1
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Patel M, Vernon B, Jeong B. Low-Molecular-Weight PEGs for Cryopreservation of Stem Cell Spheroids. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0037. [PMID: 38845843 PMCID: PMC11156479 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell spheroids (SCSs) are a valuable tool in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. SCSs provide a platform for stem cell behavior in a more biologically relevant context with enhanced cell-cell communications. In this study, we investigated the recovery of SCSs after cryopreservation at -196 °C for 7 days. Prior to cryopreservation, the SCSs were preincubated for 0 h (no preincubation), 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h at 37 °C in the presence of low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with molecular weights of 200, 400, and 600 Da. The recovery rate of SCSs was markedly affected by both the PEG molecular weight and the preincubation time. Specifically, when SCSs were preincubated with a PEG200 solution for 2 to 6 h, it significantly enhanced the recovery rate of the SCSs. Internalization of PEG200 through simple diffusion into the SCSs may be the cryoprotective mechanism. The PEG200 diffuses into the SCSs, which not only suppresses osmotic pressure development inside the cell but also inhibits ice formation. The recovered SCSs demonstrated both fusibility and capabilities for proliferation and differentiation comparable to SCSs recovered after dimethyl sulfoxide 10% cryopreservation. This study indicates that PEG200 serves as an effective cryoprotectant for SCSs. A simple preincubation procedure in the presence of the polymer greatly improves the recovery rate of SCSs from cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience,
Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Brent Vernon
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering,
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709, USA
| | - Byeongmoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience,
Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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2
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Minne M, Terrie L, Wüst R, Hasevoets S, Vanden Kerchove K, Nimako K, Lambrichts I, Thorrez L, Declercq H. Generating human skeletal myoblast spheroids for vascular myogenic tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025035. [PMID: 38437715 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad2fd5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Engineered myogenic microtissues derived from human skeletal myoblasts offer unique opportunities for varying skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications, such asin vitrodrug-testing and disease modelling. However, more complex models require the incorporation of vascular structures, which remains to be challenging. In this study, myogenic spheroids were generated using a high-throughput, non-adhesive micropatterned surface. Since monoculture spheroids containing human skeletal myoblasts were unable to remain their integrity, co-culture spheroids combining human skeletal myoblasts and human adipose-derived stem cells were created. When using the optimal ratio, uniform and viable spheroids with enhanced myogenic properties were achieved. Applying a pre-vascularization strategy, through addition of endothelial cells, resulted in the formation of spheroids containing capillary-like networks, lumina and collagen in the extracellular matrix, whilst retaining myogenicity. Moreover, sprouting of endothelial cells from the spheroids when encapsulated in fibrin was allowed. The possibility of spheroids, from different maturation stages, to assemble into a more large construct was proven by doublet fusion experiments. The relevance of using three-dimensional microtissues with tissue-specific microarchitecture and increased complexity, together with the high-throughput generation approach, makes the generated spheroids a suitable tool forin vitrodrug-testing and human disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendy Minne
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lisanne Terrie
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Wüst
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Steffie Hasevoets
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kato Vanden Kerchove
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kakra Nimako
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
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3
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Thai VL, Mierswa S, Griffin KH, Boerckel JD, Leach JK. Mechanoregulation of MSC spheroid immunomodulation. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:016116. [PMID: 38435468 PMCID: PMC10908560 DOI: 10.1063/5.0184431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely used in cell-based therapies and tissue regeneration for their potent secretome, which promotes host cell recruitment and modulates inflammation. Compared to monodisperse cells, MSC spheroids exhibit improved viability and increased secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines. While mechanical stimulation of monodisperse cells can increase cytokine production, the influence of mechanical loading on MSC spheroids is unknown. Here, we evaluated the effect of controlled, uniaxial cyclic compression on the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines by human MSC spheroids and tested the influence of load-induced gene expression on MSC mechanoresponsiveness. We exposed MSC spheroids, entrapped in alginate hydrogels, to three cyclic compressive regimes with varying stress (L) magnitudes (i.e., 5 and 10 kPa) and hold (H) durations (i.e., 30 and 250 s) L5H30, L10H30, and L10H250. We observed changes in cytokine and chemokine expression dependent on the loading regime, where higher stress regimes tended to result in more exaggerated changes. However, only MSC spheroids exposed to L10H30 induced human THP-1 macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype compared to static conditions. Static and L10H30 loading facilitated a strong, interlinked F-actin arrangement, while L5H30 and L10H250 disrupted the structure of actin filaments. This was further examined when the actin cytoskeleton was disrupted via Y-27632. We observed downregulation of YAP-related genes, and the levels of secreted inflammatory cytokines were globally decreased. These findings emphasize the essential role of mechanosignaling in mediating the immunomodulatory potential of MSC spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1 916 734 8965
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4
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Liu H, Ye J, Hu H, Song Y, Qiang H, Wang J, Zhou L, Wang X, Fei X, Zhu M. 3D stem cell spheroids with urchin-like hydroxyapatite microparticles enhance osteogenesis of stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1232-1243. [PMID: 38165170 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cell therapy (also known as cell transplantation) has been considered promising as a next-generation living-cell therapy strategy to surpass the effects of traditional drugs. However, their practical clinical uses and product conversion are hampered by the unsatisfied viability and efficacy of the transplanted cells. Herein, we propose a synergistic enhancement strategy to address these issues by constructing 3D stem cell spheroids integrated with urchin-like hydroxyapatite microparticles (uHA). Specifically, cell-sized uHA microparticles were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method using glutamic acid (Glu, E) as the co-template with good biocompatibility and structural antimicrobial performance (denoted as E-uHA). Combining with a hanging drop method, stem cell spheroids integrated with E-uHA were successfully obtained by culturing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with a low concentration of the E-uHA suspensions (10 μg mL-1). The resulting composite spheroids of BMSCs/E-uHA deliver a high cellular viability, migration activity, and a superior osteogenic property compared to the 2D cultured counterpart or other BMSC spheroids. This work provides an effective strategy for integrating a secondary bio-functional component into stem cell spheroids for designing more cell therapy options with boosted cellular viability and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hui Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yuheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Huijun Qiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xuefen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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5
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Johnson N, Filler AC, Sethi A, Smith LR, Leach JK. Skeletal Muscle Spheroids as Building Blocks for Engineered Muscle Tissue. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:497-506. [PMID: 38113146 PMCID: PMC10777344 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Spheroids exhibit enhanced cell-cell interactions that facilitate improved survival and mimic the physiological cellular environment in vivo. Cell spheroids have been successfully used as building blocks for engineered tissues, yet the viability of this approach with skeletal muscle spheroids is poorly understood, particularly when incorporated into three-dimensional (3D) constructs. Bioprinting is a promising strategy to recapitulate the hierarchical organization of native tissue that is fundamental to its function. However, the influence of bioprinting on skeletal muscle cell spheroids and their function are yet to be interrogated. Using C2C12 mouse myoblasts and primary bovine muscle stem cells (MuSCs), we characterized spheroid formation as a function of duration and cell seeding density. We then investigated the potential of skeletal muscle spheroids entrapped in alginate bioink as tissue building blocks for bioprinting myogenic tissue. Both C2C12 and primary bovine MuSCs formed spheroids of similar sizes and remained viable after bioprinting. Spheroids of both cell types fused into larger tissue clusters over time within alginate and exhibited tissue formation comparable to monodisperse cells. Compared to monodisperse cells in alginate gels, C2C12 spheroids exhibited greater MyHC expression after 2 weeks, while cells within bovine MuSC spheroids displayed increased cell spreading. Both monodisperse and MuSC spheroids exhibited increased expression of genes denoting mid- and late-stage myogenic differentiation. Together, these data suggest that skeletal muscle spheroids have the potential for generating myogenic tissue via 3D bioprinting and reveal areas of research that could enhance myogenesis and myogenic differentiation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Johnson
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrea C. Filler
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Akash Sethi
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lucas R. Smith
- Department
of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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6
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Kirichuk O, Srimasorn S, Zhang X, Roberts ARE, Coche-Guerente L, Kwok JCF, Bureau L, Débarre D, Richter RP. Competitive Specific Anchorage of Molecules onto Surfaces: Quantitative Control of Grafting Densities and Contamination by Free Anchors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18410-18423. [PMID: 38049433 PMCID: PMC10734310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of surfaces decorated with biomacromolecules such as proteins, glycans, or nucleic acids with well-controlled orientations and densities is of critical importance for the design of in vitro models, e.g., synthetic cell membranes and interaction assays. To this effect, ligand molecules are often functionalized with an anchor that specifically binds to a surface with a high density of binding sites, providing control over the presentation of the molecules. Here, we present a method to robustly and quantitatively control the surface density of one or several types of anchor-bearing molecules by tuning the relative concentrations of target molecules and free anchors in the incubation solution. We provide a theoretical background that relates incubation concentrations to the final surface density of the molecules of interest and present effective guidelines toward optimizing incubation conditions for the quantitative control of surface densities. Focusing on the biotin anchor, a commonly used anchor for interaction studies, as a salient example, we experimentally demonstrate surface density control over a wide range of densities and target molecule sizes. Conversely, we show how the method can be adapted to quality control the purity of end-grafted biopolymers such as biotinylated glycosaminoglycans by quantifying the amount of residual free biotin reactant in the sample solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Kirichuk
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre
for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Université
Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sumitra Srimasorn
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre
for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre
for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Abigail R. E. Roberts
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre
for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Liliane Coche-Guerente
- Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, Université
Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Institute
