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Zhang J, Cao G, Wang W, Qiao H, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang F, Liu W, Cai Z. Stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry reveals in vivo distribution, metabolism, and excretion of tire rubber-derived 6PPD-quinone in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169291. [PMID: 38104817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) has been identified as a ubiquitous contaminant in the surrounding locality, including air particles, roadside soils, dust, and water. Recently, the prevalence of 6PPD-Q in human urine has accentuated the urgency for investigating its biological fate. To address this, we conducted a stable isotope-assisted high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) assay to unveil the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicokinetic properties of this contaminant in a mouse model. Mice were fed with a single dose of deuterated 6PPD-Q-d5 at human-relevant exposure levels. Results indicated that 6PPD-Q was quickly assimilated and distributed into bloodstream and main organs of mice, with the concentrations reaching peaks under 1 h following administration. Notably, 6PPD-Q was primarily distributed in the adipose tissue, marked by a significant Cmax (p < 0.05), followed by the kidney, lung, testis, liver, spleen, heart, and muscle. In addition, our measurement demonstrated that 6PPD-Q can penetrate the blood-brain barrier of mice within 0.5 h after exposure. The half-lives (t1/2) of 6PPD-Q in serum, lung, kidney, and spleen of mice were measured at 12.7 ± 0.3 h, 20.7 ± 1.4 h, 21.6 ± 5.3 h, and 20.6 ± 2.8 h, respectively. Using HRMS combined with isotope tracing techniques, two novel hydroxylated metabolites of 6PPD-Q in the mice liver were identified for the first time, which provides new insights into its rapid elimination in-vivo. Meanwhile, fecal excretion was identified as the main excretory pathway for 6PPD-Q and its hydroxylated metabolites. Collectively, our findings extend the current knowledge on the biological fate and exposure status of 6PPD-Q in a mouse model, which has the potential to be extrapolated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Han Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Fuyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong.
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2
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Letelier P, Saldías R, Loren P, Riquelme I, Guzmán N. MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Link with Inflammation and Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16984. [PMID: 38069307 PMCID: PMC10707120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to atmospheric air pollution containing volatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been shown to be a risk factor in the induction of lung inflammation and the initiation and progression of lung cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules of ~20-22 nucleotides that regulate different physiological processes, and their altered expression is implicated in various pathophysiological conditions. Recent studies have shown that the regulation of gene expression of miRNAs can be affected in diseases associated with outdoor air pollution, meaning they could also be useful as biomarkers of exposure to environmental pollution. In this article, we review the published evidence on miRNAs in relation to exposure to PAH pollution and discuss the possible mechanisms that may link these compounds with the expression of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Letelier
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile; (R.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Rolando Saldías
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile; (R.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Pía Loren
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile;
| | - Neftalí Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile; (R.S.); (N.G.)
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Kowalczyk K, Roszak J, Sobańska Z, Stępnik M. Review of mechanisms of genotoxic action of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (formerly dibenzo[a,l]pyrene). TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2124419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Roszak
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
| | - Z. Sobańska
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
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Pande P, Madeen EP, Williams DE, Crowell SR, Ognibene TJ, Turteltaub KW, Corley RA, Smith JN. Translating dosimetry of Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) and metabolites across dose and species using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 438:115830. [PMID: 34933053 PMCID: PMC9264404 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) is an environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that causes tumors in mice and has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Animal toxicity studies often utilize higher doses than are found in relevant human exposures. Additionally, like many PAHs, DBC requires metabolic bioactivation to form the ultimate toxicant, and species differences in DBC and DBC metabolite metabolism have been observed. To understand the implications of dose and species differences, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) for DBC and major metabolites was developed in mice and humans. Metabolism parameters used in the model were obtained from experimental in vitro metabolism assays using mice and human hepatic microsomes. PBPK model simulations were evaluated against mice dosed with 15 mg/kg DBC by oral gavage and human volunteers orally microdosed with 29 ng of DBC. DBC and its primary metabolite DBC-11,12-diol were measured in blood of mice and humans, while in urine, the majority of DBC metabolites were obeserved as conjugated DBC-11,12-diol, conjugated DBC tetrols, and unconjugated DBC tetrols. The PBPK model was able to predict the time course concentrations of DBC, DBC-11,12-diol, and other DBC metabolites in blood and urine of human volunteers and mice with reasonable accuracy. Agreement between model simulations and measured pharmacokinetic data in mice and human studies demonstrate the success and versatility of our model for interspecies extrapolation and applicability for different doses. Furthermore, our simulations show that internal dose metrics used for risk assessment do not necessarily scale allometrically, and that PBPK modeling provides a reliable approach to appropriately account for interspecies differences in metabolism and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Pande
