropriate foods, and the reduction of sports activities in recent years, bone and joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) have become more common in the world. From the past until now, various treatment strategies (e.g., microfracture treatment, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI), and Mosaicplasty) have been investigated and studied for the prevention and treatment of this disease. However, these methods face problems such as being invasive, not fully repairing the tissue, and damaging the surrounding tissues. Tissue engineering, including cartilage tissue engineering, is one of the minimally invasive, innovative, and effective methods for the treatment and regeneration of damaged cartilage, which has attracted the attention of scientists in the fields of medicine and biomaterials engineering in the past several years. Hydrogels of different types with diverse properties have become desirable candidates for engineering and treating cartilage tissue. They can cover most of the shortcomings of other treatment methods and cause the least secondary damage to the patient. Besides using hydrogels as an ideal strategy, new drug delivery and treatment methods, such as targeted drug delivery and treatment through mechanical signaling, have been studied as interesting strategies. In this study, we review and discuss various types of hydrogels, biomaterials used for hydrogel manufacturing, cartilage-targeting drug delivery, and mechanosignaling as modern strategies for cartilage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ansari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
| | - Ahmad Darvishi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
| | - Alireza Sabzevari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
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4
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Morozova SM, Korzhikova-Vlakh EG. Fibrillar Hydrogel Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals Crosslinked via Diels-Alder Reaction: Preparation and pH-Sensitive Release of Benzocaine. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4689. [PMID: 38139941 PMCID: PMC10748274 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A fibrillar hydrogel was obtained by covalent crosslinking via Diels-Alder reaction of two types of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with furan and maleimide groups. Gelation has been studied at various ratios of components and temperatures in the range from 20 to 60 °C. It was shown that the rheological properties of the hydrogel can be optimized by varying the concentration and ratio of components. Due to the rigid structure of the CNCs, the hydrogel could be formed at a concentration of at least 5 wt%; however, it almost does not swell either in water with pH 5 or 7 or in the HBSS buffer. The introduction of aldehyde groups into the CNCs allows for the conjugation of physiologically active molecules containing primary amino groups due to the formation of imine bonds. Here, we used benzocaine as a model drug for conjugation with CNC hydrogel. The resulting drug-conjugated hydrogel demonstrated the stability of formulation at pH 7 and a pH-sensitive release of benzocaine due to the accelerated hydrolytic cleavage of the imine bond at pH < 7. The developed drug-conjugated hydrogel is promising as wound dressings for local anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Morozova
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia G. Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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5
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Tarhanlı İ, Senses E. Cellulose nanocrystal and Pluronic L121-based thermo-responsive composite hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121281. [PMID: 37739496 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a promising sustainable material with its biocompatibility, high aspect ratio, and mechanical strength. CNC-based systems have potential applications in various fields including biosensors, packaging, coating, energy storage, and pharmaceuticals. However, turning CNC into smart systems remains a challenge due to the lack of stimuli-responsiveness, limitation in compatibility with hydrophobic matrices, and their agglomeration tendency. In this work, a thermo-responsive nanocomposite system is constructed with CNCs and polymersome forming Pluronic L121 (L121), and its phase behavior and mechanical properties are investigated in detail. Two different CNC concentration (4 % and 5 %) is studied by changing the L121 concentration (1-20 %) to understand the effect of unimers and polymersomes on the CNC network. At dilute L121 concentrations (1-5 %), the composite system becomes softer but more fragile below the transition temperature. However, it becomes much stronger at higher L121 concentrations (10-20 %), and a gel network is obtained above the transition temperature. Interestingly, the elastically reinforced CNC gels exhibit greater resistance to microstructural breakdown at large strains due to the soft and deformable nature of the large polymersomes. It is also found that the gelation temperature for hydrogels is tunable with increasing L121 concentration, and the nanocomposite hydrogels displayed thermo-reversible rheological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlayda Tarhanlı
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Erkan Senses
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Koc University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Boron and Advanced Materials Application and Research Center (KUBAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
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6
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Kotova S, Kostjuk S, Rochev Y, Efremov Y, Frolova A, Timashev P. Phase transition and potential biomedical applications of thermoresponsive compositions based on polysaccharides, proteins and DNA: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126054. [PMID: 37532189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Smart thermoresponsive polymers have long attracted attention as materials of a great potential for biomedical applications, mainly for drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound dressing, with a special interest to injectable hydrogels. Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) is the most important synthetic thermoresponsive polymer due to its physiologically relevant transition temperature. However, the use of unmodified PNIPAM encounters such problems as low biodegradability, low drug loading capacity, slow response to thermal stimuli, and insufficient mechanical robustness. The use of natural polysaccharides and proteins in combinations with PNIPAM, in the form of grafted copolymers, IPNs, microgels and physical mixtures, is aimed at overcoming these drawbacks and creating dual-functional materials with both synthetic and natural polymers' properties. When developing such compositions, special attention should be paid to preserving their key property, thermoresponsiveness. Addition of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fragments to PNIPAM is known to affect its transition temperature. This review covers various classes of natural polymers - polysaccharides, fibrous and non-fibrous proteins, DNA - used in combination with PNIPAM for the prospective biomedical purposes, with a focus on their phase transition temperatures and its relation to the natural polymer's structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kotova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergei Kostjuk
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220006, Belarus; Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Yuri Rochev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Yuri Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia Frolova
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Ghandforoushan P, Alehosseini M, Golafshan N, Castilho M, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Hanaee J, Davaran S, Orive G. Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125674. [PMID: 37406921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Annually, millions of patients suffer from irreversible injury owing to the loss or failure of an organ or tissue caused by accident, aging, or disease. The combination of injectable hydrogels and the science of stem cells have emerged to address this persistent issue in society by generating minimally invasive treatments to augment tissue function. Hydrogels are composed of a cross-linked network of polymers that exhibit a high-water retention capacity, thereby mimicking the wet environment of native cells. Due to their inherent mechanical softness, hydrogels can be used as needle-injectable stem cell carrier materials to mend tissue defects. Hydrogels are made of different natural or synthetic polymers, displaying a broad portfolio of eligible properties, which include biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, shear-thinning properties as well as tunable biological and physicochemical properties. Presently, novel ongoing developments and native-like hydrogels are increasingly being used broadly to improve the quality of life of those with disabling tissue-related diseases. The present review outlines various future and in-vitro applications of injectable hydrogel-based biomaterials, focusing on the newest ongoing developments of in-situ forming injectable hydrogels for bone and cartilage tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghandforoushan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Clinical Research Development, Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Alehosseini
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nasim Golafshan
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jalal Hanaee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Spain.
