1
|
Li S, Mao Y, Yang J, Li Y, Dong J, Wang Z, Jiang L, He S. Efficient integration of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) for augmented photocatalytic efficacy: A review of synthesis, strategies, and applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32202. [PMID: 38947430 PMCID: PMC11214378 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis emerges as an exceptionally appealing technological avenue for the direct capture, conversion, and storage of renewable solar energy, facilitating the generation of sustainable and ecologically benign solar fuels and a spectrum of other pertinent applications. Heterogeneous nanocomposites, incorporating Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs), exhibit a wide-ranging spectrum of light absorption, well-suited electronic band structures, rapid charge carrier mobility, ample resource availability, commendable chemical robustness, and straightforward synthetic routes. These attributes collectively position them as highly promising photocatalysts with applicability in diverse fields, including but not limited to the production of photocatalytic solar fuels and the decomposition of environmental contaminants. As the field of photocatalysis through the hybridization of CTFs undergoes rapid expansion, there is a pressing and substantive need for a systematic retrospective analysis and forward-looking evaluation to elucidate pathways for enhancing performance. This comprehensive review commences by directing attention to diverse synthetic methodologies for the creation of composite materials. And then it delves into a thorough exploration of strategies geared towards augmenting performance, encompassing the introduction of electron donor-acceptor (D-A) units, heteroatom doping, defect Engineering, architecture of Heterojunction and optimization of morphology. Following this, it systematically elucidates applications primarily centered around the efficient generation of photocatalytic hydrogen, reduction of carbon dioxide through photocatalysis, and the degradation of organic pollutants. Ultimately, the discourse turns towards unresolved challenges and the prospects for further advancement, offering valuable guidance for the potent harnessing of CTFs in high-efficiency photocatalytic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Li
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, China
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yintian Mao
- Hangzhou Environmental Group Company, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Li
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixian Jiang
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shilong He
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gong H, Xing Y, Li J, Liu S. Functionalized Linear Conjugated Polymer/TiO 2 Heterojunctions for Significantly Enhancing Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. Molecules 2024; 29:1103. [PMID: 38474617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their structural abundance and tunable energy bands. Compared with CP-based materials, the inorganic semiconductor TiO2 has the advantages of low cost, non-toxicity and high photocatalytic hydrogen production (PHP) performance. However, studies on polymeric-inorganic heterojunctions, composed of D-A type CPs and TiO2, for boosting the PHP efficiency are still rare. Herein, an elucidation that the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity can actually be improved by forming polymeric-inorganic heterojunctions TFl@TiO2, TS@TiO2 and TSO2@TiO2, facilely synthesized through efficient in situ direct C-H arylation polymerization, is given. The compatible energy levels between virgin TiO2 and polymeric semiconductors enable the resulting functionalized CP@TiO2 heterojunctions to exhibit a considerable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (HER). Especially, the HER of TSO2@TiO2 heterojunction reaches up to 11,220 μmol g-1 h-1, approximately 5.47 and 1260 times higher than that of pristine TSO2 and TiO2 photocatalysts. The intrinsic merits of a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer and the interfacial interaction between CP and TiO2 account for the excellent PHP activity, facilitating the separation of photo-generated excitons. Considering the outstanding PHP behavior, our work discloses that the coupling of inorganic semiconductors and suitable D-A conjugated CPs would play significant roles in the photocatalysis community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yuqin Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang TF, Liu JJ, Lai ZY, Chang JW, Zhuang YR, Jiang ZC, Chang CL, Lin WC, Chen YH, Wu YH, Sun YE, Luo TA, Chen YK, Yen JC, Hsu HK, Chen BH, Ting LY, Lu CY, Lin YT, Hsu LY, Wu TL, Yang SD, Su AC, Jeng US, Chou HH. Performance and Solution Structures of Side-Chain-Bridged Oligo (Ethylene Glycol) Polymer Photocatalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution under Natural Light Illumination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304743. [PMID: 37803930 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy into hydrogen energy using conjugated polymers (CP) is a promising solution to the energy crisis. Improving water solubility plays one of the critical factors in enhancing the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of CP photocatalysts. In this study, a novel concept of incorporating hydrophilic side chains to connect the backbones of CPs to improve their HER is proposed. This concept is realized through the polymerization of carbazole units bridged with octane, ethylene glycol, and penta-(ethylene glycol) to form three new side-chain-braided (SCB) CPs: PCz2S-OCt, PCz2S-EG, and PCz2S-PEG. Verified through transient absorption spectra, the enhanced capability of PCz2S-PEG for ultrafast electron transfer and reduced recombination effects has been demonstrated. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) analyses reveal that these three SCB-CPs form cross-linking networks with different mass fractal dimensions (f) in aqueous solution. With the lowest f value of 2.64 and improved water/polymer interfaces, PCz2S-PEG demonstrates the best HER, reaching up to 126.9 µmol h-1 in pure water-based photocatalytic solution. Moreover, PCz2S-PEG exhibits comparable performance in seawater-based photocatalytic solution under natural sunlight. In situ SAXS analysis further reveals nucleation-dominated generation of hydrogen nanoclusters with a size of ≈1.5 nm in the HER of PCz2S-PEG under light illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Fu Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ze-Yu Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Rang Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Heng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chen Yen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Hsu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Ting