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Erin P Madeen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Susan R Crowell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Ken W Turteltaub
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Richard A Corley
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Jin X, Hua Q, Liu Y, Wu Z, Xu D, Ren Q, Zhao W, Guo X. Organ and tissue-specific distribution of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ApoE-KO mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117219. [PMID: 33984772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most prevalent classes of environmental pollutants resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Exposure to PAHs is implicated in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and even cancer. However, little is known about organ- and tissue-specific distribution patterns of PAHs in animals at macro-tissue and microscopic levels. Here, by combining GC-MS and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM), we revealed the distribution characteristics of four different PAHs (phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), perylene (Per), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)) in atherosclerosis model mice (ApoE-KO mice) at macro-tissue and micro-region level after long-term oral exposure. Average PAH concentrations detected by GC-MS in seven tissues ranged from 6.44 to 441 ng/g. The gastrointestinal tract, epididymal fat pat, and lung accumulated higher levels of PAHs, whereas relatively lower PAH residuals were found in the liver, brain, and kidney. Correlation analysis showed that PAHs with higher molecular weight (r: -0.972 to -0.746), Log Kow (r: -0.984 to -0.746) and lower water solubility (r: 0.720 to 0.994) were less prone to bioaccumulate. For the first time, SMFM demonstrated a distinct heterogeneous distribution of Per in the tissue slices. More interestingly, we observed many micro-cluster regions, namely hotspots, showed much higher Per fluorescent intensity than the other common regions. In the area of atherosclerotic plaque, the Per hotspots were colocalized with the micro-regions with the most severe inflammatory response. The hotspots with very high enrichment in PAHs were likely to stimulate the local inflammation and cause excessive damage of the aorta, which resulted in a significant increase of the relative area of atherosclerosis lesion and aggravated atherosclerosis, as observed in PAH exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China; Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Street, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiaoyi Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Deshu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qidong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Zhang R, Li J, Cui X. Tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139862. [PMID: 32544679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As one typical synthetic phenolic antioxidant, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) has been widely adopted in food and other human products, and considered as an emerging contaminant due to its toxic effects. Understanding bioaccumulation and metabolism of BHT is crucial to evaluate its environmental fate and toxicity. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of BHT in mice were investigated. It was shown that BHT was prone to be accumulated in metabolism-related organs (i.e., liver and kidney) with AUC0-120 h (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 120 h) values of 206 h·μg/g in liver and 162 h·μg/g in kidney. For metabolites, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadione (BHT-quinol) was preferentially accumulated in liver, while 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH) was the major metabolite in excreta. The major excretion of BHT and metabolites was through feces with a value of 25.1 ± 0.16% of the initial dose compared with urine of 1.27 ± 0.05%. The possible metabolic pathways of BHT were elucidated as the oxidation of the para-methyl, tert-butyl groups, and aromatic ring based on the known and identified unknown metabolites by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The preferred accumulation of BHT and metabolites in liver implies their potential hepatotoxicity. Results here also suggested that considering the distribution and excretion of metabolites can better assess BHT's fate and risk in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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The effect of inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases on dibenzo[def,p]chrysene genotoxicity measured by γH2AX levels and neutral comet assay in HepG2 human hepatocellular cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104749. [PMID: 31838185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the study the modulating effect of inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKK): ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated), ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 Related) and DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase) on genotoxicity of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) in HepG2 human hepatocellular cancer cells was investigated. The cytotoxicity of DBC was determined, also in combination with PIKK inhibitors, using the MTT reduction assay. The high cytotoxicity of DBC was observed after 72 h incubation (IC50 = 0.06 μM). The PIKK inhibitors applied at non-cytotoxic concentrations: caffeine (1 mM) and KU55933 (2.5 μM) had no significant influence on the DBC cytotoxicity, however NU7026 (5 μM) caused significant increase in the cell viability by about 25%. The combinations of the inhibitors (double or triple) where NU7026 was present also caused increase in the cell viability (i.e. cytoprotective effect) compared to the effect of DBC. The level of damage to the genetic material (DNA double strand breaks, DSB) was assessed by measuring levels of phosphorylated form of H2A histone (γH2AX) and neutral comet assay. DBC induced DSB in a concentration and time-dependent manner. NU7026 considerably reduced the level of DSB level measured by γH2AX and comet assay. The obtained results confirm that DBC is cytotoxic and causes damage to the genetic material including DSB. The DNA-PK inhibitor NU7026 increases cell viability after exposure to DBC and reduces DNA damage, what indicates an important role of the sensor kinase in mediating the effect.
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Excretion, Metabolism and Cytochrome P450 Inhibition of Methyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB): A Potential Candidate to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 45:51-69. [PMID: 31602595 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB) has the potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The present work investigated its excretion, metabolism, and cytochrome P450-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs). METHODS After intragastric administration of MDHB, the parent drug was assayed in the urine and faeces of mice. Metabolites of MDHB in the urine, faeces, brain, plasma and liver were detected by liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). A cocktail approach was used to evaluate the inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by MDHB. RESULTS The cumulative excretion permille of MDHB in the urine and faeces were found to be 0.67 ± 0.31 and 0.49 ± 0.44‰, respectively. A total of 96 metabolites of MDHB were identified, and all IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values of MDHB towards cytochrome P450 isoforms were > 100 μM. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that MDHB has a low parent drug cumulative excretion percentage and that MDHB has multiple metabolites and is mainly metabolized through the loss of -CH2 and -CO2, the loss of -CH2O, ester bond hydrolysis, the loss of -O and -CO2, isomerization, methylation, sulfate conjugation, the loss of -CH2O and -O and glycine conjugation, glycine conjugation, the loss of two -O groups and alanine conjugation, the loss of -CH2O and -O and glucose conjugation, glucuronidation, glucose conjugation, etc., in vivo. Finally, MDHB has a low probability of cytochrome P450-based DDIs.
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Chen KM, Sun YW, Cooper TK, Benitez G, Aliaga C, Zhu J, Gowda K, Amin S, El-Bayoumy K. Comparative Tumorigenicity and DNA Damage Induced by Dibenzo[ def,p]chrysene and Its Metabolites in the Mouse Ovary. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1111-1118. [PMID: 30260214 PMCID: PMC10627037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer ranked second in incidence among gynecologic cancers, but it causes more deaths than any other gynecologic cancer; at present there is no curative treatment beyond surgery. Animal models that employ carcinogens found in the human environment can provide a realistic platform to understand the mechanistic basis for disease development and to design rational chemopreventive/therapeutic strategies. We and others have shown that the administration of the environmental pollutant and tobacco smoke constituent dibenzo[ def,p]chrysene (DBP) to mice by several routes of exposure can induce tumors in multiple sites including the ovary. In the present study we compared, for the first time, the tumorigenicity and DNA damage induced by DBP and its metabolites DBP-dihydrodiol (DBPDHD) and DBP-dihydrodiol epoxide (DBPDE) in the mouse ovary. Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the vehicle and administered by topical application into the mouse oral cavity three times per week for 38 weeks. No tumors were observed in mice treated with DMSO. At equal dose (24 nmol/30 μL DMSO), the incidence of ovarian tumors induced by DBPDHD was higher (60.7%), although not significantly, than that induced by DBP (44.8%). Similarly the levels of DNA damage induced by DBPDHD in the ovary were higher than those observed with DBP. We did not observe any histological abnormality in the ovary of mice treated with DBPDE, which is consistent with lack of DNA damage. Our results suggested that both DBP and DBPDHD can be metabolized in the mouse ovary leading to the formation of DBPDE that can damage DNA, which is a prerequisite step in the initiation stage of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Timothy K. Cooper
- Charles River Laboratories-Contractor Supporting: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Gabrielle Benitez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Cesar Aliaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yuxiang Cui
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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12
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Chen KM, