1
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Kapil K, Jazani AM, Sobieski J, Madureira LP, Szczepaniak G, Martinez MR, Gorczyński A, Murata H, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Hydrophilic Poly(meth)acrylates by Controlled Radical Branching Polymerization: Hyperbranching and Fragmentation. Macromolecules 2024; 57:5368-5379. [PMID: 38882197 PMCID: PMC11171460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Topology significantly impacts polymer properties and applications. Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using inimers typically exhibit broad molecular weight distributions and limited control over branching. Alternatively, copolymerization of inibramers (IB), such as α-chloro/bromo acrylates with vinyl monomers, yields HBPs with precise and uniform branching. Herein, we described the synthesis of hydrophilic HB polyacrylates in water by copolymerizing a water-soluble IB, oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether 2-bromoacrylate (OEOBA), with various hydrophilic acrylate comonomers. Visible-light-mediated controlled radical branching polymerization (CRBP) with dual catalysis using eosin Y (EY) and copper complexes resulted in HBPs with various molecular weights (M n = 38 000 to 170 000) and degrees of branching (2%-24%). Furthermore, the optimized conditions enabled the successful application of the OEOBA to synthesize linear-hyperbranched block copolymers and hyperbranched polymer protein hybrids (HB-PPH), demonstrating its potential to advance the synthesis of complex macromolecular architecture under environmentally benign conditions. Copolymerization of hydrophilic methacrylate monomer, oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA500), and inibramer OEOBA was accompanied by fragmentation via β-carbon C-C bond scission and subsequent growth of polymer chains from the fragments. Furthermore, computational studies investigating the fragmentation depending on the IB and comonomer structure supported the experimental observations. This work expands the toolkit of water-soluble inibramers for CRBP and highlights the critical influence of the inibramer structure on reaction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julian Sobieski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Leticia P Madureira
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- PPG Industries, Inc., 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennysylvania 15101, United States
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Ediriweera GR, Butcher NJ, Kothapalli A, Zhao J, Blanchfield JT, Subasic CN, Grace JL, Fu C, Tan X, Quinn JF, Ascher DB, Whittaker MR, Whittaker AK, Kaminskas LM. Lipid sulfoxide polymers as potential inhalable drug delivery platforms with differential albumin binding affinity. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2978-2992. [PMID: 38683548 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm02020g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Inhalable nanomedicines are increasingly being developed to optimise the pharmaceutical treatment of respiratory diseases. Large lipid-based nanosystems at the forefront of the inhalable nanomedicines development pipeline, though, have a number of limitations. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the utility of novel small lipidated sulfoxide polymers based on poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PMSEA) as inhalable drug delivery platforms with tuneable membrane permeability imparted by differential albumin binding kinetics. Linear PMSEA (5 kDa) was used as a hydrophilic polymer backbone with excellent anti-fouling and stealth properties compared to poly(ethylene glycol). Terminal lipids comprising single (1C2, 1C12) or double (2C12) chain diglycerides were installed to provide differing affinities for albumin and, by extension, albumin trafficking pathways in the lungs. Albumin binding kinetics, cytotoxicity, lung mucus penetration and cellular uptake and permeability through key cellular barriers in the lungs were examined in vitro. The polymers showed good mucus penetration and no cytotoxicity over 24 h at up to 1 mg ml-1. While 1C2-showed no interaction with albumin, 1C12-PMSEA and 2C12-PMSEA bound albumin with KD values of approximately 76 and 10 μM, respectively. Despite binding to albumin, 2C12-PMSEA showed reduced cell uptake and membrane permeability compared to the smaller polymers and the presence of albumin had little effect on cell uptake and membrane permeability. While PMSEA strongly shielded these lipids from albumin, the data suggest that there is scope to tune the lipid component of these systems to control membrane permeability and cellular interactions in the lungs to tailor drug disposition in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri R Ediriweera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ashok Kothapalli
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Jiacheng Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Joanne T Blanchfield
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher N Subasic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - James L Grace
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Xiao Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - John F Quinn
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David B Ascher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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3
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Yamasaki R, Rajan R, Matsumura K. Enhancement of cryopreservation with intracellularly permeable zwitterionic polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14001-14004. [PMID: 37941405 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04092e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel copolymer containing zwitterionic and methylsulfinyl structures was developed, which enhanced cryoprotective efficacy by enabling intracellular cytoplasmic permeation without relying on mediated endocytosis and diffused out of the cells within approximately 30 min, making it more advantageous than polymeric nanoparticles for the transport of membrane-impermeable cryoprotectants such as trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Yamasaki
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Robin Rajan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Matsumura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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4
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Yao Y, McFadden ME, Luo SM, Barber RW, Kang E, Bar-Zion A, Smith CAB, Jin Z, Legendre M, Ling B, Malounda D, Torres A, Hamza T, Edwards CER, Shapiro MG, Robb MJ. Remote control of mechanochemical reactions under physiological conditions using biocompatible focused ultrasound. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309822120. [PMID: 37725651 PMCID: PMC10523651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309822120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