of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lionel Bureau
- Université
Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Ralf P. Richter
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre
for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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7
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Wang H, Yin R, Chen X, Wu T, Bu Y, Yan H, Lin Q. Construction and Evaluation of Alginate Dialdehyde Grafted RGD Derivatives/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Cellulose Nanocrystals IPN Composite Hydrogels. Molecules 2023; 28:6692. [PMID: 37764467 PMCID: PMC10534451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance the mechanical strength and cell adhesion of alginate hydrogel, making it satisfy the requirements of an ideal tissue engineering scaffold, the grafting of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) polypeptide sequence onto the alginate molecular chain was conducted by oxidation of sodium periodate and subsequent reduction amination of 2-methylpyridine borane complex (2-PBC) to synthesize alginate dialdehyde grafted RGD derivatives (ADA-RGD) with good cellular affinity. The interpenetrating network (IPN) composite hydrogels of alginate/polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanocrystals (ALG/PVA/CNCs) were fabricated through a physical mixture of ion cross-linking of sodium alginate (SA) with hydroxyapatite/D-glucono-δ-lactone (HAP/GDL), and physical cross-linking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by a freezing/thawing method, using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the reinforcement agent. The effects of the addition of CNCs and different contents of PVA on the morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, swelling, biodegradability, and cell compatibility of the IPN composite hydrogels were investigated, and the effect of RGD grafting on the biological properties of the IPN composite hydrogels was also studied. The resultant IPN ALG/PVA/CNCs composite hydrogels exhibited good pore structure and regular 3D morphology, whose pore size and porosity could be regulated by adjusting PVA content and the addition of CNCs. By increasing the PVA content, the number of physical cross-linking points in PVA increased, resulting in greater stress support for the IPN composite hydrogels of ALG/PVA/CNCs and consequently improving their mechanical characteristics. The creation of the IPN ALG/PVA/CNCs composite hydrogels' physical cross-linking network through intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonding led to improved thermal resistance and reduced swelling and biodegradation rate. Conversely, the ADA-RGD/PVA/CNCs IPN composite hydrogels exhibited a quicker degradation rate, attributed to the elimination of ADA-RGD by alkali. The results of the in vitro cytocompatibility showed that ALG/0.5PVA/0.3%CNCs and ADA-RGD/PVA/0.3%CNCs composite hydrogels showed better proliferative activity in comparison with other composite hydrogels, while ALG/PVA/0.3%CNCs and ADA-RGD/PVA/0.3%CNCs composite hydrogels displayed obvious proliferation effects, indicating that PVA, CNCs, and ADA-RGD with good biocompatibility were conducive to cell proliferation and differentiation for the IPN composite hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (H.W.); (X.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ruhong Yin
- Hainan Hongta Cigarette Co., Ltd., Haikou 571100, China;
| | - Xiuqiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (H.W.); (X.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (H.W.); (X.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yanan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (H.W.); (X.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Huiqiong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (H.W.); (X.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (H.W.); (X.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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8
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Caprio ND, Burdick JA. Engineered biomaterials to guide spheroid formation, function, and fabrication into 3D tissue constructs. Acta Biomater 2023; 165:4-18. [PMID: 36167240 PMCID: PMC10928646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular spheroids are aggregates of cells that are being explored to address fundamental biological questions and as building blocks for engineered tissues. Spheroids possess distinct advantages over cellular monolayers or cell encapsulation in 3D natural and synthetic hydrogels, including direct cell-cell interactions and high cell densities, which better mimic aspects of many tissues. Despite these advantages, spheroid cultures often exhibit uncontrollable growth and may be too simplistic to mimic complex tissue structures. To address this, biomaterials are being leveraged to further expand the use of cellular spheroids for biomedical applications. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies that utilize engineered biomaterials to guide spheroid formation and function, as well as their fabrication into tissues for use as tissue models and for therapeutic applications. First, we describe biomaterial strategies that allow the high-throughput fabrication of homogeneously-sized spheroids. Next, we summarize how engineered biomaterials are introduced into spheroid cultures either internally as microparticles or externally as hydrogel microenvironments to influence spheroid behavior (e.g., differentiation, fusion). Lastly, we discuss a variety of biofabrication strategies (e.g., 3D bioprinting, melt electrowriting) that have been used to develop macroscale tissue models and implantable constructs through the guided assembly of spheroids. Overall, the goal of this review is to provide a summary of how biomaterials are currently being engineered and leveraged to support spheroids in biomedical applications, as well as to provide a future outlook of the field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cellular spheroids are becoming increasingly used as in vitro tissue models or as 'building blocks' for tissue engineering and repair strategies. Engineered biomaterials and their processing through biofabrication approaches are being leveraged to structurally support and guide spheroid processes. This review summarizes current approaches where such biomaterials are being used to guide spheroid formation, function, and fabrication into tissue constructs. As the field is rapidly expanding, we also provide an outlook on future directions and how new engineered biomaterials can be implemented to further the development of biofabricated spheroid-based tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Di Caprio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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9
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Shi W, Wu J, Pi Y, Yan X, Hu X, Cheng J, Yu H, Shao Z. E7 Peptide Enables BMSC Adhesion and Promotes Chondrogenic Differentiation of BMSCs Via the LncRNA H19/miR675 Axis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:781. [PMID: 37508808 PMCID: PMC10376115 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies based on utilizing endogenous BMSCs have been developed for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and ligaments. We previously found that E7 peptide (EPLQLKM) could enhance BMSC homing in bio-scaffolds and, therefore, promote cartilage regeneration. However, the profile and mechanisms of E7 peptide in cartilage regeneration remain elusive. In this study, we examined the effect of E7 peptide on the BMSC phenotype, including adhesion, viability and chondrogenic differentiation, and its underlying mechanism. The konjac glucomannan microsphere (KGM), a carrier material that is free of BMSC adhesion ability, was used as the solid base of E7 peptide to better explore the independent role of E7 peptide in BMSC behavior. The results showed that E7 peptide could support BMSC adhesion and viability in a comparable manner to RGD and promote superior chondrogenic differentiation to RGD. We examined differentially expressed genes of BMSCs induced by E7 compared to RGD. Subsequently, a real-time PCR validated the significantly upregulated expression of lncRNA H19, and the knockdown of lncRNA H19 or miR675, a downstream functional unit of H19, could significantly obscure the chondrogenic differentiation induced by E7. In conclusion, this study confirmed the independent role of E7 in the adhesion and viability of BMSCs and revealed the pro-chondrogenic effect of E7 on BMSCs via the H19/miR675 axis. These results could help establish new therapeutic strategies based on employing endogenous BMSCs for cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Shi
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiangyi Wu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yanbin Pi
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingran Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huilei Yu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenxing Shao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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10
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Liu J, Zhang Y, van Dongen K, Kennedy C, Schotman MJG, Marín San Román PP, Storm C, Dankers PYW, Sijbesma RP. Hepatic Spheroid Formation on Carbohydrate-Functionalized Supramolecular Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37246400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic supramolecular hydrogels, formed from bis-urea amphiphiles containing lactobionic acid (LBA) and maltobionic acid (MBA) bioactive ligands, are applied as cell culture matrices in vitro. Their fibrillary and dynamic nature mimics essential features of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The carbohydrate amphiphiles self-assemble into long supramolecular fibers in water, and hydrogels are formed by physical entanglement of fibers through bundling. Gels of both amphiphiles exhibit good self-healing behavior, but remarkably different stiffnesses. They display excellent bioactive properties in hepatic cell cultures. Both carbohydrate ligands used are proposed to bind to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) in hepatic cells, thus inducing spheroid formation when seeding hepatic HepG2 cells on both supramolecular hydrogels. Ligand nature, ligand density, and hydrogel stiffness influence cell migration and spheroid size and number. The results illustrate the potential of self-assembled, carbohydrate-functionalized hydrogels as matrices for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Kim van Dongen
- CytoSMART Technologies B.V., Vrijstraat 9B, Eindhoven 5611 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Kennedy
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike J G Schotman
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P Marín San Román
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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11
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Baghersad S, Sathish Kumar A, Kipper MJ, Popat K, Wang Z. Recent Advances in Tissue-Engineered Cardiac Scaffolds-The Progress and Gap in Mimicking Native Myocardium Mechanical Behaviors. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050269. [PMID: 37233379 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. Despite modern therapy, challenges remain to rescue the damaged organ that contains cells with a very low proliferation rate after birth. Developments in tissue engineering and regeneration offer new tools to investigate the pathology of cardiac diseases and develop therapeutic strategies for heart failure patients. Tissue -engineered cardiac scaffolds should be designed to provide structural, biochemical, mechanical, and/or electrical properties similar to native myocardium tissues. This review primarily focuses on the mechanical behaviors of cardiac scaffolds and their significance in cardiac research. Specifically, we summarize the recent development of synthetic (including hydrogel) scaffolds that have achieved various types of mechanical behavior-nonlinear elasticity, anisotropy, and viscoelasticity-all of which are characteristic of the myocardium and heart valves. For each type of mechanical behavior, we review the current fabrication methods to enable the biomimetic mechanical behavior, the advantages and limitations of the existing scaffolds, and how the mechanical environment affects biological responses and/or treatment outcomes for cardiac diseases. Lastly, we discuss the remaining challenges in this field and suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding of mechanical control over cardiac function and inspire better regenerative therapies for myocardial restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Baghersad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Abinaya Sathish Kumar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Matt J Kipper
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ketul Popat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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12