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yeh Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - An-Chung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weng W, Lin Z, Zhang H, Niu F, Wang C, Hu K, Guo J. Effect of ESIPT-Induced Photoisomerization of Keto-Enamine Linkages on the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance of Covalent Organic Frameworks. JACS AU 2023; 3:3391-3399. [PMID: 38155651 PMCID: PMC10751766 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcitation of keto-enamine allows intramolecular proton transfer from C-NH to C=O, leading to tautomerization, while the photogenerated isomers are excluded from the study of photocatalytic applications. Herein, we demonstrate the photoisomerization of keto-enamine linkages on covalent organic frameworks (COFs) induced by excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). Partial enolization generates partially enolized photoisomers with a mixture of keto (C=O) and enol (OH) forms, conferring extended π-conjugation with an increase in electron density. The spatially separated D-A configuration is thus rebuilt with the enol-imine-linked branch as a donor and the keto-enamine-linked branch as an acceptor, and in turn, the photoinduced charges transfer between the two adjacent branches with a long lifetime. We further prove that the partially enolized photoisomer is a key transition instead of the keto-enamine form as an excited-state model to understand the photocatalytic behaviors. Therefore, ESIPT-induced photoisomerization must be considered for rationally designing keto-enamine-linked COFs with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Also, our study points toward the importance of controlling excited-state structures for long-lived separated charges, which is of particular interest for optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Weng
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hualei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Changchun Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khan R, Chakraborty J, Singh Rawat K, Morent R, De Geyter N, Van Speybroeck V, Van Der Voort P. Super-Oxidizing Covalent Triazine Framework Electrocatalyst for Two-Electron Water Oxidation to H 2 O 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313836. [PMID: 37806967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical two-electron water oxidation (2e WOR) is gaining surging research traction for sustainable hydrogen peroxide production. However, the strong oxidizing environment and thermodynamically competitive side-reaction (4e WOR) posit as thresholds for the 2e WOR. We herein report a custom-crafted covalent triazine network possessing strong oxidizing properties as a proof-of-concept metal-free functional organic network electrocatalyst for catalyzing 2e WOR. As the first-of-its-kind, the material shows a maximum of 89.9 % Faradaic Efficiency and 1428 μmol/h/cm2 H2 O2 production rate at 3.0 V bias potential (vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), which are either better or comparable to the state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. We have experimentally confirmed a stepwise 2e WOR mechanism which was further computationally endorsed by density functional theory studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqia Khan
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jeet Chakraborty
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kuber Singh Rawat
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Wei W, Zhang KAI. Emerging conjugated polymers for heterogeneous photocatalytic chemical transformation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37416940 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the efficient utilization of solar energy through heterogeneous photocatalytic chemical transformation has attracted much attention. As emerging metal-free, pure organic and heterogeneous photocatalysts, π-conjugated polymers (CPs) have been used in visible-light-driven chemical transformations due to their stability, high specific surface area, metal-free nature, and high structural designability. In this review, we summarize the synthesis protocols and design strategies for efficient CP-based photocatalysts based on the photocatalytic mechanisms. Then we highlight the key progress in light-driven chemical transformation using CPs developed by our group. Finally, we present the outlook and possible challenges for future progress of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang S, Zhao F, Yasin G, Dong Y, Zhao J, Guo Y, Tsiakaras P, Zhao J. Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Linkage units engineering in triazine-based conjugated porous polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:41-54. [PMID: 36682117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) have been widely reported as promising photocatalysts. However, the realization of powerful photocatalytic hydrogen production performance still benefits from the rational design of molecular frameworks and the appropriate choice of building monomers. Herein, we synthesized two novel conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) by copolymerizing pyrene and 1,3,5-triazine building blocks. It is found that minor structural changes in the peripheral groups of the triazine units can greatly affect the photocatalytic activity of the polymers. Compared with the phenyl-linkage unit, the thiophene-linkage unit can give CPP a wider absorption range of visible light, a narrower band gap, a higher transmission and separation efficiency of photo-generated carriers (electrons/holes), and a better interface contact with the photocatalytic reaction solution. The catalyst containing thiophene-triazine (ThPy-CPP) has an efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 21.65 and 16.69 mmol g-1h-1 under full-arc spectrum and visible light without the addition of a Pt co-catalyst, respectively, much better than the one containing phenyl-triazine (PhPy-CPP, only 5.73 and 3.48 mmol g-1h-1). This study provides a promising direction to design and construct highly efficient, cost-effective CPP-based photocatalysts, for exploring the application of noble metal-free catalysts in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - YunYun Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Yue Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Panagiotis Tsiakaras
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Engineering, University of Thessaly 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos 38834 Greece.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saputra E, Prawiranegara BA, Nugraha MW, Sambudi NS, Sugesti H, Awaluddin A, Utama PS, Manawan M. Fabrication of hybrid covalent triazine framework-zinc ferrite spinel to uplift visible light-driven photocatalytic organic pollutant degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:39961-39977. [PMID: 36602743 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The tunability of porous covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) can mitigate poor photostability and rapid hole-electron recombination. Herein, an excellent improvement of visible light-driven photocatalytic pollutant degradation was achieved using a hybrid semiconductor of covalent triazine framework-zinc ferrite spinel catalysts (CTF-ZnFe2O4). The as-prepared CTF-ZnFe2O4 composites were fabricated using a facile one-pot ionothermal method. The hybrid photocatalysts were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) characterizations. The analysis reveals that hybridization successfully ensued and altered the crystallinity structure, morphology, surface area, and bandgap energy of hybrid material. It was found that CTF-ZnFe2O4 90:10 is very effective for the degradation of MB in a UV-vis light photocatalytic process with the efficiency of 95.4% and kobs of 0.421 min-1 for degradation of 50 mg/L MB with 0.5 g/L dosages for 120 min. Additionally, the scavenger study, effect of additional oxidants, and stability were performed for the practical application of a hybrid photocatalyst. CTF-ZnFe2O4 90:10 shows outstanding pollutant degradation in sunlight irradiation and high stability with only a 5.2% reduction after a five-times sequential recycling process. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism of as-prepared CTF-ZnFe2O4 was mainly influenced by [Formula: see text] radical compared to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] radicals. Overall, The as-prepared CTF-ZnFe2O4 shows significant potential to be utilized for photocatalytic wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edy Saputra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia.