External control of chemical reactions in biological settings with spatial and temporal precision is a grand challenge for noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic applications. While light is a conventional stimulus for remote chemical activation, its penetration is severely attenuated in tissues, which limits biological applicability. On the other hand, ultrasound is a biocompatible remote energy source that is highly penetrant and offers a wide range of functional tunability. Coupling ultrasound to the activation of specific chemical reactions under physiological conditions, however, remains a challenge. Here, we describe a synergistic platform that couples the selective mechanochemical activation of mechanophore-functionalized polymers with biocompatible focused ultrasound (FUS) by leveraging pressure-sensitive gas vesicles (GVs) as acousto-mechanical transducers. The power of this approach is illustrated through the mechanically triggered release of covalently bound fluorogenic and therapeutic cargo molecules from polymers containing a masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore. Molecular release occurs selectively in the presence of GVs upon exposure to FUS under physiological conditions. These results showcase the viability of this system for enabling remote control of specific mechanochemical reactions with spatiotemporal precision in biologically relevant settings and demonstrate the translational potential of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Yao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Molly E. McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Stella M. Luo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Ross W. Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Elin Kang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Avinoam Bar-Zion
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Cameron A. B. Smith
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Zhiyang Jin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Mark Legendre
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Bill Ling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Andrea Torres
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Tiba Hamza
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Chelsea E. R. Edwards
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- HHMI, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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5
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Qiao R, Fu C, Forgham H, Javed I, Huang X, Zhu J, Whittaker AK, Davis TP. Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Brain Imaging and Drug Delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114822. [PMID: 37086918 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders affect as many as 1.5 billion people globally. The limited delivery of most imaging and therapeutic agents into the brain is a major challenge for treatment of CNS disorders. With the advent of nanotechnologies, controlled delivery of drugs with nanoparticles holds great promise in CNS disorders for overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and improving delivery efficacy. In recent years, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) have stood out as a promising theranostic nanoplatform for brain imaging and drug delivery as they possess unique physical properties and biodegradable characteristics. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in MIONP-based platforms as imaging and drug delivery agents for brain diseases. We firstly introduce the methods of synthesis and surface functionalization of MIONPs with emphasis on the inclusion of biocompatible polymers that allow for the addition of tailored physicochemical properties. We then discuss the recent advances in in vivo imaging and drug delivery applications using MIONPs. Finally, we present a perspective on the remaining challenges and possible future directions for MIONP-based brain delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helen Forgham
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ibrahim Javed
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xumin Huang
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiayuan Zhu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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6
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Ishibe T, Gonzalez-Martinez N, Georgiou PG, Murray KA, Gibson MI. Synthesis of Poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl methacrylate) via Oxidation of Poly(2-(methylthio)ethyl methacrylate): Evaluation of the Sulfoxide Side Chain on Cryopreservation. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:449-457. [PMID: 36536886 PMCID: PMC9756334 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cryopreservation solutions rely on the addition of organic solvents such as DMSO or glycerol, but these do not give full recovery for all cell types, and innovative cryoprotectants may address damage pathways which these solvents do not protect against. Macromolecular cryoprotectants are emerging, but there is a need to understand their structure-property relationships and mechanisms of action. Here we synthesized and investigated the cryoprotective behavior of sulfoxide (i.e., "DMSO-like") side-chain polymers, which have been reported to be cryoprotective using poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymers. We also wanted to determine if the polarized sulfoxide bond (S+O- character) introduces cryoprotective effects, as this has been seen for mixed-charge cryoprotective polyampholytes, whose mechanism of action is not yet understood. Poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl methacrylate) was synthesized by RAFT polymerization of 2-(methylthio)ethyl methacrylate and subsequent oxidation to sulfoxide. A corresponding N-oxide polymer was also prepared and characterized: (poly(2-(dimethylamineoxide)ethyl methacrylate). Ice recrystallization inhibition assays and differential scanning calorimetry analysis show that the sulfoxide side chains do not modulate the frozen components during cryopreservation. In cytotoxicity assays, it was found that long-term (24 h) exposure of the polymers was not tolerated by cells, but shorter (30 min) incubation times, which are relevant for cryopreservation, were tolerated. It was also observed that overoxidation to the sulfone significantly increased the cytotoxicity, and hence, these materials require a precision oxidation step to be deployed. In suspension cell cryopreservation investigations, the polysulfoxides did not increase cell recovery 24 h post-thaw. These results show that unlike hydrophilic backboned polysulfides, which can aid cryopreservation, the installation of the sulfoxide group onto a polymer does not necessarily bring cryoprotective properties, highlighting the challenges of developing and discovering macromolecular cryoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishibe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
| | | | - Panagiotis G. Georgiou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
| | - Kathryn A. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
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7