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8
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Morozova SM, Gevorkian A, Kumacheva E. Design, characterization and applications of nanocolloidal hydrogels. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37464914 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00387f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanocolloidal gels (NCGs) are an emerging class of soft matter, in which nanoparticles act as building blocks of the colloidal network. Chemical or physical crosslinking enables NCG synthesis and assembly from a broad range of nanoparticles, polymers, and low-molecular weight molecules. The synergistic properties of NCGs are governed by nanoparticle composition, dimensions and shape, the mechanism of nanoparticle bonding, and the NCG architecture, as well as the nature of molecular crosslinkers. Nanocolloidal gels find applications in soft robotics, bioengineering, optically active coatings and sensors, optoelectronic devices, and absorbents. This review summarizes currently scattered aspects of NCG formation, properties, characterization, and applications. We describe the diversity of NCG building blocks, discuss the mechanisms of NCG formation, review characterization techniques, outline NCG fabrication and processing methods, and highlight most common NCG applications. The review is concluded with the discussion of perspectives in the design and development of NCGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Morozova
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 2-nd Baumanskaya street, 105005, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto, 80 Saint George street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Albert Gevorkian
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto, 80 Saint George street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto, 80 Saint George street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto, 200 College street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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Wei J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Meng J, Xie S, Li X. Photothermal Propelling and Pyroelectric Potential-Promoted Cell Internalization of Janus Nanoparticles and Pyroelectrodynamic Tumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300338. [PMID: 36857737 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer phototherapy experiences limitations in tissue diffusion and cell internalization of phototherapeutic agents and dose-dependent side effects. Herein, Janus pyroelectric nanoparticles (NPs) are designed to generate self-powered motion and built-in electric fields to overcome the delivery barriers. Polydopamine (PDA) layers are partially coated on tetragonal BaTiO3 (tBT) NPs to prepare Janus tBT@PDA, and Au NPs are deposited on the PDA caps to obtain Janus tBT@PDA-Au NPs. Near-infrared (NIR) illumination of tBT@PDA-Au builds in situ pyroelectric potentials on NPs, which selectively affect the membrane potential of tumor cells rather than normal cells to enhance tumor cell internalization and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pyroelectric dynamic therapy (PEDT). The asymmetric photothermal effect of the Janus NPs creates thermophoretic force to propel NP motion, which enhances tumor diffusion and cellular uptake of NPs and boosts cytotoxicity and intracellular ROS levels. The inoculation of Au NPs increases the photothermal effect, exhibits larger motion velocities, produces higher pyroelectric potentials, and elevates cellular uptake rates, resulting in significant induction of tumor cell apoptosis, suppression of tumor growth, and extension of animal survival. Thus, the concise design of tBT@PDA-Au/NIR treatment has achieved thermophoretic motion-promoted tissue diffusion, built-in electric field-enhanced cell internalization, and photothermal/PEDT-synergized antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwu Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yingxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Zhanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
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10
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Belyaeva AA, Tretyakov IV, Kireynov AV, Nashchekina YA, Solodilov VI, Korzhikova-Vlakh EG, Morozova SM. Fibrillar biocompatible colloidal gels based on cellulose nanocrystals and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for direct ink writing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 635:348-357. [PMID: 36592504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Hydrogels based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have attracted great interest because of their sustainability, biocompatibility, mechanical strength and fibrillar structure. Gelation of colloidal particles can be induced by the introduction of polymers. Existing examples include gels based on CNC and derivatives of cellulose or poly(vinyl alcohol), however, gel structure and their application for extrusion printing were not shown. Hence, we rationalize formation of colloidal gels based on mixture of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and CNC and control their structure and mechanical properties by variation of components ratio. EXPERIMENTS State diagram for colloidal system based on mixture of PNIPAM and CNC were established at 25 and 37 °C. Biocompatibility, fiber diameter and rheological properties of the gels were studied for different PNIPAM/CNC ratio. FINDINGS We show that depending on the ratio between PNIPAM and CNC, colloidal system could be in sol or gel state at 25 °C and at gel state or phase separated at 37 °C. Physically crosslinked hydrogels were thermosensitive and could reversibly change it transparency from translucent to opaque in biologically relevant temperature range. These colloidal hydrogels were biocompatible, had fibrillar structure and demonstrate shear-thinning behavior, which makes them a promising material for bioapplications related to extrusion printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Belyaeva
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Str,.5/1, Moscow 105005, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnij Pr., Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Tretyakov
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Str,.5/1, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kireynov
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Str,.5/1, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Yuliya A Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoreckiy pr. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Vitaliy I Solodilov
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Str,.5/1, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Evgenia G Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Str,.5/1, Moscow 105005, Russia.
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11
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Huang Y, Morozova SM, Li T, Li S, Naguib HE, Kumacheva E. Stimulus-Responsive Transport Properties of Nanocolloidal Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1173-1183. [PMID: 36580573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Applications of polymer hydrogels in separation technologies, environmental remediation, and drug delivery require control of hydrogel transport properties that are largely governed by the pore dimensions. Stimulus-responsive change in pore size offers the capability to change gel's transport properties "on demand". Here, we report a nanocolloidal hydrogel that exhibits temperature-controlled increase in pore size and, as a result, enhanced transport of encapsulated species from the gel. The hydrogel was formed by the covalent cross-linking of aldehyde-modified cellulose nanocrystals and chitosan carrying end-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) molecules. Owing to the temperature-mediated coil-to-globule transition of pNIPAm grafts, they acted as a temperature-responsive "gate" in the hydrogel. At elevated temperature, the size of the pores showed up to a 4-fold increase, with no significant changes in volume, in contrast with conventional pNIPAm-derived gels exhibiting a reduction in both pore size and volume in similar conditions. Temperature-mediated transport properties of the gel were explored by studying diffusion of nanoparticles with different dimensions from the gel, leading to the established correlation between the kinetics of diffusion-governed nanoparticle release and the ratio nanoparticle dimensions-to-pore size. The proposed approach to stimulus-responsive control of hydrogel transport properties has many applications, including their use in nanomedicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 Second Baumanskaya Street, Moscow105005, Russian Federation
| | - Terek Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Shangyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3G9, Canada
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12
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Deng Y, Xi J, Meng L, Lou Y, Seidi F, Wu W, Xiao H. Stimuli-Responsive Nanocellulose Hydrogels: An Overview. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Yang W, Teng L, Sun X, Liu J, Huang Y, Zhao Q, Song W, Ren L. Dynamically Phototunable and Redox‐Responsive Hybrid Supramolecular Hydrogels for Three‐Dimensional Culture of Chondrocytes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lijing Teng
- School of Biology and Engineering Guizhou Medical University Guizhou 550025 China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yongrui Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wenjing Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
- Sino‐Singapore International Joint Research Institute Guangzhou 510555 China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory) Guangzhou 510005 China
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14
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Behavior of colloidal gels made of thermoresponsive anisotropic nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12157. [PMID: 35840648 PMCID: PMC9287383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst colloidal gels, those designed by the assembly of anisotropic colloidal particles tend to form fibrillar gels and are attracting interest as artificial cell growth environments since they have a structure reminiscent of biological extracellular matrices. Their properties can be tuned by controlling the size, shape, and rigidity of the nanoparticles used during their formation. Herein, the relationship between the physical and mechanical properties of the nanocolloidal building blocks and the properties of the resulting gels is investigated. Thermoresponsive particles with different aspect ratios and controlled rigidity were prepared, and the gelation and the properties of the resulting gels were studied. The results show how the aspect ratio and rigidity of polymer colloids tune the properties of the gels. An increase in the aspect ratio of the nanocolloid used led to a sol–gel transition observed at lower particle concentration, but an increase in the rigidity of the nanocolloids delayed the sol–gel transition to higher concentration. However, at a constant concentration, increases in the anisotropy produced gels with higher modulus and lower yield strain. Similarly, an increase in rigidity of the colloids increased the modulus and reduced the yield strain of the resulting gels.
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15
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Stepanova M, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Modification of Cellulose Micro- and Nanomaterials to Improve Properties of Aliphatic Polyesters/Cellulose Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071477. [PMID: 35406349 PMCID: PMC9003142 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters/cellulose composites have attracted a lot attention due to the perspectives of their application in biomedicine and the production of disposable materials, food packaging, etc. Both aliphatic polyesters and cellulose are biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, which makes them highly promising for the production of “green” composite materials. However, the main challenge in obtaining composites with favorable properties is the poor compatibility of these polymers. Unlike cellulose, which is very hydrophilic, aliphatic polyesters exhibit strong hydrophobic properties. In recent times, the modification of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials is widely considered as a tool to enhance interfacial biocompatibility with aliphatic polyesters and, consequently, improve the properties of composites. This review summarizes the main types and properties of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials as well as aliphatic polyesters used to produce composites with cellulose. In addition, the methods for noncovalent and covalent modification of cellulose materials with small molecules, polymers and nanoparticles have been comprehensively overviewed and discussed. Composite fabrication techniques, as well as the effect of cellulose modification on the mechanical and thermal properties, rate of degradation, and biological compatibility have been also analyzed.