| | - Barata Aditya Prawiranegara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Wahyu Nugraha
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Simprug, Jakarta, 12220, Indonesia
| | - Heni Sugesti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia
| | - Amir Awaluddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia
| | - Panca Setia Utama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia
| | - Maykel Manawan
- Teknologi Daya Gerak, Universitas Pertahan Indonesia, Bogor, 16810, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iemhoff A, Vennewald M, Palkovits R. Single-Atom Catalysts on Covalent Triazine Frameworks: at the Crossroad between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212015. [PMID: 36108176 PMCID: PMC10108136 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous single-site and single-atom catalysts potentially enable combining the high catalytic activity and selectivity of molecular catalysts with the easy continuous operation and recycling of solid catalysts. In recent years, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) found increasing attention as support materials for particulate and isolated metal species. Bearing a high fraction of nitrogen sites, they allow coordinating molecular metal species and stabilizing particulate metal species, respectively. Dependent on synthesis method and pretreatment of CTFs, materials resembling well-defined highly crosslinked polymers or materials comparable to structurally ill-defined nitrogen-containing carbons result. Accordingly, CTFs serve as model systems elucidating the interaction of single-site, single-atom and particulate metal species with such supports. Factors influencing the transition between molecular and particulate systems are discussed to allow deriving tailored catalyst systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andree Iemhoff
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maurice Vennewald
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Palkovits
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ayed C, Yin J, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. Visible-Light-Promoted Switchable Selective Oxidations of Styrene Over Covalent Triazine Frameworks in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216159. [PMID: 36708519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Using photocatalytic oxidation to convert basic chemicals into high value compounds in environmentally benign reaction media is a current focus in catalytic research. The challenge lies in gaining controllability over product formation selectivity. We design covalent triazine frameworks as heterogeneous, metal-free, and recyclable photocatalysts for visible-light-driven switchable selective oxidation of styrene in pure water. Selectivity in product formation was achieved by activation or deactivation of the specific photogenerated oxygen species. Using the same photocatalyst, by deactivation of photogenerated H2 O2 , benzaldehyde was obtained with over 99 % conversion and over 99 % selectivity as a single product. The highly challenging and sensitive epoxidation of styrene was carried out by creating peroxymonocarbonate as an initial epoxidation agent in the presence of bicarbonate, which led to formation of styrene oxide with a selectivity up to 76 % with near quantitative conversion. This study demonstrates a preliminary yet interesting example for simple control over switchable product formation selectivity for challenging oxidation reactions of organic compounds in pure water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ayed
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Materials Science and and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Varma P, Sudheer AE, Aravindh Sasikala Devi A, Murali D, Amaranatha Reddy D. Regulating the charge carrier transport rate via bridging ternary heterojunctions to enable CdS nanorods' solar-driven hydrogen evolution. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18693-18707. [PMID: 36448739 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solar-driven hydrogen generation using single-semiconductor photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution seems to be challenging due to their poor solar to fuel conversion efficiency because of their fast charge carrier recombination. The ternary heterostructure was prepared by an advanced approach to suppress the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and has contributed a new platform for designing highly efficient photocatalytic systems. Herein, we fabricated a ternary heterojunction with ultrathin WS2-SnS2 nanosheets and CdS nanorods, and the photocatalytic activity was studied. The optimized CdS/SnS2-WS2 (6 wt%) nanostructures were found to be highly stable and exhibited the highest hydrogen evolution rate of 232.45 mmol g-1 h-1, which was almost 93-fold higher than that of the pristine CdS nanorods. Also, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the favorable band alignment for charge transport and superior catalytic activity of the newly fabricated ternary nanostructures make them a potential candidate for solar-driven hydrogen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Varma
- Department of Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool-518008, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Anjana E Sudheer
- Department of Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool-518008, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | | | - D Murali
- Department of Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool-518008, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - D Amaranatha Reddy
- Department of Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool-518008, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McQueen E, Bai Y, Sprick RS. Impact of Interfaces, and Nanostructure on the Performance of Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production from Water. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4299. [PMID: 36500922 PMCID: PMC9739915 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The direct conversion of sunlight into hydrogen through water splitting, and by converting carbon dioxide into useful chemical building blocks and fuels, has been an active area of research since early reports in the 1970s. Most of the semiconductors that drive these photocatalytic processes have been inorganic semiconductors, but since the first report of carbon nitride organic semiconductors have also been considered. Conjugated materials have been relatively extensively studied as photocatalysts for solar fuels generation over the last 5 years due to the synthetic control over composition and properties. The understanding of materials' properties, its impact on performance and underlying factors is still in its infancy. Here, we focus on the impact of interfaces, and nanostructure on fundamental processes which significantly contribute to performance in these organic photocatalysts. In particular, we focus on presenting explicit examples in understanding the interface of polymer photocatalysts with water and how it affects performance. Wetting has been shown to be a clear factor and we present strategies for increased wettability in conjugated polymer photocatalysts through modifications of the material. Furthermore, the limited exciton diffusion length in organic polymers has also been identified to affect the performance of these materials. Addressing this, we also discuss how increased internal and external surface areas increase the activity of organic polymer photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewan McQueen
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ru C, Chen P, Wu X, Chen C, Zhang J, Zhao H, Wu J, Pan X. Enhanced Built-in Electric Field Promotes Photocatalytic Hydrogen Performance of Polymers Derived from the Introduction of B←N Coordination Bond. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204055. [PMID: 36285682 PMCID: PMC9762295 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of active carriers on the surface of a semiconductor through energy/electron transfer are the core process in the photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. However, it remains a challenge to significantly improve photocatalytic performance by modifying simple molecular modulation. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance using boron and nitrogen elements to construct B←N coordination bonds. Experimental results show that polynaphthopyridine borane (PNBN) possessing B←N coordination bonds shows a hydrogen evolution rate of 217.4 µmol h-1 , which is significantly higher than that of the comparison materials 0 µmol h-1 for polyphenylnaphthalene (PNCC) and 0.66 µmol h-1 for polypyridylnaphthalene (PNNC), mainly attributed to the formation of a strong built-in electric field that promotes the separation of photo-generated electrons/holes. This work opens up new prospects for the design of highly efficient polymeric photocatalysts at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University)Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityNo. 222 South Tianshui RoadLanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
| | - Peiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University)Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityNo. 222 South Tianshui RoadLanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University)Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityNo. 222 South Tianshui RoadLanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
| | - Changjuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHuanghuai UniversityNo.76 Kaiyuan AvenueZhumadianHenan463000P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University)Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityNo. 222 South Tianshui RoadLanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University)Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityNo. 222 South Tianshui RoadLanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
- School of Physics and Electronic InformationYantai University30 Qingquan RoadYantaiShandong264005China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University)Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityNo. 222 South Tianshui RoadLanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University)Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityNo. 222 South Tianshui RoadLanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesDonggang West Road 320LanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesDonggang West Road 320LanzhouGansu730000P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han X, Zhao F, Shang Q, Zhao J, Zhong X, Zhang J. Effect of Nitrogen Atom Introduction on the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Covalent Triazine Frameworks: Experimental and Theoretical Study. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200828. [PMID: 35869028 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The construction of high-performance photocatalyst has always been explored. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), especially keto-amine-linked COFs, have many advantages, such as adjustable bandgaps, π-π stacking structure, excellent response ability to visible light, high specific surface area, high mobility of carrier carriers, good physical and chemical stability, and so on, showing strong potential applications in photocatalytic solar energy conversion and hydrogen production. Two analogous covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), T3H-CTF and T3N-CTF, have been synthesized via Schiff-base condensation reactions between 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbalehyde (MOP) and the corresponding triazine-based aromatic amines under solvothermal condition. For T3N-CTF, the peripheral aromatic linker to the central triazine unit was the pyridine unit, instead of the benzene unit in the T3H-CTF unit. T3N-CTF had a hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 6485.05 μmol g-1 h-1 , much higher than that of T3H-CTF (2028.06 μmol g-1 h-1 ). Accordingly, T3N-CTF had a much higher apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 12.2 % than that of T3H-CTF (4.12 %) at 405 nm. The experimental and theoretical results showed that the extended light absorption range, enlarged surface area, and enhanced separation and transportation efficiencies of charge carriers of T3N-CTF compared with T3H-CTF were uniformly induced by the introduction of peripheral nitrogen atoms into the skeleton of former CTF, which eventually boosted the visible-light induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The work suggests a new method for enhancing the intrinsic HER activity by modulating the electronic features of the conjugated COFs by the introduction of pyridinic N atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, 271000, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Shang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Conjugated Polymer Polypyrrole Nanostructures: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:32. [PMID: 35717546 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have been recently widely investigated for their properties and their applications in different fields including photocatalysis. Among the family of CPs, polypyrrole (PPy) has been the most extensively studied owing to its good environmental stability, high electrical conductivity, superior redox properties and easy synthesis. Besides, nanostructured polypyrrole-based nanomaterials are a type of active organic materials for photocatalysis, which is one of their emerging applications. Nanostructuration of polypyrrole can reduce the electron-hole recombination because of short charge transfer distances and reactant adsorption, and product desorption can be enhanced owing to the high surface area offered by nanostructures. This review summarizes synthesis of different nanostructures based on π-conjugated polymer polypyrrole and the latest developments for photocatalytic applications, including degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen generation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Giri A, Patra A. Porous Organic Polymers: Promising Testbed for Heterogeneous Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Photocatalysis and Nonredox CO 2 Fixation. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200071. [PMID: 35675959 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Catalysts play a pivotal role in achieving the global need for food and energy. In this context, porous organic polymers (POPs) with high surface area, robust architecture, tunable pore size, and chemical functionalities have emerged as promising testbeds for heterogeneous catalysis. Amorphous POPs having functionalized interconnected hierarchical porous structures activate a diverse range of substrates through covalent/non-covalent interactions or act as a host matrix to encapsulate catalytically active metal centers. On the other hand, conjugated POPs have been explored for photoinduced chemical transformations. In this personal account, we have delineated the evolution of various POPs and the specific role of pores and pore functionalities in heterogeneous catalysis. Subsequently, we retrospect our journey over the last ten years towards designing and fabricating amorphous POPs for heterogeneous catalysis, specifically photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated organic transformations and nonredox chemical fixation of CO2 . We have also outlined some of the future avenues of POPs and POP-based hybrid materials for diverse catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Geng WY, Lu XX, Zhang H, Luo YH, Wang ZX, Guo SF, Zhou ZY, Zhang DE. Effective design and synthesis of donor-acceptor covalent triazine polymers with boosted photocatalytic performance for Cr(VI) reduction. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Wang J, Yin D, Guo X, Luo Z, Tao L, Ren J, Zhang Y. Fabrication of a Covalent Organic Framework-Based Heterojunction via Coupling with ZnAgInS Nanosphere with High Photocatalytic Activity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4680-4691. [PMID: 35394281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) exhibit visible-light activity for the degradation of organic pollutants. However, the recombination rates of their photoinduced electron-hole pairs are relatively high, limiting their practical application. In this work, we fabricated a 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and p-phenylenediamine (Pa-1) (TpPa-1) COF-based heterojunction through coupling the TpPa-1 COF with a ZnAgInS nanosphere via a facile oil bath heating method. The results show that the prepared heterojunction exhibits outstanding catalytic activity for the degradation of high concentrations the antibiotic tetracycline (TC) and the dye rhodamine B (RhB), which is driven by simulated sunlight. Its degradation rates for RhB and TC were 30× and 18× higher than that of the pure TpPa-1 COF, respectively. The greatly enhanced photocatalytic performances can be ascribed to the formed heterojunction with good band-gap match, which promotes the migration and separation of light-induced electrons and holes and increases both light absorbance and the specific surface area. This study introduces an effective and feasible strategy for improving the photocatalytic performances of COFs via subtly integrating TpPa-1 COFs with a ZnAgInS nanosphere into an organic-inorganic hybrid. The results of the photocatalytic experiments indicate that the fabricated hybrid has a potential application in the highly efficient removal of organic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongguang Yin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiandi Guo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhaoyue Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Liyue Tao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junjie Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen H, Suo X, Yang Z, Dai S. Graphitic Aza-Fused π-Conjugated Networks: Construction, Engineering, and Task-Specific Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107947. [PMID: 34739143 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2D π-conjugated networks linked by aza-fused units represent a pivotal category of graphitic materials with stacked nanosheet architectures. Extensive efforts have been directed at their fabrication and application since the discovery of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs). Besides the triazine cores, tricycloquinazoline and hexaazatriphenylene linkages are further introduced to tailor the structures and properties. Diverse related materials have been developed rapidly, and a thorough outlook is necessitated to unveil the structure-property-application relationships across multiple subcategories, which is pivotal to guide the design and fabrication toward enhanced task-specific performance. Herein, the structure types and development of related materials including CTFs, covalent quinazoline networks, and hexaazatriphenylene networks, are