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Xu X, Wang Q, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Peng H, Whittaker AK, Fu C. Antifouling and Antibacterial Surfaces Grafted with Sulfur-Containing Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41400-41411. [PMID: 36040859 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling and antibacterial surfaces that can prevent nonspecific biological adhesion are important to support a myriad of biomedical applications. In this study, we have used an innovative photopolymerization technology to develop sulfur-containing polymer-grafted antifouling and antibacterial surfaces. The relationship between the hydrophilic property and the capability to resist protein and macrophage adsorption of the surface copolymer brushes was investigated. The sulfide monomer incorporated into the surface copolymer brushes can be further ionized to carry positive charges and impart antibacterial activity, leading to surfaces with dual antifouling and antibacterial functions. We believe that the reported sulfur-containing polymer brushes can be considered an emerging and important polymer for antifouling and antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yixin Chang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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8
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Olszewski M, Jeong J, Szczepaniak G, Li S, Enciso A, Murata H, Averick S, Kapil K, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Sulfoxide-Containing Polyacrylamides Prepared by PICAR ATRP for Biohybrid Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1091-1096. [PMID: 35998359 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble and biocompatible polymers are of interest in biomedicine as the search for alternatives to PEG-based materials becomes more important. In this work, the synthesis of a new sulfoxide-containing monomer, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylamide (MSEAM), is reported. Well-defined polymers were prepared by photoinduced initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (PICAR ATRP). The polymerizations were performed in water under biologically relevant conditions in a small volume without degassing the reaction mixture. DNA-PMSEAM and protein-PMSEAM hybrids were also synthesized. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PMSEAM was estimated to be approximately 170 °C by extrapolating the LCST for a series of copolymers with variable content of N-isopropylacrylamide. The cytotoxicity studies showed excellent biocompatibility of PMSEAM, even at concentrations up to 2.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the MSEAM monomer exhibited relatively lower toxicity than similar (meth)acrylate-based monomers at comparable concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sipei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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9
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Chang Y, Wang Q, Xu W, Huang X, Xu X, Han FY, Qiao R, Ediriweera GR, Peng H, Fu C, Liu K, Whittaker AK. Low-Fouling Gold Nanorod Theranostic Agents Enabled by a Sulfoxide Polymer Coating. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3866-3874. [PMID: 35977724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are widely used in various biomedical applications such as disease imaging and therapy due to their unique plasmonic properties. To improve their bioavailability, GNRs often need to be coated with hydrophilic polymers so as to impart stealth properties. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been long used as such a coating material for GNRs. However, there is increasing acknowledgement that the amphiphilic nature of PEG facilitates its interaction with protein molecules, leading to immune recognition and consequent side effects. This has motivated the search for new classes of low-fouling polymers with high hydrophilicity as alternative low-fouling surface coating materials for GNRs. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and application of GNRs coated with highly hydrophilic sulfoxide-containing polymers. We investigated the effect of the sulfoxide polymer coating on the cellular uptake and in vivo circulation time of the GNRs and compared these properties with pegylated GNR counterparts. The photothermal effect and photoacoustic imaging of these polymer-coated GNRs were also explored, and the results show that these GNRs are promising as nanotheranostic particles for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Weizhi Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xumin Huang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Felicity Y Han
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gayathri R Ediriweera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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10
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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11
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Allijn I, du Preez N, Tasior M, Bansal R, Stamatialis D. One-Step Fabrication of Porous Membrane-Based Scaffolds by Air-Water Interfacial Phase Separation: Opportunities for Engineered Tissues. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:453. [PMID: 35629779 PMCID: PMC9145851 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Common methods for fabricating membrane-based scaffolds for tissue engineering with (hydrophobic) polymers include thermal or liquid-phase inversion, sintering, particle leaching, electrospinning and stereolithography. However, these methods have limitations, such as low resolution and pore interconnectivity and may often require the application of high temperatures and/or toxic porogens, additives or solvents. In this work, we aim to overcome some of these limitations and propose a one-step method to produce large porous membrane-based scaffolds formed by air-water interfacial phase separation using water as a pore-forming agent and casting substrate. Here, we provide proof of concept using poly (trimethylene carbonate), a flexible and biocompatible hydrophobic polymer. Membrane-based scaffolds were prepared by dropwise addition of the polymer solution to water. Upon contact, rapid solvent-non-solvent phase separation took place on the air-water interface, after which the scaffold was cured by UV irradiation. We can tune and control the morphology of these scaffolds, including pore size and porosity, by changing various parameters, including polymer concentration, solvent type and temperature. Importantly, human hepatic stellate cells cultured on these membrane-based scaffolds remained viable and showed no signs of pro-inflammatory stress. These results indicate that the proposed air-water interfacial phase separation represents a versatile method for creating porous membrane-based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Allijn
- Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, TechMed Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (N.d.P.); (M.T.); (D.S.)
| | - Nikola du Preez
- Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, TechMed Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (N.d.P.); (M.T.); (D.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Tasior
- Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, TechMed Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (N.d.P.); (M.T.); (D.S.)
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, TechMed Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, TechMed Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (N.d.P.); (M.T.); (D.S.)
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12
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Zhang Y, Fu L, Jeon SJ, Yan J, Giraldo JP, Matyjaszewski K, Tilton RD, Lowry GV. Star Polymers with Designed Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Agent Delivery Functionality Promote Plant Stress Tolerance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4467-4478. [PMID: 35179875 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant abiotic stress induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in leaves that can decrease photosynthetic performance and crop yield. Materials that scavenge ROS and simultaneously provide nutrients in vivo are needed to manage this stress. Here, we incorporated both ROS scavenging and ROS triggered agent release functionality into an ∼20 nm ROS responsive star polymer (RSP) poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly((2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate)-co-(2-(methylthio)ethyl acrylate)) (PAA-b-P(MSEA-co-MTEA)) that alleviated plant stress by simultaneous ROS scavenging and nutrient agent release. Hyperspectral imaging indicates that all of the RSP penetrates through the tomato leaf epidermis, and 32.7% of the applied RSP associates with chloroplasts in mesophyll. RSP scavenged up to 10 μmol mg-1 ROS in vitro and suppressed ROS in vivo in stressed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. Reaction of the RSP with H2O2in vitro enhanced the release of nutrient agent (Mg2+) from star polymers. Foliar applied RSP increased photosynthesis in plants under heat and light stress compared to untreated controls, enhancing the carbon assimilation, quantum yield of CO2 assimilation, Rubisco carboxylation rate, and photosystem II quantum yield. Mg loaded RSP improved photosynthesis in Mg deficient plants, mainly by promoting Rubisco activity. These results indicate the potential of ROS scavenging nanocarriers like RSP to alleviate abiotic stress in crop plants, allowing crop plants to be more resilient to heat stress, and potentially other climate change induced abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Su-Ji Jeon
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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13
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Panchal SS, Vasava DV. Fabricating approaches for synthesis of miktoarm star-shaped polymers having tailored biodegradability. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1981319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi S. Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dilip V. Vasava
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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14
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Qi X, Yan H, Li Y. ATRP-based synthesis of a pH-sensitive amphiphilic block polymer and its self-assembled micelles with hollow mesoporous silica as DOX carriers for controlled drug release. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29986-29996. [PMID: 35480284 PMCID: PMC9040921 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03899k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)-based synthesis of a pH-sensitive fluorescent polymer (PSDMA-b-POEGMA) was successfully prepared using 3,6-dibromo-isobutyramide acridine (DIA), an initiator with a fluorescent chromophore, to initiate a lipophilic monomer 2-styryl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl methacrylate (SDMA) and a hydrophilic monomer oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (OEGMA), which contained a cinnamic aldehyde acetal structure. With the addition of hollow mesoporous silicon (HMS@C18), the pH-sensitive core–shell nanoparticles (HMS@C18@PSDMA-b-POEGMA) were developed via a self-assembly process as carriers for the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) for drug loading and controlled release. The nanocomposites showed a higher drug loading capacity which was much higher than that observed using common micelles. At the same time, the polymer coated on the surface of the nanoparticles contains the fluorescent segment of an initiator, which can be used for fluorescence contrast of the cells. The nanocomposite carrier selectively inhibits human melanoma cell A375 relative to human normal fibroblasts GM. The in vitro results suggested that a smart pH sensitive nanoparticles drug delivery system was successfully prepared for potential applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. A pH-sensitive core–shell nanoparticle (HMS@C18@PSDMA-b-POEGMA) was developed via a self-assembly process as the carrier of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) for drug loading and controlled release.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Qi
- Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering 33 Gehu Road Changzhou Jiangsu China +86 519 86332160 +86 519 86332160
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering 33 Gehu Road Changzhou Jiangsu China +86 519 86332160 +86 519 86332160
| | - Yingxue Li
- Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering 33 Gehu Road Changzhou Jiangsu China +86 519 86332160 +86 519 86332160
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15
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Zhang Y, Fu L, Li S, Yan J, Sun M, Giraldo JP, Matyjaszewski K, Tilton RD, Lowry GV. Star Polymer Size, Charge Content, and Hydrophobicity Affect their Leaf Uptake and Translocation in Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10758-10768. [PMID: 34283571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Determination of how the properties of nanocarriers of agrochemicals affect their uptake and translocation in plants would enable more efficient agent delivery. Here, we synthesized star polymer nanocarriers poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PAA-b-PMSEA) and poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly((2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate)-co-(2-(methylthio)ethyl acrylate)) (PAA-b-P(MSEA-co-MTEA)) with well-controlled sizes (from 6 to 35 nm), negative charge content (from 17% to 83% PAA), and hydrophobicity and quantified their leaf uptake, phloem loading, and distribution in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants 3 days after foliar application of 20 μL of a 1g L-1 star polymer solution. In spite of their property differences, ∼30% of the applied star polymers translocated to other plant organs, higher than uptake of conventional foliar applied agrochemicals (<5%). The property differences affected their distribution in the plant. The ∼6 nm star polymers exhibited 3 times higher transport to younger leaves than larger ones, while the ∼35 nm star polymer had over 2 times higher transport to roots than smaller ones, suggesting small star polymers favor symplastic unloading in young leaves, while larger polymers favor apoplastic unloading in roots. For the same sized star polymer, a smaller negative charge content (yielding ζ ∼ -12 mV) enhanced translocation to young leaves and roots, whereas a larger negative charge (ζ < -26 mV) had lower mobility. Hydrophobicity only affected leaf uptake pathways, but not translocation. This study can help design agrochemical nanocarriers for efficient foliar uptake and targeting to desired plant organs, which may decrease agrochemical use and environmental impacts of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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16
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Choi J, Lee H. Thermoresponsive Sulfone and Sulfoxide‐Containing Polyacrylamides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry University of Ulsan Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung‐il Lee
- Department of Chemistry University of Ulsan Ulsan Republic of Korea
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17