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16
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Kamel R, Mabrouk M, El-Sayed SAM, Beherei HH, Abouzeid RE, Abo El-Fadl MT, Mahmoud AA, Maged A. Nanofibrillated cellulose/glucosamine 3D aerogel implants loaded with rosuvastatin and bioactive ceramic for dental socket preservation. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121549. [PMID: 35131357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of agro-wastes presents a great economic and ecologic value. In this study, TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TONFC) originating from sugarcane bagasse pulp was exploited in regenerative medicine. TONFC in combination with glucosamine HCl (G) were used to prepare a 3D aerogel implant loaded with rosuvastatin as an integrative approach for extraction-socket healing. Comparing the prepared devices, aerogel composed of TONFC: G (4:1 wt ratio) had the best mechanical properties and integrity. Strontium borate-based bioactive ceramic particles were prepared and characterized for crystal structure, shape, porosity, and zeta potential. The particles had a crystalline diffraction pattern relative to Sr3B2O6, and they were rod in shape with nanopores with a zeta potential value of -16 mV. The prepared bioactive ceramic (BC) was then added in different concentrations (3 or 6% w/w) to the selected aerogel implant. The BC had a concentration-dependent effect on the aerogel properties as it ameliorated its mechanical performance (compressive strength = 90 and 150 kPa for 3 and 6%, respectively) and retarded drug release (mean release time = 2.34 and 3.4 h for 3 and 6%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The microphotograph of the selected aerogel implant loaded with BC showed a rough surface with an interconnective porous structure. During cell biology testing, the selected implant loaded with the lower BC concentration had the highest ability to increase MG-63 cells proliferation. In conclusion, TONFC is a promising material to formulate rosuvastatin-loaded aerogel implant with the aid of glucosamine and bioactive ceramic for dental socket preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Kamel
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A M El-Sayed
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragab E Abouzeid
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T Abo El-Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt; Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza A Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Egypt.
| | - Amr Maged
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Factory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Egypt.
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17
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Chen W, Zhang Y, Kumari J, Engelkamp H, Kouwer PHJ. Magnetic Stiffening in 3D Cell Culture Matrices. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6740-6747. [PMID: 34387494 PMCID: PMC8392345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical environment of a cell is not constant. This dynamic behavior is exceedingly difficult to capture in (synthetic) in vitro matrices. This paper describes a novel, highly adaptive hybrid hydrogel composed of magnetically sensitive magnetite nanorods and a stress-responsive synthetic matrix. Nanorod rearrangement after application of (small) magnetic fields induces strain in the network, which results in a strong (over 10-fold) stiffening even at minimal (2.5 wt %) nanorod concentrations. Moreover, the stiffening mechanism yields a fast and fully reversible response. In the manuscript, we quantitatively analyze that forces generated by the particles are comparable to cellular forces. We demonstrate the value of magnetic stiffening in a 3D MCF10A epithelial cell experiment, where simply culturing on top of a permanent magnet gives rise to changes in the cell morphology. This work shows that our hydrogels are uniquely suited as 3D cell culture systems with on-demand adaptive mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Engelkamp
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud
University, High Field Magnet
Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Sobotta FH, Kuchenbrod MT, Grune C, Fischer D, Hoeppener S, Brendel JC. Elucidating preparation-structure relationships for the morphology evolution during the RAFT dispersion polymerization of N-acryloyl thiomorpholine. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01697g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the conditions, nearly monodisperse spherical micelles or complex morphologies are formed during a polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) process based on the water-soluble monomer N-acryloylthiomorpholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian H. Sobotta
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Maren T. Kuchenbrod
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Christian Grune
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy
- Institute of Pharmacy
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Pharmaceutical Technology
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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19
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Polypeptide-based self-healing hydrogels: Design and biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:84-100. [PMID: 32634482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing hydrogels can heal themselves on the damaged sites, which opens up a fascinating way for enhancing lifetimes of materials. Polypeptide/poly(amino acid) is a class of polymers in which natural amino acid monomers or derivatives are linked by amide bonds with a stable and similar secondary structure as natural proteins (α-helix or β-fold). They have the advantages of nontoxicity, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity as well as easy modification. All these properties make polypeptides extremely suitable for the preparation of self-healing hydrogels for biomedical applications. In this review, we mainly focus on the progress in the fabrication strategies of polypeptide-based self-healing hydrogels and their biomedical applications in the recent 5 years. Various crosslinking methods for the preparation of polypeptide-based self-healing hydrogels are first introduced, including host-guest interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, supramolecular self-assembly of β-sheets, and reversible covalent bonds of imine and hydrazone as well as molecular multi-interactions. Some representative biomedical applications of these self-healing hydrogels such as delivery system, tissue engineering, 3D-bioprinting, antibacterial and wound healing as well as bioadhesion and hemostasis are also summarized. Current challenges and perspectives in future for these "smart" hydrogels are proposed at the end . STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Polypeptides with the advantages of nontoxicity, biodegradability, hydrophilicity and low immunogenicity, are extremely suitable for the preparation of self-healing hydrogels in biomedical applications. Recently, the researches of polypeptide-based self-healing hydrogel have drawn the great attentions for scientists and engineers. A review to summarize the recent progress in design and biomedical applications of these polypeptide-based self-healing hydrogels is highly needed. In this review, we mainly focus on the progress in fabrication strategies of polypeptide-based self-healing hydrogels and biomedical applications in recent five years and aim to draw the increased attention to the importance of these "smart" hydrogels, facilitating the advances in biomedical applications. We believe this work would draw interest from readers of Acta Biomaterialia.
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20
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Pishvar M, Harne RL. Foundations for Soft, Smart Matter by Active Mechanical Metamaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001384. [PMID: 32999844 PMCID: PMC7509744 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging interest to synthesize active, engineered matter suggests a future where smart material systems and structures operate autonomously around people, serving diverse roles in engineering, medical, and scientific applications. Similar to biological organisms, a realization of active, engineered matter necessitates functionality culminating from a combination of sensory and control mechanisms in a versatile material frame. Recently, metamaterial platforms with integrated sensing and control have been exploited, so that outstanding non-natural material behaviors are empowered by synergistic microstructures and controlled by smart materials and systems. This emerging body of science around active mechanical metamaterials offers a first glimpse at future foundations for autonomous engineered systems referred to here as soft, smart matter. Using natural inspirations, synergy across disciplines, and exploiting multiple length scales as well as multiple physics, researchers are devising compelling exemplars of actively controlled metamaterials, inspiring concepts for autonomous engineered matter. While scientific breakthroughs multiply in these fields, future technical challenges remain to be overcome to fulfill the vision of soft, smart matter. This Review surveys the intrinsically multidisciplinary body of science targeted to realize soft, smart matter via innovations in active mechanical metamaterials and proposes ongoing research targets that may deliver the promise of autonomous, engineered matter to full fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Pishvar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Ryan L. Harne
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH43210USA
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21
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Jiang Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Yu C, Chu W. Natural Polymer-based Stimuli-responsive Hydrogels. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2631-2657. [PMID: 31755377 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191122144916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The abilities of intelligent polymer hydrogels to change their structure and volume phase in response to external stimuli have provided new possibilities for various advanced technologies and great research and application potentials in the medical field. The natural polymer-based hydrogels have the advantages of environment-friendliness, rich sources and good biocompatibility. Based on their responsiveness to external stimuli, the natural polymer-based hydrogels can be classified into the temperature-responsive hydrogel, pH-responsive hydrogel, light-responsive hydrogel, electricresponsive hydrogel, redox-responsive hydrogel, enzyme-responsive hydrogel, magnetic-responsive hydrogel, multi-responsive hydrogel, etc. In this review, we have compiled some recent studies on natural polymer-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels, especially the hydrogels prepared from polysaccharides. The preparation methods, properties and applications of these hydrogels in the medical field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.,Center for Nanochemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Chu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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22
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Kamel R, El-Wakil NA, Abdelkhalek AA, Elkasabgy NA. Nanofibrillated cellulose/cyclodextrin based 3D scaffolds loaded with raloxifene hydrochloride for bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:704-716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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He H, Shi X, Chen W, Chen R, Zhao C, Wang S. Temperature/pH Smart Nanofibers with Excellent Biocompatibility and Their Dual Interactions Stimulus-Responsive Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7425-7433. [PMID: 32559369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel nanosized biomass-based pH- and temperature-responsive cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF-HPEI-IBAm) were designed and prepared by grafting hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI) modified with isobutyramide (IBAm) groups (HPEI-IBAm) onto carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs). The as-prepared TOCNF-HPEI-IBAm possessed excellent biocompatibility and pH- and temperature-responsive properties. TOCNF-HPEI-IBAm showed a rapid wettability conversion from hydrophilic (WCA = 41.1°, WCA = 70.7°) to hydrophobic (WCA = 147.3°, WCA = 142.2°) in response to changes in pH and temperature from acidic conditions to alkaline conditions and from lower to higher temperatures. In addition, it possesses strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria (Eb ≥ 97%). The amount of DOX loaded in TOCNF-HPEI-IBAm was 642.52 mg/g, and the maximum amount of DOX released was 39.30% at pH = 3.0 within 9 h. Furthermore, the dual interactions stimulus-responsive mechanism was revealed to be attributed to the expansion and collapse of the molecular chains of TOCNF-HPEI-IBAm in response to temperature and pH through mutual promotion and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Chen
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Rimei Chen
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
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24
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Prince E, Narayanan P, Chekini M, Pace-Tonna C, Roberts MG, Zhulina E, Kumacheva E. Solvent-Mediated Isolation of Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Prince
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mahshid Chekini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Carleigh Pace-Tonna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Megan G. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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25
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Koivuniemi R, Hakkarainen T, Kiiskinen J, Kosonen M, Vuola J, Valtonen J, Luukko K, Kavola H, Yliperttula M. Clinical Study of Nanofibrillar Cellulose Hydrogel Dressing for Skin Graft Donor Site Treatment. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:199-210. [PMID: 32117583 PMCID: PMC7047117 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Skin graft donor site management is a concern particularly for elderly patients and patients with poor wound healing competence, and also because donor sites are a source of pain and discomfort. Although different types of dressings exist, there is no consensus regarding optimal dressing type on donor site care to promote healing, reduce pain, and improve patients' comfort. Approach: This prospective, single-center clinical trial evaluated the performance of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) wound dressing (FibDex® by UPM-Kymmene Corporation) for treatment of donor sites compared with a polylactide-based copolymer dressing. The study enrolled 24 patients requiring skin grafting with mean age of 49 ± 18. The primary outcome measure was wound healing time. Secondary outcomes, the epithelialization, subjective pain, the scar appearance assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), and skin elasticity and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between NFC and copolymer dressings regarding wound healing time, epithelialization, experience of pain, or TEWL. Significant differences were observed in the POSAS results for thickness and vascularity in the Observer score, in the favor of NFC over copolymer dressing. Moreover, skin elasticity was significantly improved with NFC dressing in terms of viscoelasticity and elastic modulus at 1 month postoperatively. Innovation: NFC dressing is a new, green sustainable product for wound treatment without animal or human-origin components. Conclusion: NFC dressing provides efficient wound healing at skin graft donor sites and is comparable or even preferable compared with the copolymer dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raili Koivuniemi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Hakkarainen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki Burn Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jasmi Kiiskinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jyrki Vuola