introduced. Advanced synthetic strategies coupled with characterization techniques provide powerful tools to engineer the properties and tune the associated behaviors in corresponding applications. Case studies in the areas of gas adsorption, membrane-based separation, thermo-/electro-/photocatalysis, and energy storage are then addressed, focusing on the correlation between structure/property engineering and optimization of the corresponding performance, particularly the preferred features and strategies in each specific field. In the last section, the underlying challenges and opportunities in construction and application of this emerging and promising material category are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xian Suo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xie J, Fang Z, Wang H. Modification of Covalent Triazine-Based Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1363. [PMID: 35406237 PMCID: PMC9003054 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of solar energy and water to hydrogen via semiconductor photocatalysts is one of the efficient strategies to mitigate the energy and environmental crisis. Conjugated polymeric photocatalysts have advantages over their inorganic counterparts. Their molecular structures, band structures, and electronic properties are easily tunable through molecular engineering to extend their spectral response ranges, improve their quantum efficiencies, and enhance their hydrogen evolution rates. In particular, covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) present a strong potential for solar-driven hydrogen generation due to their large continuous π-conjugated structure, high thermal and chemical stability, and efficient charge transfer and separation capability. Herein, synthesis strategies, functional optimization, and applications in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of CTFs since the first investigation are reviewed. Finally, the challenges of hydrogen generation for CTFs are summarized, and the direction of material modifications is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jijia Xie
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiping Fang
- Department of Science & Technology R & D, Sinopec Group, Beijing 100728, China;
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lan X, Wang J, Li Q, Wang A, Zhang Y, Yang X, Bai G. Acetylene/Vinylene-Bridged π-Conjugated Covalent Triazine Polymers for Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation Reactions under Visible Light Irradiation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102455. [PMID: 34962075 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photocatalytic chemical transformation provides a sustainable strategy to produce valuable feedstock, but designing photocatalysts with high efficiency remains challenging. Herein, two acetylene- or vinylene-bridged π-conjugated covalent triazine polymers, A-CTP-DPA and V-CTP-DPE, were successfully fabricated toward metal-free photocatalytic oxidation under visible light irradiation. Compared to the one without acetylene or vinylene bridge, both resulting polymers exhibited superior activity in photocatalytic selective oxidation of sulfides and oxidative coupling of amines; in particular, A-CTP-DPA delivered an optimal photocatalytic performance. The superior activity was attributed to the broadened spectral response range, effective separation, rapid transportation of photogenerated charge carriers, and abundant active sites for photogenerated electrons due to the existence of the acetylene bridge in the framework. This work highlights the potential of acetylene and vinylene bridges in tuning catalytic efficiency of organic semiconductors, providing a guideline for the design of efficient photocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P.R. China
| | - Aiqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P.R. China
| | - Yize Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P.R. China
| | - Xianheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P.R. China
| | - Guoyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang J, Zhai MM, Qin JJ, Liu YA, Hu WB, Yang H, Wen K. Pyrene- and 1,3,5-triazine-based D–A two-dimensional polymers for sunlight-driven hydrogen evolution: the influence of the linking pattern. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00807f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two conjugated organic polymers constructed from electron-rich pyrenes and electron-deficient 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine demonstrated good photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Qin
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yahu A. Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, San Diego, California, 92127, USA
| | - Wei-Bo Hu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang L, Zhang Y, Huang X, Bi Y. Reversing electron transfer in a covalent triazine framework for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8074-8079. [PMID: 35919433 PMCID: PMC9278156 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02638d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) have emerged as some of the most important materials for photocatalytic water splitting. However, development of CTF-based photocatalytic systems with non-platinum cocatalysts for highly efficient hydrogen evolution still remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrated, for the first time, a one-step phosphidation strategy for simultaneously achieving phosphorus atom bonding with the benzene rings of CTFs and the anchoring of well-defined dicobalt phosphide (Co2P) nanocrystals (∼7 nm). The hydrogen evolution activities of CTFs were significantly enhanced under simulated solar-light (7.6 mmol h−1 g−1), more than 20 times higher than that of the CTF/Co2P composite. Both comparative experiments and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the strong interfacial P–C bonding and the anchoring of the Co2P cocatalyst reverse the charge transfer direction from triazine to benzene rings, promote charge separation, and accelerate hydrogen evolution. Thus, the rational anchoring of transition-metal phosphides on conjugated polymers should be a promising approach for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Reversing the electron transfer in a covalent triazine-based framework by Co2P anchoring achieved highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water splitting.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yingpu Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee TL, Elewa AM, Kotp MG, Chou HH, El-Mahdy AFM. Carbazole- and thiophene-containing conjugated microporous polymers with different planarity for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11968-11971. [PMID: 34704990 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of two carbazole-thiophene-based conjugated microporous polymers (Cz-3Th and Cz-4Th CMPs) with different degrees of planarity for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Depending upon the building linker's planarity, we found that the porous structure, hydrogen-evolution rate, and photocatalytic stability of the resultant CMPs varied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Lee
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ahmed M Elewa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Mohammed G Kotp
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ho-Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ahmed F M El-Mahdy
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Piercy V, Saeed KH, Prentice AW, Neri G, Li C, Gardner AM, Bai Y, Sprick RS, Sazanovich IV, Cooper AI, Rosseinsky MJ, Zwijnenburg MA, Cowan AJ. Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy of Polaron Formation in a Polymer Photocatalyst. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10899-10905. [PMID: 34730969 PMCID: PMC8591663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer photocatalysts are a synthetically diverse class of materials that can be used for the production of solar fuels such as H2, but the underlying mechanisms by which they operate are poorly understood. Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy provides a powerful structure-specific probe of photogenerated species. Here we report the use of time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopy to study the formation of polaron pairs and electron polarons in one of the most active linear polymer photocatalysts for H2 production, poly(dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone), P10. We identify that polaron-pair formation prior to thermalization of the initially generated excited states is an important pathway for the generation of long-lived photoelectrons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verity
L. Piercy
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Khezar H. Saeed
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Andrew W. Prentice
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Gaia Neri
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Chao Li
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Adrian M. Gardner
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Yang Bai
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Rosseinsky
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Martijn A. Zwijnenburg