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Infante Teixeira L, Landfester K, Thérien-Aubin H. Selective Oxidation of Polysulfide Latexes to Produce Polysulfoxide and Polysulfone in a Waterborne Environment. Macromolecules 2021; 54:3659-3667. [PMID: 34083842 PMCID: PMC8161668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymers containing sulfur centers with high oxidation states in the main chain, polysulfoxide and polysulfone, display desirable properties such as thermomechanical and chemical stability. To circumvent their challenging direct synthesis, methods based on the oxidation of a parent polysulfide have been developed but are plagued by uncontrolled reactions, leading either to ill-defined mixtures of polysulfoxides and polysulfones or to polysulfones with reduced degrees of polymerization due to overoxidation of the polymer. We developed an alternative method to produce well-defined polysulfoxide and polysulfone in a waterborne colloidal emulsion using different oxidants to control the oxidation state of sulfur in the final materials. The direct oxidation of water-based polysulfide latexes avoided the use of volatile organic solvents and allowed for the control of the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms. Oxidation of parent polysulfides by tert-butyl hydroperoxide led to the production of pure polysulfoxides, even after 70 days of reaction time. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide produced both species through the course of the reaction but yielded fully converted polysulfones after 24 h. By employing mild oxidants, our approach controlled the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms in the final sulfur-containing polymer and prevented any overoxidation, thus ensuring the integrity of the polymer chains and colloidal stability of the system. We also verified the selectivity, versatility, and robustness of the method by applying it to polysulfides of different chemical compositions and structures. The universality demonstrated by this method makes it a powerful yet simple platform for the design of sulfur-containing polymers and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for
Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Geven M, d'Arcy R, Turhan ZY, El-Mohtadi F, Alshamsan A, Tirelli N. Sulfur-based oxidation-responsive polymers. Chemistry, (chemically selective) responsiveness and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Lathwal S, Yerneni SS, Boye S, Muza UL, Takahashi S, Sugimoto N, Lederer A, Das SR, Campbell PG, Matyjaszewski K. Engineering exosome polymer hybrids by atom transfer radical polymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020241118. [PMID: 33384328 PMCID: PMC7812758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020241118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as ideal drug delivery vehicles due to their biological origin and ability to transfer cargo between cells. However, rapid clearance of exogenous exosomes from the circulation as well as aggregation of exosomes and shedding of surface proteins during storage limit their clinical translation. Here, we demonstrate highly controlled and reversible functionalization of exosome surfaces with well-defined polymers that modulate the exosome's physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Using cholesterol-modified DNA tethers and complementary DNA block copolymers, exosome surfaces were engineered with different biocompatible polymers. Additionally, polymers were directly grafted from the exosome surface using biocompatible photo-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). These exosome polymer hybrids (EPHs) exhibited enhanced stability under various storage conditions and in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. Tuning of the polymer length and surface loading allowed precise control over exosome surface interactions, cellular uptake, and preserved bioactivity. EPHs show fourfold higher blood circulation time without altering tissue distribution profiles. Our results highlight the potential of precise nanoengineering of exosomes toward developing advanced drug and therapeutic delivery systems using modern ATRP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- The Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Susanne Boye
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Upenyu L Muza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Shuntaro Takahashi
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research, Konan University, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research, Konan University, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- The Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Phil G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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20
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Xu X, Huang X, Chang Y, Yu Y, Zhao J, Isahak N, Teng J, Qiao R, Peng H, Zhao CX, Davis TP, Fu C, Whittaker AK. Antifouling Surfaces Enabled by Surface Grafting of Highly Hydrophilic Sulfoxide Polymer Brushes. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:330-339. [PMID: 33305948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antifouling surfaces are important in a broad range of applications. An effective approach to antifouling surfaces is to covalently attach antifouling polymer brushes. This work reports the synthesis of a new class of antifouling polymer brushes based on highly hydrophilic sulfoxide polymers by surface-initiated photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. The sulfoxide polymer brushes are able to effectively reduce nonspecific adsorption of proteins and cells, demonstrating remarkable antifouling properties. Given the outstanding antifouling behavior of the sulfoxide polymers and versatility of surface-initiated PET-RAFT technology, this work presents a useful and general approach to engineering various material surfaces with antifouling properties, for potential biomedical applications in areas such as tissue engineering, medical implants, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xumin Huang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yixin Chang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ye Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiacheng Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Naatasha Isahak
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jisi Teng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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21
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Qiao R, Fu C, Li Y, Qi X, Ni D, Nandakumar A, Siddiqui G, Wang H, Zhang Z, Wu T, Zhong J, Tang S, Pan S, Zhang C, Whittaker MR, Engle JW, Creek DJ, Caruso F, Ke PC, Cai W, Whittaker AK, Davis TP. Sulfoxide-Containing Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles Demonstrate Minimal Protein Fouling and Improved Blood Circulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000406. [PMID: 32670765 PMCID: PMC7341081 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Minimizing the interaction of nanomedicines with the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) is a critical challenge for their clinical translation. Conjugating polyethylene glycol (PEG) to nanomedicines is regarded as an effective approach to reducing the sequestration of nanomedicines by the MPS. However, recent concerns about the immunogenicity of PEG highlight the demand of alternative low-fouling polymers as innovative coating materials for nanoparticles. Herein, a highly hydrophilic sulfoxide-containing polymer-poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PMSEA)-is used for the surface coating of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). It is found that the PMSEA polymer coated IONPs have a more hydrophilic surface than their PEGylated counterparts, and demonstrate remarkably reduced macrophage cellular uptake and much less association with human plasma proteins. In vivo study of biodistribution and pharmacokinetics further reveals a much-extended blood circulation (≈2.5 times longer in terms of elimination half-life t 1/2) and reduced accumulation (approximately two times less) in the organs such as the liver and spleen for IONPs coated by PMSEA than those by PEG. It is envisaged that the highly hydrophilic sulfoxide-containing polymers have huge potential to be employed as an advantageous alternative to PEG for the surface functionalization of a variety of nanoparticles for long circulation and improved delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Qiao