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki Burn Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Valtonen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki Burn Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heli Kavola
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki Burn Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Neves MI, Araújo M, Moroni L, da Silva RM, Barrias CC. Glycosaminoglycan-Inspired Biomaterials for the Development of Bioactive Hydrogel Networks. Molecules 2020; 25:E978. [PMID: 32098281 PMCID: PMC7070556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are long, linear polysaccharides that display a wide range of relevant biological roles. Particularly, in the extracellular matrix (ECM) GAG specifically interact with other biological molecules, such as growth factors, protecting them from proteolysis or inhibiting factors. Additionally, ECM GAG are partially responsible for the mechanical stability of tissues due to their capacity to retain high amounts of water, enabling hydration of the ECM and rendering it resistant to compressive forces. In this review, the use of GAG for developing hydrogel networks with improved biological activity and/or mechanical properties is discussed. Greater focus is given to strategies involving the production of hydrogels that are composed of GAG alone or in combination with other materials. Additionally, approaches used to introduce GAG-inspired features in biomaterials of different sources will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I. Neves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Araújo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ricardo M.P. da Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C. Barrias
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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27
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Spontaneously and reversibly forming phospholipid polymer hydrogels as a matrix for cell engineering. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Mizuguchi Y, Mashimo Y, Mie M, Kobatake E. Temperature-Responsive Multifunctional Protein Hydrogels with Elastin-like Polypeptides for 3-D Angiogenesis. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1126-1135. [PMID: 32003967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular protein hydrogels with tunable properties represent promising candidates for advanced designer extracellular matrices (ECMs). To control cellular functions, ECMs should be able to spatiotemporally regulate synergistic signaling between transmembrane receptors and growth factor (GF) receptors. In this study, we developed genetically engineered temperature-responsive multifunctional protein hydrogels. The designed hydrogel was fabricated by combining the following four peptide blocks: thermosensitive elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), a polyaspartic acid (polyD) chain to control aggregation and delivery of GFs, a de novo-designed helix peptide that forms antiparallel homotetrameric coiled-coils, and a biofunctional peptide. The resultant coiled-coil unit bound ELPs (CUBEs) exhibit a controllable sol-gel transition with tunable mechanical properties. CUBEs were functionalized with bone sialoprotein-derived RGD (bRGD), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were three-dimensionally cultured in bRGD-modified CUBE (bRGD-CUBE) hydrogels. Proangiogenic activity of HUVECs was promoted by bRGD. Moreover, heparin-binding angiogenic GFs were immobilized to bRGD-CUBEs via electrostatic interactions. HUVECs cultured in GF-tethered bRGD-CUBE hydrogels formed three-dimensional (3-D) tubulelike structures. The designed CUBE hydrogels may demonstrate utility as advanced smart biomaterials for biomedical applications. Further, the protein hydrogel design strategy may provide a novel platform for constructing designer 3-D microenvironments for specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mizuguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mashimo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masayasu Mie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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29
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Chen Z, Zhang Z, Chen M, Xie S, Wang T, Li X. Synergistic antitumor efficacy of hybrid micelles with mitochondrial targeting and stimuli-responsive drug release behavior. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1415-1426. [PMID: 32255012 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02843e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The term synergism means that the overall therapeutic benefits should be greater than the sum of the effects of individual agents and that the optimal therapeutic efficacy can be achieved at reduced doses. Micellar systems usually fail to deliver multiple drugs to target sites at synergistic doses and thus are not able to maximize the antitumor efficacy. In the current study, we demonstrate a strategy to coordinate the release of camptothecin (CPT) and α-tocopheryl succinate (TOS) from hybrid micelles for nucleus and mitochondrion interferences. TOS is decorated with cationic triphenylphosphonium (TPP) to promote the targeting capability of TOS-TPP to mitochondria. The combination of CPT and TOS-TPP shows strong synergistism with a combination index of 0.186. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is conjugated with CPT or TOS-TPP via disulfide linkages for tumor cell targeting and intracellular reduction-triggered release. Both conjugates either separately self-assemble into MC and MT micelles, or are blended at different ratios to form MC-T hybrid micelles. In response to elevated intracellular glutathione levels, the coordinated release of CPT and TOS-TPP from MC-T results in a combination index of 0.26 and the dose-reduction indexes of CPT and TOS are 7.7 and 3.4, respectively. Compared with MC and MT, MC-T micelles with 5 fold lower doses exhibit higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, comparable tumor growth inhibition and animal survival, indicating no hematologic and intestinal toxicities. Moreover, the HA conjugates of MC-T are linked to polylactide via acid-labile linkages and electrospun into short fibers (MC-T@SF) as an injectable depot to release MC-T in response to the acidic tumor microenvironment. At a predetermined synergistic ratio, MC-T@SF with 5 fold lower doses achieves antitumor profiles comparable to those of individual micelle-loaded short fibers. Therefore, the hybrid micelles and micelle-releasing short fibers represent a feasible strategy to synergistically enhance the therapeutic efficacy and enable significant reduction in effective doses of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China.
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30
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Teng L, Chen Y, Jia YG, Ren L. Supramolecular and dynamic covalent hydrogel scaffolds: from gelation chemistry to enhanced cell retention and cartilage regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6705-6736. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01698h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the most recent progress in gelation strategies of biomedical supramolecular and dynamic covalent crosslinking hydrogels and their applications for enhancing cell retention and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Teng
- School of Medicine
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Yunhua Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Li Ren
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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31
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Fu LH, Qi C, Ma MG, Wan P. Multifunctional cellulose-based hydrogels for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 7:1541-1562. [PMID: 32254901 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, cellulose has been extensively investigated due to its favourable properties, such as hydrophilicity, low-cost, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, which makes it a good feedstock for the synthesis of biocompatible hydrogels. The plentiful hydrophilic functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and aldehyde groups) in the backbone of cellulose and its derivatives can be used to prepare hydrogels easily with fascinating structures and properties, leading to burgeoning research interest in biomedical applications. This review focuses on state-of-the-art progress in cellulose-based hydrogels, which covers from their preparation methods (including chemical methods and physical methods) and physicochemical properties (such as stimuli-responsive properties, mechanical properties, and self-healing properties) to their biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, bioimaging, wearable sensors and so on. Moreover, the current challenges and future prospects for cellulose-based hydrogels in regard to their biomedical applications are also discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hua Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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32
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Lovett JR, Derry MJ, Yang P, Hatton FL, Warren NJ, Fowler PW, Armes SP. Can percolation theory explain the gelation behavior of diblock copolymer worms? Chem Sci 2018; 9:7138-7144. [PMID: 30310636 PMCID: PMC6137452 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02406e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) offers an efficient synthetic route for the production of highly anisotropic diblock copolymer worms. When prepared in aqueous media, such worms form thermoresponsive free-standing hydrogels that are (i) readily sterilizable, (ii) can act as a 3D matrix for the culture of normal mammalian cells and (iii) can induce stasis in human stem cell colonies. Herein we critically examine the gelation behavior of two types of diblock copolymer worms in terms of recent advances in percolation theory for rigid rods, which explicitly account for the effect of rod length polydispersity. More specifically, we use small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to determine the weight-average worm contour length, L w, and the mean worm cross-sectional radius, R. This approach enables a direct comparison to be made between the theoretical critical worm volume fraction, φ c, required for gelation and the experimental values indicated by rheological measurements and tube inversion experiments. Given that these diblock copolymer worms are relatively flexible rather than truly rod-like, reasonably good agreement between these two parameters is observed, particularly for shorter, relatively stiff worms. For longer, more flexible worms a proportionality constant of approximately two is required to reconcile theory with experimental values for φ c. These findings are expected to have important implications for the aqueous gelation behavior exhibited by various other anisotropic nanoparticles, such as cellulose nanocrystals and semicrystalline block copolymer rods, and also fibril-forming small molecule (e.g. dipeptide) gelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Lovett
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Matthew J Derry
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Fiona L Hatton
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Nicholas J Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds , West Yorkshire LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Patrick W Fowler
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK .
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33
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Zhang H, Guo X, Wu J, Fang D, Zhang Y. Soft mechanical metamaterials with unusual swelling behavior and tunable stress-strain curves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar8535. [PMID: 29888326 PMCID: PMC5993477 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft adaptable materials that change their shapes, volumes, and properties in response to changes under ambient conditions have important applications in tissue engineering, soft robotics, biosensing, and flexible displays. Upon water absorption, most existing soft materials, such as hydrogels, show a positive volume change, corresponding to a positive swelling. By contrast, the negative swelling represents a relatively unusual phenomenon that does not exist in most natural materials. The development of material systems capable of large or anisotropic negative swelling remains a challenge. We combine analytic modeling, finite element analyses, and experiments to design a type of soft mechanical metamaterials that can achieve large effective negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves, with desired isotropic/anisotropic features. This material system exploits horseshoe-shaped composite microstructures of hydrogel and passive materials as the building blocks, which extend into a periodic network, following the lattice constructions. The building block structure leverages a sandwiched configuration to convert the hydraulic swelling deformations of hydrogel into bending deformations, thereby resulting in an effective shrinkage (up to around -47% linear strain) of the entire network. By introducing spatially heterogeneous designs, we demonstrated a range of unusual, anisotropic swelling responses, including those with expansion in one direction and, simultaneously, shrinkage along the perpendicular direction. The design approach, as validated by experiments, allows the determination of tailored microstructure geometries to yield desired length/area changes. These design concepts expand the capabilities of existing soft materials and hold promising potential for applications in a diverse range of areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Mechanics and Materials and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Corresponding author. (D.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Mechanics and Materials and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Corresponding author. (D.F.); (Y.Z.)
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34
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Zhu L, Xiong CM, Tang XF, Wang LJ, Peng K, Yang HY. A double network hydrogel with high mechanical strength and shape memory properties. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/31/cjcp1710188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chun-ming Xiong
- Research Institute of Science and Technology, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-fen Tang
- Research Institute of Science and Technology, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li-jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hai-yang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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35
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Wang L, Shi X, Wang J. A temperature-responsive supramolecular hydrogel: preparation, gel-gel transition and molecular aggregation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3090-3095. [PMID: 29611598 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel supramolecular hydrogel, abbreviated as AGC16/NTS, was designed and constructed by the molecular self-assembly of a cationic gemini surfactant, 1,3-bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-cetylammonium)-2-propylacrylatedibromide (AGC16), and an anionic aromatic gelator, trisodium 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonate (NTS). The AGC16/NTS hydrogel was able to form in a mass ratio range of AGC16 and NTS from 20 : 1 to 10 : 1. It was interestingly found that AGC16/NTS exhibited two phase transitions (gel-to-gel and gel-to-sol) observed by visual and rheological measurements during the heating process, which is rarely reported in the previous literature reports of hydrogels prepared using low molecular weight gelators. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), fluorescence emission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the temperature-responsive properties and molecular self-assembly mechanism of the hydrogel AGC16/NTS. During the gel-to-gel transition process, the temperature-responsive changes in the visual appearance of AGC16/NTS (turbid to transparent) were clearly observed. Compared with the transparent gel, the turbid gel possesses higher mechanical strength and a much more compact network mophology due to stronger intermolecular hydrophobic association beetween gelators. The molecular self-assembly modes for the two different hydrogel states (turbid and transparent gel) were proposed, helping to further understand the hydrogel transition mechanisms at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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36
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Li Y, Kumacheva E. Hydrogel microenvironments for cancer spheroid growth and drug screening. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaas8998. [PMID: 29719868 PMCID: PMC5922799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas8998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular cancer spheroids (MCSs) have emerged as a promising in vitro model that replicates many features of solid tumors in vivo. Biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for MCS growth offer a broad spectrum of biophysical and biochemical cues that help to recapitulate the behavior of natural extracellular matrix, essential for regulating cancer cell behavior. This perspective highlights recent advances in the development of hydrogel environments for MCS growth, release, and drug screening. We review the use of different types of hydrogels for MCS growth, the effect of biophysical and biochemical cues on MCS fate, the isolation of MCSs from hydrogel scaffolds, the utilization of microtechnologies, and the applications of MCSs grown in hydrogels. We conclude with the discussion of new research directions in the development of hydrogels for MCS growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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38
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Wang L, Shi X, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang J. Self-assembled pH-responsive supramolecular hydrogel for hydrophobic drug delivery. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31581-31587. [PMID: 35548234 PMCID: PMC9085726 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel supramolecular hydrogel system, abbreviated as AGC16/NTS, prepared by molecular self-assembly of cationic gemini surfactant 1,3-bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-cetylammonium)-2-propylacrylatedibromide (AGC16) and anionic aromatic compound trisodium 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonate (NTS), was used to encapsulate hydrophobic model drug curcumin (Cur), constructing a pH-responsive drug delivery system. Cur was effectively encapsulated into the hydrophobic domains of AGC16/NTS through hydrophobic interaction, which was confirmed by 1H NMR measurement. The effects of Cur on the mechanical strength, phase transition behaviour and morphology of AGC16/NTS were characterized by rheology and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) methods. The pH-responsive release of Cur from AGC16/NTS was obtained and the release amount of Cur ascended with pH value decreasing from 7.4 to 3.0. The hydrodynamic sizes of the released Cur-aggregates determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to analyse the release process of Cur at different pH. The cell viability assay and cell imaging experiment demonstrated that Cur-loaded hydrogel has much higher cytotoxicity and better cell uptake compared to free Cur. Overall, the AGC16/NTS hydrogel is a prospective material for use in encapsulation and controlled-release of hydrophobic drug molecules. Supramolecular hydrogel, AGC16/NTS, was used to encapsulate hydrophobic drug curcumin (Cur), constructing a pH-responsive drug delivery system; the uptake of released Cur by cancer cells also occurred.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid
- Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid
- Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation
- CNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd
- Beijing 100028
- P. R. China
| | - Yuejun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation
- CNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd
- Beijing 100028
- P. R. China
| | - Jinben Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid
- Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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Khabibullin A, Alizadehgiashi M, Khuu N, Prince E, Tebbe M, Kumacheva E. Injectable Shear-Thinning Fluorescent Hydrogel Formed by Cellulose Nanocrystals and Graphene Quantum Dots. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12344-12350. [PMID: 28953408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new building blocks of nanofibrillar hydrogels, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted great interest because of their sustainability, biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, and mechanical strength. Making these hydrogels fluorescent extends the range of their applications in tissue engineering, bioimaging, and biosensing. We report the preparation and properties of a multifunctional hydrogel formed by CNCs and graphene quantum dots (GQDs). We show that although CNCs and GQDs are both negatively charged, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions overcome the electrostatic repulsion between these nanoparticles and yield a physically cross-linked hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties. Owing to their shear-thinning behavior, the CNC-GQD hydrogels were used as an injectable material in 3D printing. The hydrogels were fluorescent and had an anisotropic nanofibrillar structure. The combination of these advantageous properties makes this hybrid hydrogel a promising material and fosters the development of new manufacturing methods such as 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khabibullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Moien Alizadehgiashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy Khuu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Prince
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Moritz Tebbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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40
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Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogels and reconstructed hydrogels as matrices for controlled drug release. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:269-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim YJ, Matsunaga YT. Thermo-responsive polymers and their application as smart biomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4307-4321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises smart thermo-responsive polymeric materials with reversible and ‘on–off’ remotely switchable properties for a wide range of biomedical and biomaterials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kim
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS)
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8505
- Japan
- Bioengineering Laboratory
| | - Yukiko T. Matsunaga
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS)
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8505
- Japan
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Li Y, Khuu N, Gevorkian A, Sarjinsky S, Therien-Aubin H, Wang Y, Cho S, Kumacheva E. Supramolecular Nanofibrillar Thermoreversible Hydrogel for Growth and Release of Cancer Spheroids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:6083-6087. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Nancy Khuu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Albert Gevorkian
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sharon Sarjinsky
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Heloise Therien-Aubin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sangho Cho
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; 4 Taddle Creek Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
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43
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Li Y, Khuu N, Gevorkian A, Sarjinsky S, Therien-Aubin H, Wang Y, Cho S, Kumacheva E. Supramolecular Nanofibrillar Thermoreversible Hydrogel for Growth and Release of Cancer Spheroids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Nancy Khuu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Albert Gevorkian
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sharon Sarjinsky
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Heloise Therien-Aubin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sangho Cho
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 Saint George street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; 4 Taddle Creek Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
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