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang R, Liu Z, Gao T, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Qiao Z. A Solvent‐Polarity‐Induced Interface Self‐Assembly Strategy towards Mesoporous Triazine‐Based Carbon Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Zhilin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Tu‐Nan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Yuenan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Zhen‐An Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang R, Liu Z, Gao TN, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Qiao ZA. A Solvent-Polarity-Induced Interface Self-Assembly Strategy towards Mesoporous Triazine-Based Carbon Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24299-24305. [PMID: 34498361 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Triazine-based materials with porous structure have recently received numerous attentions as a fascinating new class because of their superior potential for various applications. However, it is still a formidable challenge to obtain triazine-based materials with precise adjustable meso-scaled pore sizes and controllable pore structures by reported synthesis approaches. Herein, we develop a solvent polarity induced interface self-assembly strategy to construct mesoporous triazine-based carbon materials. In this method, we employ a mixed solvent system within a suitable range of polarity (0.223≤Lippert-Mataga parameter (Δf) ≤0.295) to induce valid self-assembly of skeleton precursor and surfactant. The as-prepared mesoporous triazine-based carbon materials possess uniform tunable pore sizes (8.2-14.0 nm), high surface areas and ultrahigh nitrogen content (up to 18 %). Owing to these intriguing advantages, the fabricated mesoporous triazine-based carbon materials as functionalized porous solid absorbents exhibit predominant CO2 adsorption performance and exceptional selectivity for the capture of CO2 over N2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Zhilin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Tu-Nan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yuenan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Zhen-An Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ru C, Zhou T, Zhang J, Wu X, Sun P, Chen P, Zhou L, Zhao H, Wu J, Pan X. Introducing Secondary Acceptors into Conjugated Polymers to Improve Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhou
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengyao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Zhou
- New Energy (Photovoltaic) Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhao
- School of Science & Technology for Opto-Electronic Information, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- New Energy (Photovoltaic) Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810006, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu Y, Li B, Xiang Z. Pathways towards Boosting Solar-Driven Hydrogen Evolution of Conjugated Polymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007576. [PMID: 34160904 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic H2 evolution under solar illumination has been considered to be a promising technology for green energy resources. Developing highly efficient photocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting is long-term desired but still challenging. Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted ongoing attention and have been considered to be promising alternatives for solar-driven H2 production due to the excellent merits of the large π-conjugated system, versatile structures, tunable photoelectric properties, and well-defined chemical composites. The excellent merits have offered numerous methods for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) of initial CP-based photocatalysts, whose apparent quantum yield is dramatically increased from <1 to >20% in recent five years. According to the photocatalytic mechanism, this review herein systematically summarizes three major strategies for boosting photocatalytic H2 production of CPs: 1) enhancing visible light absorption, 2) suppressing recombination of electron-hole pairs, and 3) boosting surface catalytic reaction, mainly involving eleven methods, that is, copolymerization, modifying cross-linker, constructing a donor-acceptor structure, functionalization, fabricating organic heterojunction, loading cocatalyst, and surface modification. Finally, the perspectives towards the future development of PHE are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Turcani L, Tarzia A, Szczypiński FT, Jelfs KE. stk: An extendable Python framework for automated molecular and supramolecular structure assembly and discovery. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214102. [PMID: 34240979 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational software workflows are emerging as all-in-one solutions to speed up the discovery of new materials. Many computational approaches require the generation of realistic structural models for property prediction and candidate screening. However, molecular and supramolecular materials represent classes of materials with many potential applications for which there is no go-to database of existing structures or general protocol for generating structures. Here, we report a new version of the supramolecular toolkit, stk, an open-source, extendable, and modular Python framework for general structure generation of (supra)molecular structures. Our construction approach works on arbitrary building blocks and topologies and minimizes the input required from the user, making stk user-friendly and applicable to many material classes. This version of stk includes metal-containing structures and rotaxanes as well as general implementation and interface improvements. Additionally, this version includes built-in tools for exploring chemical space with an evolutionary algorithm and tools for database generation and visualization. The latest version of stk is freely available at github.com/lukasturcani/stk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Turcani
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Filip T Szczypiński
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lan X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang J, Zhang Q, Bai G. Unveiling Charge Dynamics in Acetylene-Bridged Donor−π–Acceptor Covalent Triazine Framework for Enhanced Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yize Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Qianfan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Guoyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guan L, Cheng G, Tan B, Jin S. Covalent triazine frameworks constructed via benzyl halide monomers showing high photocatalytic activity in biomass reforming. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5147-5150. [PMID: 33899846 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01102b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) using benzyl halide monomers which are more cost-effective and with higher availability than previous ones. The resulting CTFs were successfully applied for efficient photocatalytic reforming of glucose for the first time, with a high hydrogen evolution rate up to 330 μmol g-1 h-1 under pH = 12. This work presented a new way to synthesize CTFs and further exhibited their potential applications in photocatalytic biomass reforming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Guan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Guang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Bien Tan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Shangbin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang X, Zhang YB. Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sunlight-driven Hydrogen Evolution. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Machado TF, Serra MES, Murtinho D, Valente AJM, Naushad M. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Properties and Applications-An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:970. [PMID: 33809960 PMCID: PMC8004293 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) are an exciting new class of microporous polymers with unprecedented properties in organic material chemistry. They are generally built from rigid, geometrically defined organic building blocks resulting in robust, covalently bonded crystalline networks that extend in two or three dimensions. By strategically combining monomers with specific structures and properties, synthesized COF materials can be fine-tuned and controlled at the atomic level, with unparalleled precision on intrapore chemical environment; moreover, the unusually high pore accessibility allows for easy post-synthetic pore wall modification after the COF is synthesized. Overall, COFs combine high, permanent porosity and surface area with high thermal and chemical stability, crystallinity and customizability, making them ideal candidates for a myriad of promising new solutions in a vast number of scientific fields, with widely varying applications such as gas adsorption and storage, pollutant removal, degradation and separation, advanced filtration, heterogeneous catalysis, chemical sensing, biomedical applications, energy storage and production and a vast array of optoelectronic solutions. This review attempts to give a brief insight on COF history, the overall strategies and techniques for rational COF synthesis and post-synthetic functionalization, as well as a glance at the exponentially growing field of COF research, summarizing their main properties and introducing the numerous technological and industrial state of the art applications, with noteworthy examples found in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F. Machado
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.F.M.); (M.E.S.S.); (D.M.)