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Yuhuan Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Aparna Nandakumar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Ghizal Siddiqui
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute for HepatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseaseShenzhen Third People's HospitalGuangdong ProvinceShenzhen518112China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for HepatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseaseShenzhen Third People's HospitalGuangdong ProvinceShenzhen518112China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Food Science & TechnologyShanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai201306China
| | - Jian Zhong
- College of Food Science & TechnologyShanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai201306China
| | - Shi‐Yang Tang
- Department of ElectronicElectrical and Systems EngineeringSchool of EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Shuaijun Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technologyand the Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Cheng Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technologyand the Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Pu Chun Ke
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
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22
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Yu Y, Xu W, Huang X, Xu X, Qiao R, Li Y, Han F, Peng H, Davis TP, Fu C, Whittaker AK. Proteins Conjugated with Sulfoxide-Containing Polymers Show Reduced Macrophage Cellular Uptake and Improved Pharmacokinetics. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:799-805. [PMID: 35648529 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The conjugation of hydrophilic polymers to proteins is an effective approach to prolonging their circulation time in the bloodstream and, hence, improving their delivery to the target region of interest. In this work, we report the synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates using a highly water-soluble sulfoxide-containing polymer, poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PMSEA), through a combination of "grafting-to" and "grafting-from" methods. Oligomeric MSEA was synthesized by conventional reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and subsequently conjugated to lysozyme to produce a macromolecular chain transfer agent. This was followed by a visible light-mediated chain extension polymerization of MSEA to obtain a lysozyme-PMSEA conjugate (Lyz-PMSEA). It was found that the Lyz-PMSEA conjugate exhibited much reduced macrophage cellular uptake compared with unmodified and PEGylated lysozyme. Moreover, the Lyz-PMSEA conjugate was able to circulate longer in the bloodstream, demonstrating significantly improved pharmacokinetics demanded for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuhuan Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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23
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Chakma P, Morley CN, Sparks JL, Konkolewicz D. Exploring How Vitrimer-like Properties Can Be Achieved from Dissociative Exchange in Anilinium Salts. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Colleen N. Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jessica L. Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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24
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Ngulube R, Oderinde O, Kalulu M, Pan R, Ejeromedoghene O, Li N, Zhou J. Designing a robust recyclable tricopolymer poly(ionic liquid) macroligand for copper-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization in non-aqueous biphasic systems. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a robust thermoregulated poly(ionic liquid) macroligand was designed, synthesized and applied in an ICAR-based ATRP-TPSC system with efficient recycling/reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ngulube
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material
- Nanjing 210042
- China
| | - Olayinka Oderinde
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material
- Nanjing 210042
- China
| | - Mulenga Kalulu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material
- Nanjing 210042
- China
| | - Rui Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material
- Nanjing 210042
- China
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material
- Nanjing 210042
- China
| | - Naixu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material
- Nanjing 210042
- China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material
- Nanjing 210042
- China
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25
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Işık D, Quaas E, Klinger D. Thermo- and oxidation-sensitive poly(meth)acrylates based on alkyl sulfoxides: dual-responsive homopolymers from one functional group. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl sulfoxide side groups introduce thermo- and oxidation-sensitivity into poly(meth)acrylates, thus realizing new dual-responsive homopolymers based on one functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğuş Işık
- Institute of Pharmacy
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Elisa Quaas
- Institute of Chemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Institute of Pharmacy
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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26
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El Mohtadi F, d'Arcy R, Yang X, Turhan ZY, Alshamsan A, Tirelli N. Main Chain Polysulfoxides as Active 'Stealth' Polymers with Additional Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4583. [PMID: 31533205 PMCID: PMC6770853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the evaluation of a sulfoxide-based polymer (poly(propylene sulfoxide), PPSO) as a potential 'stealth' macromolecule, and at the same time as a pharmacologically active (anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant) material. The combination of these two concepts may at first seem peculiar since the gold standard polymer in biomaterials and drug delivery, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), is 'stealth' due to its chemical and biological inertness, which makes it hardly biologically active. Polysulfoxides, on the contrary, may couple a substantial inertness towards biomolecules under homeostatic conditions, with the possibility to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated to inflammation. Polysulfoxides, therefore, are rather uniquely, 'active' 'stealth' polymers. Here, we describe the synthesis of PPSO through controlled oxidation of poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS), which on its turn was obtained via anionic ring-opening polymerization. In vitro, PPSO was characterized by a low toxicity (IC50 ~7 mg/mL at 24 h on human dermal fibroblasts) and a level of complement activation (in human plasma) and macrophage uptake slightly lower than PEG of a similar size. Importantly, and differently from PEG, on LPS-activated macrophages, PPSO showed a strong and dose-dependent ROS (hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite)-scavenging activity, which resulted in a corresponding reduction of cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah El Mohtadi
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Richard d'Arcy
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zulfiye Yesim Turhan
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Nanobiotechnology Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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27
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Olszewski M, Li L, Xie G, Keith A, Sheiko SS, Matyjaszewski K. Degradable cellulose‐based polymer brushes with controlled grafting densities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Lingchun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Guojun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Andrew Keith
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599‐3290
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599‐3290
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
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28
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Michieletto A, Lorandi F, De Bon F, Isse AA, Gennaro A. Biocompatible polymers via aqueous electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
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29
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30
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Sun Y, Lathwal S, Wang Y, Fu L, Olszewski M, Fantin M, Enciso AE, Szczepaniak G, Das S, Matyjaszewski K. Preparation of Well-Defined Polymers and DNA-Polymer Bioconjugates via Small-Volume eATRP in the Presence of Air. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:603-609. [PMID: 35619358 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was performed in a small volume solution (75 μL) deposited on a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The reaction was open to air, thanks to the use of glucose oxidase (GOx) as an oxygen scavenger. Well-defined poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PMSEA), poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEOMA), and corresponding DNA-polymer biohybrids were synthesized by the small-volume eATRP at room temperature. The reactions were simplified and polymerization rates increased by the application of the enzyme deoxygenating system and the compact electrochemical setup. Importantly, the volume of polymerization mixture was lowered to microliters, which not only decreases the cost for each reaction, but can also be potentially implemented in combinatorial chemistry and electrode-array configurations for high-throughput systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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31
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Navarro LA, Enciso AE, Matyjaszewski K, Zauscher S. Enzymatically Degassed Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Real-Time Monitoring. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3100-3109. [PMID: 30674187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymer brush coatings are frequently prepared by radical polymerization, a notoriously oxygen sensitive process. Glucose oxidase (GOx) can inexpensively enable radical polymerization in solution by enzymatically consuming oxygen as it oxidizes glucose. Here, we report the growth of polymeric brushes using GOx-assisted atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a surface while open to air. Specifically, we grew a set of biomedically relevant polymer brushes, including poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEGMA), poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA), and poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate (PMSEA). For each of these polymers, we monitored GOx-assisted and GOx-free ATRP reaction kinetics in real time using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and verified findings with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). We modeled brush growth kinetics considering bimolecular termination. This model fit our data well ( r2 > 0.987 for all samples) and shows the addition of GOx increased effective kinetic chain lengths, propagation rates, and reproducibility. We tested the antifouling properties of the polymer brush coatings against human blood plasma and were surprised to find that coatings prepared with GOx repelled more plasma proteins in all cases than their GOx-free counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Navarro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , 101 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , 101 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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32
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Sun Y, Fu L, Olszewski M, Matyjaszewski K. ATRP of
N
‐Hydroxyethyl Acrylamide in the Presence of Lewis Acids: Control of Tacticity, Molecular Weight, and Architecture. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800877. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian 116029 China
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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33
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Seidi F, Shamsabadi AA, Amini M, Shabanian M, Crespy D. Functional materials generated by allying cyclodextrin-based supramolecular chemistry with living polymerization. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin molecules are cyclic oligosaccharides that display a unique structure including an inner side and two faces on their outer sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | | | - Mojtaba Amini
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Maragheh
- Maragheh
- Iran
| | - Meisam Shabanian
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering
- Standard Research Institute (SRI)
- Karaj
- Iran
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
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34
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El-Mohtadi F, d'Arcy R, Tirelli N. Oxidation-Responsive Materials: Biological Rationale, State of the Art, Multiple Responsiveness, and Open Issues. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800699. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah El-Mohtadi
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Biology; Medicine, and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Richard d'Arcy
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Biology; Medicine, and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
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35
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Kovaliov M, Cohen-Karni D, Burridge KA, Mambelli D, Sloane S, Daman N, Xu C, Guth J, Kenneth Wickiser J, Tomycz N, Page RC, Konkolewicz D, Averick S. Grafting strategies for the synthesis of active DNase I polymer biohybrids. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Ljubic D, Luo ZH, Zhu S. Mechanically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Exploring Its Potential at High Conversions. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L7
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200240
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L7
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200240
| | - Darko Ljubic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200240
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L7
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China 518172
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37
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Li S, Omi M, Cartieri F, Konkolewicz D, Mao G, Gao H, Averick SE, Mishina Y, Matyjaszewski K. Cationic Hyperbranched Polymers with Biocompatible Shells for siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3754-3765. [PMID: 30148627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cationic hyperbranched polymers (HBP) were prepared by self-condensing vinyl polymerization of an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) inimer containing a quaternary ammonium group. Two types of biocompatible shells, poly(oligoethylene glycol) methacrylate (polyOEGMA) and poly(2-(methylsulfinyl) ethyl methacrylate) (polyDMSO), were grafted respectively from HBP core to form core-shell structures with low molecular weight dispersity and high biocompatibility, polyOEGMA-HBP and polyDMSO-HBP. Both of the structures showed low cytotoxicity and good siRNA complexing ability. The efficacy of gene silencing against Runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2) expression and the long-term assessment of mineralized nodule formation in osteoblast cultures were evaluated. The biocompatible core-shell structures were crucial to minimizing undesired cytotoxicity and nonspecific gene suppression. polyDMSO-HBP showed higher efficacy of forming polyplexes than polyOEGMA-HBP due to shell with lower steric hindrance. Overall, the gene silencing efficiency of both core-shell structures was comparable to commercial agent Lipofectamine, indicating long-term potential for gene silencing to treat heterotopic ossification (HO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipei Li
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Maiko Omi
- Department of Biological and Materials Sciences , University of Michigan , 1011 N. University , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Francis Cartieri
- Allegheny Health Network - Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab , 320 E. North Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15212 , United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Miami University , 651 E. High Street , Oxford , Ohio 45056 , United States
| | - Gordon Mao
- Allegheny Health Network - Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab , 320 E. North Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15212 , United States
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , 305C McCourtney Hall , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Saadyah E Averick
- Allegheny Health Network - Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab , 320 E. North Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15212 , United States
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biological and Materials Sciences , University of Michigan , 1011 N. University , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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38
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Fu C, Zhang C, Peng H, Han F, Baker C, Wu Y, Ta H, Whittaker AK. Enhanced Performance of Polymeric 19F MRI Contrast Agents through Incorporation of Highly Water-Soluble Monomer MSEA. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Yan J, Li S, Cartieri F, Wang Z, Hitchens TK, Leonardo J, Averick SE, Matyjaszewski K. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Grafted Polymeric Analogue of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Potential Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21901-21908. [PMID: 29889490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel water-dispersible hybrid iron oxide nanoparticles grafted with a polymeric analogue of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were prepared. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with immobilized atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators were prepared via an in situ method using 12-(2-bromoisobutyramido)dodecanoic acid as a surface ligand/initiator. The initiator-functionalized particles were employed in a surface-initiated initiator for continuous activator regeneration ATRP to graft poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (a polyacrylate analogue of DMSO) from the surface. The resulting hybrid nanoparticles showed a high magnetic relaxivity ratio ( r2/ r1) of 600 at 7 T in fetal bovine serum, and a good biocompatibility up to 1000 mg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Sipei Li
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Francis Cartieri
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab , Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15212 , United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center and Department of Neurobiology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15203 , United States
| | - Jody Leonardo
- Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15212 , United States
| | - Saadyah E Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab , Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15212 , United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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40
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Synthesis of lipase polymer hybrids with retained or enhanced activity using the grafting-from strategy. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Xu S, Ng G, Xu J, Kuchel RP, Yeow J, Boyer C. 2-(Methylthio)ethyl Methacrylate: A Versatile Monomer for Stimuli Responsiveness and Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in the Presence of Air. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1237-1244. [PMID: 35650777 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we investigate the photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of 2-(methylthio)ethyl methacrylate (MTEMA) using 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphine zinc (ZnTPP) as a photocatalyst under visible red light (λmax = 635 nm). Interestingly, the polymerization kinetics were not affected by the presence of air as near identical polymerization kinetics were observed for non-deoxygenated and deoxygenated systems, which is attributed to the singlet oxygen quenching ability of MTEMA. In both cases, well-defined polymers were obtained with good control over the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (MWD). Furthermore, we have demonstrated that MTEMA can undergo the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) process from a poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) to yield well-defined polymeric nanoparticles of various morphologies. These nanoparticles were rapidly disassembled after exposure to visible light due to the formation of singlet oxygen by the encapsulated ZnTPP and subsequent rapid oxidation of the thioether group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Yang Y, Chen F, Chen Q, He J, Bu T, He X. Synthesis and characterization of grafting polystyrene from guar gum using atom transfer radical addition. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:266-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yang DP, Oo MNNL, Deen GR, Li Z, Loh XJ. Nano-Star-Shaped Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28895248 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the advancement of polymer engineering, complex star-shaped polymer architectures can be synthesized with ease, bringing about a host of unique properties and applications. The polymer arms can be functionalized with different chemical groups to fine-tune the response behavior or be endowed with targeting ligands or stimuli responsive moieties to control its physicochemical behavior and self-organization in solution. Rheological properties of these solutions can be modulated, which also facilitates the control of the diffusion of the drug from these star-based nanocarriers. However, these star-shaped polymers designed for drug delivery are still in a very early stage of development. Due to the sheer diversity of macromolecules that can take on the star architectures and the various combinations of functional groups that can be cross-linked together, there remain many structure-property relationships which have yet to be fully established. This review aims to provide an introductory perspective on the basic synthetic methods of star-shaped polymers, the properties which can be controlled by the unique architecture, and also recent advances in drug delivery applications related to these star candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Ma Nwe Nwe Linn Oo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Gulam Roshan Deen
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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