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Casella A, Panitch A, Leach JK. Electroconductive agarose hydrogels modulate mesenchymal stromal cell adhesion and spreading through protein adsorption. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:596-608. [PMID: 36680496 PMCID: PMC10023318 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive biomaterials direct cell behavior by capitalizing on the effect of bioelectricity in tissue homeostasis and healing. Many studies have leveraged conductive biomaterials to influence cells and improve tissue healing, even in the absence of external stimulation. However, most studies using electroactive materials neglect characterizing how the inclusion of conductive additives affects the material's mechanical properties, and the interplay between substrate electrical and mechanical properties on cell behavior is poorly understood. Furthermore, mechanisms dictating how electrically conductive materials affect cell behavior in the absence of external stimulation are not explicit. In this study, we developed a mechanically and electrically tunable conductive hydrogel using agarose and the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS. Under certain conditions, we observed that the hydrogel physical and electrical properties were decoupled. We then seeded human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) onto the hydrogels and observed enhanced adhesion and spreading of MSCs on conductive substrates, regardless of the hydrogel mechanical properties, and despite the gels having no cell-binding sites. To explain this observation, we measured protein interaction with the gels and found that charged proteins adsorbed significantly more to conductive hydrogels. These data demonstrate that conductivity promotes cell adhesion, likely by facilitating increased adsorption of proteins associated with cell binding, providing a better understanding of the mechanism of action of electrically conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Casella
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
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13
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Wu DT, Diba M, Yang S, Freedman BR, Elosegui‐Artola A, Mooney DJ. Hydrogel viscoelasticity modulates migration and fusion of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10464. [PMID: 37206235 PMCID: PMC10189430 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids made of stem cells can act as building blocks that fuse to capture complex aspects of native in vivo environments, but the effect of hydrogel viscoelasticity on cell migration from spheroids and their fusion remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of viscoelasticity on migration and fusion behavior of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids using hydrogels with a similar elasticity but different stress relaxation profiles. Fast relaxing (FR) matrices were found to be significantly more permissive to cell migration and consequent fusion of MSC spheroids. Mechanistically, inhibition of ROCK and Rac1 pathways prevented cell migration. Moreover, the combination of biophysical and biochemical cues provided by fast relaxing hydrogels and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) supplementation, respectively, resulted in a synergistic enhancement of migration and fusion. Overall, these findings emphasize the important role of matrix viscoelasticity in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies based on spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Wu
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and ImmunityHarvard School of Dental MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mani Diba
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Dentistry‐Regenerative BiomaterialsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Yang
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and ImmunityHarvard School of Dental MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Benjamin R. Freedman
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alberto Elosegui‐Artola
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of PhysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - David J. Mooney
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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14
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Yuan Y, Shi Y, Banerjee J, Sadeghpour A, Azevedo HS. Structuring supramolecular hyaluronan hydrogels via peptide self-assembly for modulating the cell microenvironment. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100598. [PMID: 36942310 PMCID: PMC10024175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic extracellular matrices (ECMs) in fundamental in vitro cell culture studies has been instrumental for investigating the interplay between cells and matrix components. To provide cells with a more native environment in vitro, it is desirable to design matrices that are biomimetic and emulate compositional and structural features of natural ECMs. Here, the supramolecular fabrication of peptide-hyaluronan (HA) hydrogels is presented as potential ECM surrogates, combining native HA and rationally designed cationic amphipatic peptides [(KI)nK, lysine (K), isoleucine (I), n = 2-6] whose mechanical properties and microstructure are tunable by the peptide sequence. (KI)nK peptides adopt β-sheet configuration and self-assemble into filamentous nanostructures triggered by pH or ionic strength. The self-assembly propensity of (KI)nK peptides increases with the sequence length, forming single phase hydrogels (shorter peptides) or with phase separation (longer peptides) in presence of the anionic polyelectrolyte HA through electrostatic complexations. The gel phase formed in (KI)nK-HA complexes exhibits viscoelastic behavior and triggers the formation of human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids which disassemble over the time. It is anticipated that these (KI)nK-HA hydrogels with tunable physical and biochemical properties offer a promising platform for in vitro applications and in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yuan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yejiao Shi
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Jayati Banerjee
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-180, Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author. i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Simpson C, Cavanagh BL, Kelly HM, Murphy CM. Simple Technique for Microscopic Evaluation of Active Cellular Invasion into 3D Hydrogel Constructs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1243-1250. [PMID: 36749897 PMCID: PMC10015425 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Materials that are evaluated for bioengineering purposes are carefully tested to evaluate cellular interactions with respect to biocompatibility and in some cases cell differentiation. A key perspective that is often considered is the ability for decellularized synthetic or natural based matrices to facilitate cell migration or tissue ingrowth. Current methods of measuring cell migration range from simple scratch assays to Boyden chamber inserts and fluorescent imaging of seeded spheroids. Many of these methods require tissue processing for histological analysis and fixing and staining for imaging, which can be difficult and dependent on the stability of the hydrogel subject. Herein we present a simple platform that can be manufactured using 3D printing and easily applied to in vitro cell culture, allowing the researcher to image live cellular migration into a cellular materials. We found this to be an adaptable, cheap, and replicable technique to evaluate cellular interaction that has applications in the research and development of hydrogels for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
R. Simpson
- Tissue
Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative
Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
(RCSI), 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Brenton L. Cavanagh
- Cellular
and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College
of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Helena M. Kelly
- Tissue
Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative
Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
(RCSI), 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI, Ardilaun House, 111 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 VN51, Ireland
| | - Ciara M. Murphy
- Tissue
Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative
Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
(RCSI), 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
- Advanced
Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Naughton Institute, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, 152-160
Pearse Street, Dublin D02
R590, Ireland
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16
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Otsuka H. Nanofabrication Technologies to Control Cell and Tissue Function in Three-Dimension. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030203. [PMID: 36975652 PMCID: PMC10048556 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 2000s, advances in cellular micropatterning using microfabrication contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional evaluation of newly synthesized drugs, resulting in a revolutionary evolution in drug screening. To this end, it is essential to utilize cell patterning to control the morphology of adherent cells and to understand contact and paracrine-mediated interactions between heterogeneous cells. This suggests that the regulation of the cellular environment by means of microfabricated synthetic surfaces is not only a valuable endeavor for basic research in biology and histology, but is also highly useful to engineer artificial cell scaffolds for tissue regeneration. This review particularly focuses on surface engineering techniques for the cellular micropatterning of three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. To establish cell microarrays, composed of a cell adhesive region surrounded by a cell non-adherent surface, it is quite important to control a protein-repellent surface in the micro-scale. Thus, this review is focused on the surface chemistries of the biologically inspired micropatterning of two-dimensional non-fouling characters. As cells are formed into spheroids, their survival, functions, and engraftment in the transplanted site are significantly improved compared to single-cell transplantation. To improve the therapeutic effect of cell spheroids even further, various biomaterials (e.g., fibers and hydrogels) have been developed for spheroid engineering. These biomaterials not only can control the overall spheroid formation (e.g., size, shape, aggregation speed, and degree of compaction), but also can regulate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions in spheroids. These important approaches to cell engineering result in their applications to tissue regeneration, where the cell-biomaterial composite is injected into diseased area. This approach allows the operating surgeon to implant the cell and polymer combinations with minimum invasiveness. The polymers utilized in hydrogels are structurally similar to components of the extracellular matrix in vivo, and are considered biocompatible. This review will provide an overview of the critical design to make hydrogels when used as cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. In addition, the new strategy of injectable hydrogel will be discussed as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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17
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Nikolits I, Radwan S, Liebner F, Dietrich W, Egger D, Chariyev-Prinz F, Kasper C. Hydrogels from TEMPO-Oxidized Nanofibrillated Cellulose Support In Vitro Cultivation of Encapsulated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:543-551. [PMID: 36745634 PMCID: PMC9945099 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most prominent type of adult stem cells for clinical applications. Three-dimensional (3D) cultivation of MSCs in biomimetic hydrogels provides a more physiologically relevant cultivation microenvironment for in vitro testing and modeling, thus overcoming the limitations of traditional planar cultivation methods. Cellulose nanofibers are an excellent candidate biomaterial for synthesis of hydrogels for this application, due to their biocompatibility, tunable properties, availability, and low cost. Herein, we demonstrate the capacity of hydrogels prepared from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl -oxidized and subsequently individualized cellulose-nanofibrils to support physiologically relevant 3D in vitro cultivation of human MSCs at low solid contents (0.2-0.5 wt %). Our results show that MSCs can spread, proliferate, and migrate inside the cellulose hydrogels, while the metabolic activity and proliferative capacity of the cells as well as their morphological characteristics benefit more in the lower bulk cellulose concentration hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Nikolits
- Institute
of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Radwan
- Department
of Life Science Engineering, University
of Applied Sciences Technikum Vienna, Höchstädtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Falk Liebner
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
BOKU Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolf Dietrich
- Department
of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Karl Landsteiner
University of Health Sciences, Alter Ziegelweg 10, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Dominik Egger
- Institute
of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Farhad Chariyev-Prinz
- Institute
of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute
of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria,
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18
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Gionet-Gonzales MA, Gresham RCH, Griffin KH, Casella A, Wohlgemuth RP, Ramos-Rodriguez DH, Lowen J, Smith LR, Leach JK. Mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids in sulfated alginate enhance muscle regeneration. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:271-281. [PMID: 36328130 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for tissue regeneration is critically linked to the potency of the complex mixture of growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, and other biological cues that they secrete. The duration of cell-based approaches is limited by rapid loss of cells upon implantation, motivating the need to prolong cell viability and extend the therapeutic influence of the secretome. We and others demonstrated that the secretome is upregulated when MSCs are formed into spheroids. Although the efficacy of the MSC secretome has been characterized in the literature, no studies have reported the therapeutic benefit of in situ sequestration of the secretome within a wound site using engineered biomaterials. We previously demonstrated the capacity of sulfated alginate hydrogels to sequester components of the MSC secretome for prolonged presentation in vitro, yet the efficacy of this platform has not been evaluated in vivo. In this study, we used sulfated alginate hydrogels loaded with MSC spheroids to aid in the regeneration of a rat muscle crush injury. We hypothesized that the use of sulfated alginate to bind therapeutically relevant growth factors from the MSC spheroid secretome would enhance muscle regeneration by recruiting host cells into the tissue site. The combination of sulfated alginate and MSC spheroids resulted in decreased collagen deposition, improved myogenic marker expression, and increased neuromuscular junctions 2 weeks after injury. These data indicate that MSC spheroids delivered in sulfated alginate represent a promising approach for decreased fibrosis and increased functional regeneration of muscle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for tissue regeneration is attributed to the complex diversity of the secretome. Cell-based approaches are limited by rapid cell death, motivating the need to extend the availability of the secretome. We previously demonstrated that sulfated alginate hydrogels sequester components of the MSC secretome for prolonged presentation in vitro, yet no studies have reported the in situ sequestration of the secretome. Herein, we transplanted MSC spheroids in sulfated alginate hydrogels to promote muscle regeneration. MSC spheroids in sulfated alginate decreased collagen deposition, improved myogenic marker expression, and increased neuromuscular junctions. These data indicate that MSC spheroids delivered in sulfated alginate represent a promising approach for decreasing fibrosis and increasing functional muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C H Gresham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Katherine H Griffin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alena Casella
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ross P Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Lowen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lucas R Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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19
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Ghosh S, Webster TJ. Bioinspired advanced nanomaterials for infection control and promotion of bone growth. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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20
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Strategies to capitalize on cell spheroid therapeutic potential for tissue repair and disease modeling. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:70. [PMID: 36494368 PMCID: PMC9734656 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies offer a tailorable, personalized treatment for use in tissue engineering to address defects arising from trauma, inefficient wound repair, or congenital malformation. However, most cell therapies have achieved limited success to date. Typically injected in solution as monodispersed cells, transplanted cells exhibit rapid cell death or insufficient retention at the site, thereby limiting their intended effects to only a few days. Spheroids, which are dense, three-dimensional (3D) aggregates of cells, enhance the beneficial effects of cell therapies by increasing and prolonging cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling. The use of spheroids is currently under investigation for many cell types. Among cells under evaluation, spheroids formed of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are particularly promising. MSC spheroids not only exhibit increased cell survival and retained differentiation, but they also secrete a potent secretome that promotes angiogenesis, reduces inflammation, and attracts endogenous host cells to promote tissue regeneration and repair. However, the clinical translation of spheroids has lagged behind promising preclinical outcomes due to hurdles in their formation, instruction, and use that have yet to be overcome. This review will describe the current state of preclinical spheroid research and highlight two key examples of spheroid use in clinically relevant disease modeling. It will highlight techniques used to instruct the phenotype and function of spheroids, describe current limitations to their use, and offer suggestions for the effective translation of cell spheroids for therapeutic treatments.
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21
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Xu T, Yang Y, Suo D, Bei HP, Xu X, Zhao X. Electrosprayed Regeneration-Enhancer-Element Microspheres Power Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis Coupling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200314. [PMID: 35261154 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrosprayed microspheres for bone regeneration are conventionally restricted by the lack of osteogenic modulation for both encapsulated stem cells and surrounding cells at the defect site. Here, sodium alginate microspheres encapsulating L-arginine doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Arg/HA NPs) and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as regeneration-enhancer-element reservoirs (Arg/HA-SA@BMSC) for bone healing are electrosprayed. The Arg/HA NPs serve as a container of L-arginine and Ca2+ and the BMSCs inside the microspheres metabolize the released L-arginine into bioactive gas nitric oxide (NO) in the presence of Ca2+ to activate the nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the generated NO diffuses out of the microspheres together with the Ca2+ and L-arginine as exterior enhancers to promote the osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling of surrounding BMSCs and endothelial cells (ECs) at the bone defect site, generating an internal/external modulation loop between the encapsulated cells and surrounding native cells. It is demonstrated that such regeneration-enhancer-element reservoirs could effectively increase the bone tissue formation and neovasculature using rat calvarial defect models. It is envisioned that the microsphere system could streamline vascularized bone regeneration therapy as a high throughput, minimally invasive yet highly effective strategy to accelerate bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yuhe Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Di Suo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ho Pan Bei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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22
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Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Tenorio AJ, Saiz AM, Leach JK. Engineered Cell-Secreted Extracellular Matrix Modulates Cell Spheroid Mechanosensing and Amplifies Their Response to Inductive Cues for the Formation of Mineralized Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102337. [PMID: 34968011 PMCID: PMC9117430 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The clinical translation of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies remains challenging due to rapid cell death and poor control over cell behavior. Compared to monodisperse cells, the aggregation of MSCs into spheroids increases their tissue-forming potential by promoting cell-cell interactions. However, MSCs initially lack engagement with an endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) when formed into spheroids. Previously the instructive nature of an engineered, cell-secreted ECM is demonstrated to promote survival and differentiation of adherent MSCs. Herein, it is hypothesized that the incorporation of this cell-secreted ECM during spheroid aggregation would enhance MSC osteogenic potential by promoting cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. ECM-loaded spheroids contained higher collagen and glycosaminoglycan content, and MSCs exhibited increased mechanosensitivity to ECM through Yes-associated protein (YAP) activation via integrin α2β1 binding. ECM-loaded spheroids sustained greater MSC viability and proliferation and are more responsive to soluble cues for lineage-specific differentiation than spheroids without ECM or loaded with collagen. The encapsulation of ECM-loaded spheroids in instructive alginate gels resulted in spheroid fusion and enhanced osteogenic differentiation. These results highlight the clinical potential of ECM-loaded spheroids as building blocks for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. J. Tenorio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - A. M. Saiz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - J. K. Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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23
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Wu DT, Jeffreys N, Diba M, Mooney DJ. Viscoelastic Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:289-300. [PMID: 35442107 PMCID: PMC9347380 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanical properties regulate key cellular processes in tissue development and regeneration. The majority of scientific investigation has focused on ECM elasticity as the primary mechanical regulator of cell and tissue behavior. However, all living tissues are viscoelastic, exhibiting both solid- and liquid-like mechanical behavior. Despite increasing evidence regarding the role of ECM viscoelasticity in directing cellular behavior, this aspect is still largely overlooked in the design of biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Recently, with the emergence of various bottom-up material design strategies, new approaches can deliver unprecedented control over biomaterial properties at multiple length scales, thus enabling the design of viscoelastic biomaterials that mimic various aspect of the native tissue ECM microenvironment. This review describes key considerations for the design of viscoelastic biomaterials for tissue regeneration. We provide an overview of the role of matrix viscoelasticity in directing cell behavior towards regenerative outcomes, highlight recent strategies utilizing viscoelastic hydrogels for regenerative therapies, and outline remaining challenges, potential solutions, and emerging applications for viscoelastic biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tiansui Wu
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard University Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 465574, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 124048, Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Nicholas Jeffreys
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard University Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 465574, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Mani Diba
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - David J Mooney
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard University Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 465574, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
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24
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Kim EM, Lee GM, Lee S, Kim SJ, Lee D, Yoon DS, Joo J, Kong H, Park HH, Shin H. Effects of mechanical properties of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels on encapsulated stem cell spheroids for 3D tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:903-913. [PMID: 34838857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell spheroids are three-dimensional cell aggregates that have been widely employed in tissue engineering. Spheroid encapsulation has been explored as a method to enhance cell-cell interactions. However, the effect of hydrogel mechanical properties on spheroids, specifically soft hydrogels (<1 kPa), has not yet been studied. In this study, we determined the effect of encapsulation of stem cell spheroids by hydrogels crosslinked with different concentrations of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) on the functions of the stem cells. To this end, human adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) spheroids with a defined size were prepared, and spheroid-laden hydrogels with various concentrations (5, 10, 15%) were fabricated. The apoptotic index of cells from spheroids encapsulated in the 15% hydrogel was high. The migration distance was five-fold higher in cells encapsulated in the 5% hydrogel than the 10% hydrogel. After 14 days of culture, cells from spheroids in the 5% hydrogel were observed to have spread and proliferated. Osteogenic factor and pro-angiogenic factor production in the 15% hydrogel was high. Collectively, our results indicate that the functionality of spheroids can be regulated by the mechanical properties of hydrogel, even under 1 kPa. These results indicate that spheroid-laden hydrogels are suitable for use in 3D tissue construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Min Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jeong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongtak Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 20841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 20841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Hee Ho Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Jing L, Fan S, Yao X, Zhang Y. Effects of compound stimulation of fluid shear stress plus ultrasound on stem cell proliferation and osteogenesis. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab066. [PMID: 34868635 PMCID: PMC8634505 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue with strong adaptability is often in a complex dynamical microenvironment in vivo, which is associated with the pathogenesis and treatment of orthopedic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the effects of corresponding compound stimulation on cell behaviors. Herein, a fluid shear stress (FSS) plus ultrasound stimulation platform suitable for cell studies based on a microfluidic chip was constructed and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) was chosen as a model cell. The proliferation and osteogenesis of BMSCs under the compound stimulation of FSS plus ultrasound in growth medium without any soluble induction factors were firstly investigated. Single FSS stimulation and static culture conditions were also examined. Results illustrated that suitable single FSS stimulation (about 0.06 dyn/cm2) could significantly enhance cell proliferation and osteogenesis simultaneously when compared to the static control, while greater FSS mitigated or even restricted these enhancing effects. Interestingly, ultrasound stimulation combined with this suitable FSS stimulation further accelerated cell proliferation as the intensity of ultrasound increasing. As for the osteogenesis under compound stimulation, it was relatively restricted under lower ultrasound intensity (about 0.075 W/cm2), while promoted when the intensity became higher (about 1.75 W/cm2). This study suggests that both the cell proliferation and osteogenesis are very responsive to the magnitudes of FSS and ultrasound stimulations and can be both significantly enhanced by proper combination strategies. Moreover, these findings will provide valuable references for the construction of effective cell bioreactors and also the treatment of orthopedic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Suna Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China.,Jinan Jinquan Bio-Technology Co. Ltd, Jinan 250101, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China.,Jinan Jinquan Bio-Technology Co. Ltd, Jinan 250101, P.R. China
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26
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Shanbhag S, Suliman S, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Kampleitner C, Hassan MN, Heimel P, Dobsak T, Tangl S, Bolstad AI, Mustafa K. Bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects using dissociated or spheroid mesenchymal stromal cells in scaffold-hydrogel constructs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:575. [PMID: 34776000 PMCID: PMC8591809 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture can promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). 3D printing offers the possibility to produce customized scaffolds for complex bone defects. The aim of this study was to compare the potential of human BMSC cultured as 2D monolayers or 3D spheroids encapsulated in constructs of 3D-printed poly-L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate scaffolds and modified human platelet lysate hydrogels (PLATMC-HPLG) for bone regeneration. Methods PLATMC-HPLG constructs with 2D or 3D BMSC were assessed for osteogenic differentiation based on gene expression and in vitro mineralization. Subsequently, PLATMC-HPLG constructs with 2D or 3D BMSC were implanted in rat calvarial defects for 12 weeks; cell-free constructs served as controls. Bone regeneration was assessed via in vivo computed tomography (CT), ex vivo micro-CT and histology. Results Osteogenic gene expression was significantly enhanced in 3D versus 2D BMSC prior to, but not after, encapsulation in PLATMC-HPLG constructs. A trend for greater in vitro mineralization was observed in constructs with 3D versus 2D BMSC (p > 0.05). In vivo CT revealed comparable bone formation after 4, 8 and 12 weeks in all groups. After 12 weeks, micro-CT revealed substantial regeneration in 2D BMSC (62.47 ± 19.46%), 3D BMSC (51.01 ± 24.43%) and cell-free PLATMC-HPLG constructs (43.20 ± 30.09%) (p > 0.05). A similar trend was observed in the histological analysis. Conclusion Despite a trend for superior in vitro mineralization, constructs with 3D and 2D BMSC performed similarly in vivo. Regardless of monolayer or spheroid cell culture, PLATMC-HPLG constructs represent promising scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02642-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shanbhag
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carina Kampleitner
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The research center in cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Nageeb Hassan
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick Heimel
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The research center in cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toni Dobsak
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research/Karl Donath Laboratory, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Isine Bolstad
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
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27
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Gionet-Gonzales M, Casella A, Diloretto D, Ginnell C, Griffin KH, Bigot A, Leach JK. Sulfated Alginate Hydrogels Prolong the Therapeutic Potential of MSC Spheroids by Sequestering the Secretome. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101048. [PMID: 34486244 PMCID: PMC8568671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based approaches to tissue repair suffer from rapid cell death upon implantation, limiting the window for therapeutic intervention. Despite robust lineage-specific differentiation potential in vitro, the function of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vivo is largely attributed to their potent secretome comprising a variety of growth factors (GFs). Furthermore, GF secretion is markedly increased when MSCs are formed into spheroids. Native GFs are sequestered within the extracellular matrix (ECM) via sulfated glycosaminoglycans, increasing the potency of GF signaling compared to their unbound form. To address the critical need to prolong the efficacy of transplanted cells, alginate hydrogels are modified with sulfate groups to sequester endogenous heparin-binding GFs secreted by MSC spheroids. The influence of crosslinking method and alginate modification is assessed on mechanical properties, degradation rate, and degree of sulfate modification. Sulfated alginate hydrogels sequester a mixture of MSC-secreted endogenous biomolecules, thereby prolonging the therapeutic effect of MSC spheroids for tissue regeneration. GFs are sequestered for longer durations within sulfated hydrogels and retain their bioactivity to regulate endothelial cell tubulogenesis and myoblast infiltration. This platform has the potential to prolong the therapeutic benefit of the MSC secretome and serve as a valuable tool for investigating GF sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena Casella
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daphne Diloretto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Clara Ginnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Katherine H. Griffin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Anne Bigot
- Universite de Paris, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France 75013
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Corresponding author: J. Kent Leach, Ph.D., University of California, Davis, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3800, Sacramento, CA 95817,
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28
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Vernerey FJ, Lalitha Sridhar S, Muralidharan A, Bryant SJ. Mechanics of 3D Cell-Hydrogel Interactions: Experiments, Models, and Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11085-11148. [PMID: 34473466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are highly water-swollen molecular networks that are ideal platforms to create tissue mimetics owing to their vast and tunable properties. As such, hydrogels are promising cell-delivery vehicles for applications in tissue engineering and have also emerged as an important base for ex vivo models to study healthy and pathophysiological events in a carefully controlled three-dimensional environment. Cells are readily encapsulated in hydrogels resulting in a plethora of biochemical and mechanical communication mechanisms, which recapitulates the natural cell and extracellular matrix interaction in tissues. These interactions are complex, with multiple events that are invariably coupled and spanning multiple length and time scales. To study and identify the underlying mechanisms involved, an integrated experimental and computational approach is ideally needed. This review discusses the state of our knowledge on cell-hydrogel interactions, with a focus on mechanics and transport, and in this context, highlights recent advancements in experiments, mathematical and computational modeling. The review begins with a background on the thermodynamics and physics fundamentals that govern hydrogel mechanics and transport. The review focuses on two main classes of hydrogels, described as semiflexible polymer networks that represent physically cross-linked fibrous hydrogels and flexible polymer networks representing the chemically cross-linked synthetic and natural hydrogels. In this review, we highlight five main cell-hydrogel interactions that involve key cellular functions related to communication, mechanosensing, migration, growth, and tissue deposition and elaboration. For each of these cellular functions, recent experiments and the most up to date modeling strategies are discussed and then followed by a summary of how to tune hydrogel properties to achieve a desired functional cellular outcome. We conclude with a summary linking these advancements and make the case for the need to integrate experiments and modeling to advance our fundamental understanding of cell-matrix interactions that will ultimately help identify new therapeutic approaches and enable successful tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck J Vernerey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States
| | - Shankar Lalitha Sridhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
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29
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Abstract
Cell-based therapy is a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine. As cells are formed into spheroids, their survival, functions, and engraftment in the transplanted site are significantly improved compared to single cell transplantation. To improve the therapeutic effect of cell spheroids even further, various biomaterials (e.g., nano- or microparticles, fibers, and hydrogels) have been developed for spheroid engineering. These biomaterials not only can control the overall spheroid formation (e.g., size, shape, aggregation speed, and degree of compaction), but also can regulate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions in spheroids. Therefore, cell spheroids in synergy with biomaterials have recently emerged for cell-based regenerative therapy. Biomaterials-assisted spheroid engineering has been extensively studied for regeneration of bone or/and cartilage defects, critical limb ischemia, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, it has been expanded to pancreas islets and hair follicle transplantation. This paper comprehensively reviews biomaterials-assisted spheroid engineering for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Hyun Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Oyunchimeg Bayaraa
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Zhou Zechu
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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30
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Lee NH, Bayaraa O, Zechu Z, Kim HS. Biomaterials-assisted spheroid engineering for regenerative therapy. BMB Rep 2021; 54:356-367. [PMID: 34154700 PMCID: PMC8328824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine. As cells are formed into spheroids, their survival, functions, and engraftment in the transplanted site are significantly improved compared to single cell transplantation. To improve the therapeutic effect of cell spheroids even further, various biomaterials (e.g., nano- or microparticles, fibers, and hydrogels) have been developed for spheroid engineering. These biomaterials not only can control the overall spheroid formation (e.g., size, shape, aggregation speed, and degree of compaction), but also can regulate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions in spheroids. Therefore, cell spheroids in synergy with biomaterials have recently emerged for cell-based regenerative therapy. Biomaterials-assisted spheroid engineering has been extensively studied for regeneration of bone or/and cartilage defects, critical limb ischemia, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, it has been expanded to pancreas islets and hair follicle transplantation. This paper comprehensively reviews biomaterials-assisted spheroid engineering for regenerative therapy. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(7): 356-367].