| | - M. Elisa Silva Serra
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.F.M.); (M.E.S.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Dina Murtinho
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.F.M.); (M.E.S.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.F.M.); (M.E.S.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Mu. Naushad
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zbiri M, Aitchison CM, Sprick RS, Cooper AI, Guilbert AAY. Probing Dynamics of Water Mass Transfer in Organic Porous Photocatalyst Water-Splitting Materials by Neutron Spectroscopy. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:1363-1372. [PMID: 33840892 PMCID: PMC8025674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quest for efficient and economically accessible cleaner methods to develop sustainable carbon-free energy sources induced a keen interest in the production of hydrogen fuel. This can be achieved via the water-splitting process and by exploiting solar energy. However, the use of adequate photocatalysts is required to reach this goal. Covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) are potential target photocatalysts for water splitting. Both electronic and structural characteristics of CTFs, particularly energy levels, optical band gaps, and porosities are directly relevant to water splitting and can be engineered through chemical design. Porosity can, in principle, be beneficial to water splitting by providing a larger surface area for the catalytic reactions to take place. However, porosity can also affect both charge transport within the photocatalyst and mass transfer of both reactants and products, thus impacting the overall kinetics of the reaction. Here, we focus on the link between chemical design and water (reactant) mass transfer, which plays a key role in the water uptake process and the subsequent hydrogen generation in practice. We use neutron spectroscopy to study the mass transfer of water in two porous CTFs, CTF-CN and CTF-2, that differ in the polarity of their struts. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering is used to quantify the amount of bound water and the translational diffusion of water. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements complement the quasi-elastic neutron scattering study and provide insights into the softness of the CTF structures and the changes in librational degrees of freedom of water in the porous CTFs. We show that two different types of interaction between water and CTFs take place in CTF-CN and CTF-2. CTF-CN exhibits a smaller surface area and lower water uptake due to its softer structure than CTF-2. However, the polar cyano group interacts locally with water leading to a large amount of bound water and a strong rearrangement of the water hydration monolayer, while water diffusion in CTF-2 is principally impacted by microporosity. The current study leads to new insights into the structure-dynamics-property relationship of CTF photocatalysts that pave the road for a better understanding of the guest-host interaction on the basis of water-splitting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zbiri
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Cedex 9, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Anne A. Y. Guilbert
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Guilbert AAY, Bai Y, Aitchison CM, Sprick RS, Zbiri M. Impact of Chemical Structure on the Dynamics of Mass Transfer of Water in Conjugated Microporous Polymers: A Neutron Spectroscopy Study. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:765-776. [PMID: 33615231 PMCID: PMC7887872 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel can contribute as a masterpiece in conceiving a robust carbon-free economic puzzle if cleaner methods to produce hydrogen become technically efficient and economically viable. Organic photocatalytic materials such as conjugated microporous materials (CMPs) are potential attractive candidates for water splitting as their energy levels and optical band gap as well as porosity are tunable through chemical synthesis. The performances of CMPs depend also on the mass transfer of reactants, intermediates, and products. Here, we study the mass transfer of water (H2O and D2O) and of triethylamine, which is used as a hole scavenger for hydrogen evolution, by means of neutron spectroscopy. We find that the stiffness of the nodes of the CMPs is correlated with an increase in trapped water, reflected by motions too slow to be quantified by quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). Our study highlights that the addition of the polar sulfone group results in additional interactions between water and the CMP, as evidenced by inelastic neutron scattering (INS), leading to changes in the translational diffusion of water, as determined from the QENS measurements. No changes in triethylamine motions could be observed within the CMPs from the present investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. Y. Guilbert
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yang Bai
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Mohamed Zbiri
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex
9 38042, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li G, Xie Z, Wang Q, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang X. Asymmetric Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Polymers with Fast Charge Carrier Transfer for Solar Hydrogen Production. Chemistry 2021; 27:939-943. [PMID: 32935405 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Construction of local donor-acceptor architecture is one of the valid means for facilitating the intramolecular charge transfer in organic semiconductors. To further accelerate the interface charge transfer, a ternary acceptor-donor-acceptor (A1 -D-A2 ) molecular junction is established via gradient nitrogen substituting into the polymer skeleton. Accordingly, the exciton splitting and interface charge transfer could be promptly liberated because of the strong attracting ability of the two different electron acceptors. Both DFT calculations and photoluminescence spectra elucidate the swift charge transfer at the donor-acceptor interface. Consequently, the optimum polymer, N3 -CP, undergoes a remarkable photocatalytic property in terms of hydrogen production with AQY405 nm =26.6 % by the rational design of asymmetric molecular junctions on organic semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tan Z, Zhang P, Chen Q, Fang S, Huang G, Bi J, Wu L. Visible-light-driven photocatalyst based upon metal-free covalent triazine-based frameworks for enhanced hydrogen production. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An environment-friendly photocatalyst was constructed by loading reduced graphene oxide (rGO) onto a covalent triazine framework CTF-1 in this work for efficient utilization of solar energy to produce H2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunkun Tan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Minhou
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Minhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qiaoshan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Minhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shengqiong Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Minhou
- P. R. China
| | - Guocheng Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Minhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jinhong Bi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Minhou
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
| | - Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- Fuzhou University
- Minhou
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang H, Amari H, Liu L, Zhao C, Gao H, He A, Browning ND, Little MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Nano-assemblies of a soluble conjugated organic polymer and an inorganic semiconductor for sacrificial photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24488-24494. [PMID: 33319898 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials have interesting optical and electronic properties that are often drastically different from those of their bulk counterparts. While bulk organic/inorganic semiconductor composites have attracted much attention in the past decade, the preparation of organic/inorganic semiconductor nanocomposites (OISNs) still remains challenging. This work presents an assembly method for the co-encapsulation of titanium dioxide dots (TDs) with a cyano-substituted soluble conjugated polymer (CSCP) into a particular nanoparticle. The as-prepared CSCP/TD semiconductor nanocomposites (CSCP/TD NCs) exhibit different particle surfaces and morphologies depending on the mass ratio of the CSCP to TDs. We then tested them as photocatalysts for sacrificial hydrogen production from water. We found that nanocomposites outperformed nanoparticles of the individual components and physical mixtures thereof. The most active CSCP/TD NC had a catalytic H2 production rate that was 4.25 times higher than that of pure polymer nanoparticles prepared under the same conditions. We ascribe this to energy transfer between the semiconductors, where direct phase contact is essential, highlighting a potential avenue for using soluble, visible light-absorbing conjugated organic polymers to build Z-schemes for overall water splitting in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Han C, Dong P, Tang H, Zheng P, Zhang C, Wang F, Huang F, Jiang JX. Realizing high hydrogen evolution activity under visible light using narrow band gap organic photocatalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1796-1802. [PMID: 34163942 PMCID: PMC8179323 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of conjugated semiconducting polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution have engendered intense recent interest. However, most reported organic polymer photocatalysts show a relatively broad band gap with weak light absorption ability in the visible light region, which commonly leads to a low photocatalytic activity under visible light. Herein, we synthesize three novel dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene-S,S-dioxide (DTDO) containing conjugated polymer photocatalysts by a facile C-H arylation coupling polymerization reaction. The resulting polymers show a broad visible light absorption range up to 700 nm and a narrow band gap down to 1.81 eV due to the introduction of the DTDO unit. Benefiting from the donor-acceptor polymer structure and the high content of the DTDO unit, the three-dimensional polymer PyDTDO-3 without the addition of a Pt co-catalyst shows an attractive photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 16.32 mmol h-1 g-1 under visible light irradiation, which is much higher than that of most reported organic polymer photocatalysts under visible light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Han
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Peihua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Peiyun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Jia-Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Huang W, Huber N, Jiang S, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. Covalent Triazine Framework Nanoparticles via Size-Controllable Confinement Synthesis for Enhanced Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18368-18373. [PMID: 32697384 PMCID: PMC7590189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
For metal-free, organic conjugated polymer-based photocatalysts, synthesis of defined nanostructures is still highly challenging. Here, we report the formation of covalent triazine framework (CTF) nanoparticles via a size-controllable confined polymerization strategy. The uniform CTF nanoparticles exhibited significantly enhanced activity in the photocatalytic formation of dibenzofurans compared to the irregular bulk material. The optoelectronic properties of the nanometer-sized CTFs could be easily tuned by copolymerizing small amounts of benzothiadiazole into the conjugated molecular network. This optimization of electronic properties led to a further increase in observed photocatalytic efficiency, resulting in total an 18-fold enhancement compared to the bulk material. Full recyclability of the heterogeneous photocatalysts as well as catalytic activity in dehalogenation, hydroxylation and benzoimidazole formation reactions demonstrated the utility of the designed materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Niklas Huber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | | | - Kai A. I. Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University200433ShanghaiP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sprick RS, Chen Z, Cowan AJ, Bai Y, Aitchison CM, Fang Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Cooper AI, Wang X. Water Oxidation with Cobalt-Loaded Linear Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18695-18700. [PMID: 32596879 PMCID: PMC7589379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of linear conjugated organic polymer photocatalysts that produce oxygen from water after loading with cobalt and in the presence of an electron scavenger are reported. The oxygen evolution rates, which are higher than for related organic materials, can be rationalized by a combination of the thermodynamic driving force for water oxidation, the light absorption of the polymer, and the aqueous dispersibility of the relatively hydrophilic polymer particles. We also used transient absorption spectroscopy to study the best performing system and we found that fast oxidative quenching of the exciton occurs (picoseconds) in the presence of an electron scavenger, minimizing recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeThomas Graham Building295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyUniversity of LiverpoolChadwick BuildingPeach StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZFUK
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | | | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jena HS, Krishnaraj C, Parwaiz S, Lecoeuvre F, Schmidt J, Pradhan D, Van Der Voort P. Illustrating the Role of Quaternary-N of BINOL Covalent Triazine-Based Frameworks in Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44689-44699. [PMID: 32897044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defective nitrogen-doped carbon materials have shown a promising application as metal-free electrocatalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, there are still some challenges in the tuning of metal-free electrocatalysts and in understanding the roles of various nitrogen species in their electrocatalytic performance. Herein, we design a covalent triazine framework (CTF)-based material as an effective metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst. We chose BINOL-CN (2,2'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-6,6'-dicarbonitrile) as both a carbon and a nitrogen source for the fabrication of N-containing CTF-based materials. Four BINOL-CTFs with varying N-functionalities (pyridinic-N/triazine-N, pyrrolic-N, quaternary-N, and pyridine-N-oxide) were successfully obtained. These materials were evaluated in the ORR and the HER in basic and acidic conditions, respectively. The best material has an onset potential of 0.793 V and a half-wave potential of 0.737 V, and it follows first-order kinetics in a 4e- pathway in the ORR reaction. The same material shows an impressive HER activity with an overpotential of 0.31 V to achieve 10 mA/cm2 and a small Tafel slope of 41 mV/dec, which is comparable to 31 mV/dec for Pt/C, making it a potential bifunctional electrocatalyst. We showed that the ORR and HER reactivity of CTF-based materials depends exclusively on the amount of quaternary-N species and on the available surface area and pore volume. This work highlights the engineering of CTF materials with varying amounts of N species as high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chidharth Krishnaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shaikh Parwaiz
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Florence Lecoeuvre
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie - Funktionsmaterialien, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Debabrata Pradhan
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang W, Huber N, Jiang S, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. Covalent Triazine Framework Nanoparticles via Size‐Controllable Confinement Synthesis for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Niklas Huber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Kai A. I. Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University 200433 Shanghai P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sprick RS, Chen Z, Cowan AJ, Bai Y, Aitchison CM, Fang Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Cooper AI, Wang X. Water Oxidation with Cobalt‐Loaded Linear Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Chadwick Building Peach Street Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | | | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Halogen modified two-dimensional covalent triazine frameworks as visible-light driven photocatalysts for overall water splitting. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a unique class of materials that combine extended π-conjugation with a permanently microporous skeleton. Since their discovery in 2007, CMPs have become established as an important subclass of porous materials. A wide range of synthetic building blocks and network-forming reactions offers an enormous variety of CMPs with different properties and structures. This has allowed CMPs to be developed for gas adsorption and separations, chemical adsorption and encapsulation, heterogeneous catalysis, photoredox catalysis, light emittance, sensing, energy storage, biological applications, and solar fuels production. Here we review the progress of CMP research since its beginnings and offer an outlook for where these materials might be headed in the future. We also compare the prospect for CMPs against the growing range of conjugated crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Aitchison CM, Sachs M, Little MA, Wilbraham L, Brownbill NJ, Kane CM, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Durrant JR, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Structure–activity relationships in well-defined conjugated oligomer photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomer chain length and backbone twisting were found to have a strong effect on optoelectronic properties but a trimer of dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone was found to have high photocatalytic activity approaching that of its polymer analogue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
| | - Liam Wilbraham
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | - Nick J. Brownbill
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy
| | - Christopher M. Kane
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy
| | | | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
| |
Collapse
|