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Hyun Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Oyunchimeg Bayaraa
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Zhou Zechu
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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31
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Xie C, Ye J, Liang R, Yao X, Wu X, Koh Y, Wei W, Zhang X, Ouyang H. Advanced Strategies of Biomimetic Tissue-Engineered Grafts for Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100408. [PMID: 33949147 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The failure to repair critical-sized bone defects often leads to incomplete regeneration or fracture non-union. Tissue-engineered grafts have been recognized as an alternative strategy for bone regeneration due to their potential to repair defects. To design a successful tissue-engineered graft requires the understanding of physicochemical optimization to mimic the composition and structure of native bone, as well as the biological strategies of mimicking the key biological elements during bone regeneration process. This review provides an overview of engineered graft-based strategies focusing on physicochemical properties of materials and graft structure optimization from macroscale to nanoscale to further boost bone regeneration, and it summarizes biological strategies which mainly focus on growth factors following bone regeneration pattern and stem cell-based strategies for more efficient repair. Finally, it discusses the current limitations of existing strategies upon bone repair and highlights a promising strategy for rapid bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xie
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
- Department of Sports Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jinchun Ye
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
| | - Renjie Liang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
| | - Xudong Yao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Yiwu 322000 China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
| | - Yiwen Koh
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
| | - Wei Wei
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed) Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xianzhu Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 314499 China
- Department of Sports Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310058 China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed) Hangzhou 310058 China
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Burdis R, Kelly DJ. Biofabrication and bioprinting using cellular aggregates, microtissues and organoids for the engineering of musculoskeletal tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:1-14. [PMID: 33711529 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The modest clinical impact of musculoskeletal tissue engineering (TE) can be attributed, at least in part, to a failure to recapitulate the structure, composition and functional properties of the target tissue. This has motivated increased interest in developmentally inspired TE strategies, which seek to recapitulate key events that occur during embryonic and post-natal development, as a means of generating truly biomimetic grafts to replace or regenerate damaged tissues and organs. Such TE strategies can be substantially enabled by emerging biofabrication and bioprinting strategies, and in particular the use of cellular aggregates, microtissues and organoids as 'building blocks' for the development of larger tissues and/or organ precursors. Here, the application of such biological building blocks for the engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, from vascularised bone to zonally organised articular cartilage, will be reviewed. The importance of first scaling-down to later scale-up will be discussed, as this is viewed as a key component of engineering functional grafts using cellular aggregates or microtissues. In the context of engineering anatomically accurate tissues of scale suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, novel bioprinting modalities and their application in controlling the process by which cellular aggregates or microtissues fuse and self-organise will be reviewed. Throughout the paper, we will highlight some of the key challenges facing this emerging field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The field of bioprinting has grown substantially in recent years, but despite the hype and excitement it has generated, there are relatively few examples of bioprinting strategies producing implants with superior regenerative potential to that achievable with more traditional tissue engineering approaches. This paper provides an up-to-date review of emerging biofabrication and bioprinting strategies which use cellular aggregates and microtissues as 'building blocks' for the development of larger musculoskeletal tissues and/or organ precursors - a field of research that can potentially enable functional regeneration of damaged and diseased tissues. The application of cellular aggregates and microtissues for the engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, from vascularised bone to zonally organised articular cartilage, will be reviewed. In the context of engineering anatomically accurate tissues of scale, novel bioprinting modalities and their application in controlling the process by which cellular aggregates or microtissues self-organise is addressed, as well as key challenges facing this emerging field.
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Samadian S, Karbalaei A, Pourmadadi M, Yazdian F, Rashedi H, Omidi M, Malmir S. A novel alginate-gelatin microcapsule to enhance bone differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1848828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Samadian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Karbalaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Omidi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, GC, Iran
| | - Samira Malmir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Whitehead J, Griffin KH, Gionet-Gonzales M, Vorwald CE, Cinque SE, Leach JK. Hydrogel mechanics are a key driver of bone formation by mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120607. [PMID: 33385687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can promote tissue repair in regenerative medicine, and their therapeutic potential is further enhanced via spheroid formation. Stress relaxation of hydrogels has emerged as a potent stimulus to enhance MSC spreading and osteogenic differentiation, but the effect of hydrogel viscoelasticity on MSC spheroids has not been reported. Herein, we describe a materials-based approach to augment the osteogenic potential of entrapped MSC spheroids by leveraging the mechanical properties of alginate hydrogels. Compared to spheroids entrapped in covalently crosslinked elastic alginate, calcium deposition of MSC spheroids was consistently increased in ionically crosslinked, viscoelastic hydrogels. We previously demonstrated that intraspheroidal presentation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) on hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles resulted in more spatially uniform MSC osteodifferentiation, providing a method to internally influence spheroid phenotype. In these studies, we observed significant increases in calcium deposition by MSC spheroids loaded with BMP-2-HA in viscoelastic gels compared to soluble BMP-2, which was greater than spheroids entrapped in all elastic alginate gels. Upon implantation in critically sized calvarial bone defects, bone formation was greater in all animals treated with viscoelastic hydrogels. Increases in bone formation were evident in viscoelastic gels, regardless of the mode of presentation of BMP-2 (i.e., soluble delivery or HA nanoparticles). These studies demonstrate that the dynamic mechanical properties of viscoelastic alginate are an effective strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of MSC spheroids for bone formation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Katherine H Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Charlotte E Vorwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Serena E Cinque
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Park J, Choe G, Oh S, Lee JY. In Situ Formation of Proangiogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids in Hyaluronic Acid/Alginate Core-Shell Microcapsules. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6938-6948. [PMID: 33320608 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem-cell (MSC)-based therapies have been recognized as promising strategies for the treatment of various injuries or diseases because of their unique characteristics, such as self-renewal, differentiation potential, and secretion of various bioactive molecules. However, MSC transplantation often results in low efficacy, including a cell viability loss and a low therapeutic activity. Alternatively, MSC spheroids have been studied to improve the viability and therapeutic activity of MSCs. Also, microencapsulation of cells can protect and retain the cells from harsh environments after transplantation. Here, MSC spheroids were formed in hyaluronic acid/alginate (HA@Alg) core-shell microcapsules and employed for neovascularization. A well-defined core-shell structure of HA@Alg microcapsules was produced by optimizing various electrospraying conditions. MSC spheroids could be spontaneously formed in the HA core of the microcapsules after 1 day of incubation. Enhanced secretion of various growth factors was found from MSC spheroids in HA@Alg. In vivo plug assay revealed the significant promotion of angiogenesis by MSC spheroids in HA@Alg compared to that by the controls (i.e., MSCs and MSC spheroids), which is likely because of the better retention of MSC spheroid forms in the microcapsules. Thus, the HA@Alg microcapsules embedding MSC spheroids will be greatly beneficial for various stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junha Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Goeun Choe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Oh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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36
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Kim SJ, Kim EM, Yamamoto M, Park H, Shin H. Engineering Multi-Cellular Spheroids for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000608. [PMID: 32734719 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multi-cellular spheroids are formed as a 3D structure with dense cell-cell/cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and thus, have been widely utilized as implantable therapeutics and various ex vivo tissue models in tissue engineering. In principle, spheroid culture methods maximize cell-cell cohesion and induce spontaneous cellular assembly while minimizing cellular interactions with substrates by using physical forces such as gravitational or centrifugal forces, protein-repellant biomaterials, and micro-structured surfaces. In addition, biofunctional materials including magnetic nanoparticles, polymer microspheres, and nanofiber particles are combined with cells to harvest composite spheroids, to accelerate spheroid formation, to increase the mechanical properties and viability of spheroids, and to direct differentiation of stem cells into desirable cell types. Biocompatible hydrogels are developed to produce microgels for the fabrication of size-controlled spheroids with high efficiency. Recently, spheroids have been further engineered to fabricate structurally and functionally reliable in vitro artificial 3D tissues of the desired shape with enhanced specific biological functions. This paper reviews the overall characteristics of spheroids and general/advanced spheroid culture techniques. Significant roles of functional biomaterials in advanced spheroid engineering with emphasis on the use of spheroids in the reconstruction of artificial 3D tissue for tissue engineering are also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jeong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaya Yamamoto
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
- Biomedical Engineering for Diagnosis and Treatment, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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Ma J, Huang C. Composition and Mechanism of Three-Dimensional Hydrogel System in Regulating Stem Cell Fate. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:498-518. [PMID: 32272868 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel systems integrating different types of stem cells and scaffolding biomaterials have an important application in tissue engineering. The biomimetic hydrogels that pattern cell suspensions within 3D configurations of biomaterial networks allow for the transport of bioactive factors and mimic the stem cell niche in vivo, thereby supporting the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. The composition of a 3D hydrogel system determines the physical and chemical characteristics that regulate stem cell function through a biological mechanism. Here, we discuss the natural and synthetic hydrogel compositions that have been employed in 3D scaffolding, focusing on their characteristics, fabrication, biocompatibility, and regulatory effects on stem cell proliferation and differentiation. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms of cell-matrix interaction and cell-cell interaction in stem cell activities in various types of 3D hydrogel systems. Understanding hydrogel compositions and their cellular mechanisms can yield insights into how scaffolding biomaterials and stem cells interact and can lead to the development of novel hydrogel systems of stem cells in tissue engineering and stem cell-based regenerative medicine. Impact statement Three-dimensional hydrogel system of stem cell mimicking the stemcell niche holds significant promise in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exactly how hydrogel composition regulates stem cell fate is not well understood. This review focuses on the composition of hydrogel, and how the hydrogel composition and its properties regulate the stem cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. We propose that cell-matrix interaction and cell-cell interaction are important regulatory mechanisms in stem cell activities. Our review provides key insights into how the hydrogel composition regulates the stem cell fate, untangling the engineering of three-dimensional hydrogel systems for stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Ma
- Center for Neurobiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chengyang Huang
- Center for Neurobiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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38
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Liu Q, Zheng S, Ye K, He J, Shen Y, Cui S, Huang J, Gu Y, Ding J. Cell migration regulated by RGD nanospacing and enhanced under moderate cell adhesion on biomaterials. Biomaterials 2020; 263:120327. [PMID: 32927304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While nanoscale modification of a biomaterial surface is known to influence various cell behaviors, it is unclear whether there is an optimal nanospacing of a bioactive ligand with respect to cell migration. Herein, we investigated the effects of nanospacing of arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide on cell migration and its relation to cell adhesion. To this end, we prepared RGD nanopatterns with varied nanospacings (31-125 nm) against the nonfouling background of poly(ethylene glycol), and employed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to examine cell behaviors on the nanopatterned surfaces. While HUVECs adhered well on surfaces of RGD nanospacing less than 70 nm and exhibited a monotonic decrease of adhesion with the increase of RGD nanospacing, cell migration exhibited a nonmonotonic change with the ligand nanospacing: the maximum migration velocity was observed around 90 nm of nanospacing, and slow or very slow migration occurred in the cases of small or large RGD nanospacings. Therefore, moderate cell adhesion is beneficial for fast cell migration. Further molecular biology studies revealed that attenuated cell adhesion and activated dynamic actin rearrangement accounted for the promotion of cell migration, and the genes of small G proteins such as Cdc42 were upregulated correspondingly. The present study sheds new light on cell migration and its relation to cell adhesion, and paves a way for designing biomaterials for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Navy Special Medical Center, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Kai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Junhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shuquan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiale Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yexin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China.
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Wang Z, Zhu X, Yin X. Quantitatively Designed Cross-Linker-Clustered Maleimide–Dextran Hydrogels for Rationally Regulating the Behaviors of Cells in a 3D Matrix. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5759-5774. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhu
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Special Robot Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
| | - Xi Yin
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
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40
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Vorwald CE, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Joshee S, Sikorski P, Leach JK. Tunable fibrin-alginate interpenetrating network hydrogels to support cell spreading and network formation. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:142-152. [PMID: 32173582 PMCID: PMC7198331 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are effective platforms for use as artificial extracellular matrices, cell carriers, and to present bioactive cues. Two common natural polymers, fibrin and alginate, are broadly used to form hydrogels and have numerous advantages over synthetic materials. Fibrin is a provisional matrix containing native adhesion motifs for cell engagement, yet the interplay between mechanical properties, degradation, and gelation rate is difficult to decouple. Conversely, alginate is highly tunable yet bioinert and requires modification to present necessary adhesion ligands. To address these challenges, we developed a fibrin-alginate interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel to combine the desirable adhesion and stimulatory characteristics of fibrin with the tunable mechanical properties of alginate. We tested its efficacy by examining capillary network formation with entrapped co-cultures of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). We manipulated thrombin concentration and alginate crosslinking density independently to modulate the fibrin structure, mesh size, degradation, and biomechanical properties of these constructs. In IPNs of lower stiffness, we observed a significant increase in total cell area (1.7 × 105 ± 7.9 × 104 µm2) and decrease in circularity (0.56 ± 0.03) compared to cells encapsulated in stiffer IPNs (4.0 × 104 ± 1.5 × 104 µm2 and 0.77 ± 0.09, respectively). Fibrinogen content did not influence capillary network formation. However, higher fibrinogen content led to greater retention of these networks confirmed via increased spreading and presence of F-actin at 7 days. This is an elegant platform to decouple cell adhesion and hydrogel bulk stiffness that will be broadly useful for cell instruction and delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels are widely used as drug and cell delivery vehicles and as artificial extracellular matrices to study cellular responses. However, there are limited opportunities to simultaneously control mechanical properties and degradation while mimicking the complex native adhesion motifs and ligands known to encourage cell engagement with the hydrogel. In this study, we describe a fibrin-alginate interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel designed to balance the compliance and provisional qualities of fibrin with the mechanical stability and tunability of alginate to interrogate these contributions on cell response. We used clinically relevant cell sources, a co-culture of endothelial cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, to test its efficacy in supporting capillary formation in vitro. These data demonstrate the promise of this IPN for use in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Vorwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Shreeya Joshee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Doolin MT, Moriarty RA, Stroka KM. Mechanosensing of Mechanical Confinement by Mesenchymal-Like Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:365. [PMID: 32390868 PMCID: PMC7193100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and tumor cells have the unique capability to migrate out of their native environment and either home or metastasize, respectively, through extremely heterogeneous environments to a distant location. Once there, they can either aid in tissue regrowth or impart an immunomodulatory effect in the case of MSCs, or form secondary tumors in the case of tumor cells. During these journeys, cells experience physically confining forces that impinge on the cell body and the nucleus, ultimately causing a multitude of cellular changes. Most drastically, confining individual MSCs within hydrogels or confining monolayers of MSCs within agarose wells can sway MSC lineage commitment, while applying a confining compressive stress to metastatic tumor cells can increase their invasiveness. In this review, we seek to understand the signaling cascades that occur as cells sense confining forces and how that translates to behavioral changes, including elongated and multinucleated cell morphologies, novel migrational mechanisms, and altered gene expression, leading to a unique MSC secretome that could hold great promise for anti-inflammatory treatments. Through comparison of these altered behaviors, we aim to discern how MSCs alter their lineage selection, while tumor cells may become more aggressive and invasive. Synthesizing this information can be useful for employing MSCs for therapeutic approaches through systemic injections or tissue engineered grafts, and developing improved strategies for metastatic cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T. Doolin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Maryland Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Hung BP, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Lin JB, Campbell T, Lee YB, Panitch A, Alsberg E, Leach JK. Multi-peptide presentation and hydrogel mechanics jointly enhance therapeutic duo-potential of entrapped stromal cells. Biomaterials 2020; 245:119973. [PMID: 32244091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The native extracellular matrix (ECM) contains a host of matricellular proteins and bioactive factors that regulate cell behavior, and many ECM components have been leveraged to guide cell fate. However, the large size and chemical characteristics of these constituents complicate their incorporation into biomaterials without interfering with material properties, motivating the need for alternative approaches to regulate cellular responses. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can promote osseous regeneration in vivo directly or indirectly through multiple means including (1) secretion of proangiogenic and mitogenic factors to initiate formation of a vascular template and recruit host cells into the tissue site or (2) direct differentiation into osteoblasts. As MSC behavior is influenced by the properties of engineered hydrogels, we hypothesized that the biochemical and biophysical properties of alginate could be manipulated to promote the dual contributions of encapsulated MSCs toward bone formation. We functionalized alginate with QK peptide to enhance proangiogenic factor secretion and RGD to promote adhesion, while biomechanical-mediated osteogenic cues were controlled by modulating viscoelastic properties of the alginate substrate. A 1:1 ratio of QK:RGD resulted in the highest levels of both proangiogenic factor secretion and mineralization in vitro. Viscoelastic alginate outperformed purely elastic gels in both categories, and this effect was enhanced by stiffness up to 20 kPa. Furthermore, viscoelastic constructs promoted vessel infiltration and bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect over 12 weeks. These data suggest that modulating viscoelastic properties of biomaterials, in conjunction with dual peptide functionalization, can simultaneously enhance multiple aspects of MSC regenerative potential and improve neovascularization of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jenny B Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Takeyah Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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He T, Hausdorf J, Chevalier Y, Klar RM. Trauma induced tissue survival in vitro with a muscle-biomaterial based osteogenic organoid system: a proof of concept study. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 32005149 PMCID: PMC6995208 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-0602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The translation from animal research into the clinical environment remains problematic, as animal systems do not adequately replicate the human in vivo environment. Bioreactors have emerged as a good alternative that can reproduce part of the human in vivo processes at an in vitro level. However, in vitro bone formation platforms primarily utilize stem cells only, with tissue based in vitro systems remaining poorly investigated. As such, the present pilot study explored the tissue behavior and cell survival capability within a new in vitro skeletal muscle tissue-based biomaterial organoid bioreactor system to maximize future bone tissue engineering prospects. RESULTS Three dimensional printed β-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite devices were either wrapped in a sheet of rat muscle tissue or first implanted in a heterotopic muscle pouch that was then excised and cultured in vitro for up to 30 days. Devices wrapped in muscle tissue showed cell death by day 15. Contrarily, devices in muscle pouches showed angiogenic and limited osteogenic gene expression tendencies with consistent TGF-ß1, COL4A1, VEGF-A, RUNX-2, and BMP-2 up-regulation, respectively. Histologically, muscle tissue degradation and fibrin release was seen being absorbed by devices acting possibly as a support for new tissue formation in the bioceramic scaffold that supports progenitor stem cell osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS These results therefore demonstrate that the skeletal muscle pouch-based biomaterial culturing system can support tissue survival over a prolonged culture period and represents a novel organoid tissue model that with further adjustments could generate bone tissue for direct clinical transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jörg Hausdorf
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Chevalier
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Klar
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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Spheroid Culture System Methods and Applications for Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121620. [PMID: 31842346 PMCID: PMC6953111 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the importance of stem cell culture systems in clinical applications, researchers have extensively studied them to optimize the culture conditions and increase efficiency of cell culture. A spheroid culture system provides a similar physicochemical environment in vivo by facilitating cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction to overcome the limitations of traditional monolayer cell culture. In suspension culture, aggregates of adjacent cells form a spheroid shape having wide utility in tumor and cancer research, therapeutic transplantation, drug screening, and clinical study, as well as organic culture. There are various spheroid culture methods such as hanging drop, gel embedding, magnetic levitation, and spinner culture. Lately, efforts are being made to apply the spheroid culture system to the study of drug delivery platforms and co-cultures, and to regulate differentiation and pluripotency. To study spheroid cell culture, various kinds of biomaterials are used as building forms of hydrogel, film, particle, and bead, depending upon the requirement. However, spheroid cell culture system has limitations such as hypoxia and necrosis in the spheroid core. In addition, studies should focus on methods to dissociate cells from spheroid into single cells.
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Singh A, Tayalia P. Three-dimensional cryogel matrix for spheroid formation and anti-cancer drug screening. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:365-376. [PMID: 31654478 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spheroid-based systems have been developed as alternatives to two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures for understanding 3D cell behavior and conducting in vitro drug screening tests. However, spheroids are easily disrupted while handling and do not mimic the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. To address that, we have developed a cost-effective, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), and gelatin methacryloyl (GELMA) based semi-synthetic cryogel matrix system, which can be used to grow spheroids and conduct studies while providing architectural support and mimicking in vivo ECM components. These matrices are macroporous and support formation of tumor-like spheroids of breast tumor epithelial (MCF-7) cells in the absence of additional growth factors otherwise required for spheroid formation. Difference in morphology of cells as a function of matrix composition and increase in size and number of spheroids as a function of time was observed. Spheroids grown in cryogel matrices showed more drug resistance than their 2D counterparts, which can partially be explained by the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) observed in spheroids. We believe that spheroids formed through these PEGDA-GELMA cryogel matrices better represent in vivo pathological conditions and can help develop cost-effective in vitro assays for screening new pharmacological drug candidates and performing cell mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakriti Tayalia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Sikorski P, Leach JK. Bio-instructive materials for musculoskeletal regeneration. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:20-34. [PMID: 31302298 PMCID: PMC6717669 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and cost of disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system are predicted to rise significantly in the coming years due to the aging global population and the increase of associated risk factors. Despite being the second largest cause of disability, the clinical options for therapeutic intervention remain limited. The clinical translation of cell-based therapies for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders faces many challenges including maintenance of cell survival in the harsh in vivo environment and the lack of control over regulating cell phenotype upon implantation. In order to address these challenges, the development of bio-instructive materials to modulate cell behavior has taken center stage as a strategy to increase the therapeutic potential of various cell populations. However, the determination of the necessary cues for a specific application and how these signals should be presented from a biomaterial remains elusive. This review highlights recent biochemical and physical strategies used to engineer bio-instructive materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues. There is a particular emphasis on emerging efforts such as the engineering of immunomodulatory and antibacterial materials, as well as the incorporation of these strategies into biofabrication and organ-on-a-chip approaches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system affect individuals across the lifespan and have a profound effect on mobility and quality of life. While small defects in many tissues can heal successfully, larger defects are often unable to heal or instead heal with inferior quality fibrous tissue and require clinical intervention. Cell-based therapies are a promising option for clinical translation, yet challenges related to maintaining cell survival and instructing cell phenotype upon implantation have limited the success of this approach. Bio-instructive materials provide an exciting opportunity to modulate cell behavior and enhance the efficacy of cell-based approaches for musculoskeletal repair. However, the identification of critical instructive cues and how to present these stimuli is a focus of intense investigation. This review highlights recent biochemical and physical strategies used to engineer bio-instructive materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues, while also considering exciting progress in the engineering of immunomodulatory and antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Saiz AM, Gionet-Gonzales MA, Lee MA, Leach JK. Conditioning of myoblast secretome using mesenchymal stem/stromal cell spheroids improves bone repair. Bone 2019; 125:151-159. [PMID: 31102712 PMCID: PMC6589400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Local muscle loss associated with open fractures remains an obstacle to functional recovery and bone healing. Muscle cells secrete bioactive myokines that elicit autocrine and paracrine effects and initiate signaling pathways for regenerating damaged muscle and bone. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are under investigation for the regeneration of both muscle and bone through their potent secretome. Compared to monodisperse cells, MSC spheroids exhibit a more complex secretome with heightened therapeutic potential. We hypothesized that the osteogenic potential of myokines would be enhanced when myoblasts were exposed to the MSC spheroid secretome. Conditioned media from MSC spheroids increased osteogenic response of MC3T3 pre-osteoblasts compared to myokines from L6 myoblasts alone. This effect was synergistically enhanced when conditioned media of MSC spheroids was serially delivered to myoblasts and then osteoprogenitor cells in vitro. We then delivered myoblast-stimulated conditioned media in the presence or absence of syngeneic rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) from alginate hydrogels to a rat critical-sized segmental defect. We observed increased bone formation in defects treated with conditioned media compared to rBMSCs alone, while bone formation was greatest in defects treated with both conditioned media and rBMSCs over 12 weeks. This foundational study demonstrates a novel approach for capitalizing on the paracrine signaling of muscle cells to promote bone repair and provides additional evidence of the synergistic interaction between muscle and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine M Saiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Marissa A Gionet-Gonzales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Mark A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America.
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Shahin-Shamsabadi A, Selvaganapathy PR. ExCeL: combining extrusion printing on cellulose scaffolds with lamination to create
in vitro
biological models. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Harvestine JN, Sheaff CS, Li C, Haudenschild AK, Gionet-Gonzales MA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA, Marcu L, Leach JK. Multimodal Label-Free Imaging for Detecting Maturation of Engineered Osteogenic Grafts. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1956-1966. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N. Harvestine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Clay S. Sheaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Anne K. Haudenschild
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marissa A. Gionet-Gonzales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California 92697, United States
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California 92697, United States
| | - Laura Marcu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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50
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Ingavle GC, Gionet-Gonzales M, Vorwald CE, Bohannon LK, Clark K, Galuppo LD, Leach JK. Injectable mineralized microsphere-loaded composite hydrogels for bone repair in a sheep bone defect model. Biomaterials 2019; 197:119-128. [PMID: 30641263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of cell-based therapies as an alternative to autologous bone grafts requires biomaterials to localize cells at the defect and drive osteogenic differentiation. Hydrogels are ideal cell delivery vehicles that can provide instructional cues via their composition or mechanical properties but commonly lack osteoconductive components that nucleate mineral. To address this challenge, we entrapped mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in a composite hydrogel based on two naturally-derived polymers (alginate and hyaluronate) containing biomineralized polymeric microspheres. Mechanical properties of the hydrogels were dependent upon composition. The presentation of the adhesive tripeptide Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid (RGD) from both polymers induced greater osteogenic differentiation of ovine MSCs in vitro compared to gels formed of RGD-alginate or RGD-alginate/hyaluronate alone. We then evaluated the capacity of this construct to stimulate bone healing when transplanting autologous, culture-expanded MSCs into a surgical induced, critical-sized ovine iliac crest bone defect. At 12 weeks post-implantation, defects treated with MSCs transplanted in composite gels exhibited significant increases in blood vessel density, osteoid formation, and bone formation compared to acellular gels or untreated defects. These findings demonstrate the capacity of osteoconductive hydrogels to promote bone formation with autologous MSCs in a large animal bone defect model and provide a promising vehicle for cell-based therapies of bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh C Ingavle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Symbiosis Center for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International University, Pune 412115, India
| | | | - Charlotte E Vorwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laurie K Bohannon
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kaitlin Clark
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Larry D Galuppo
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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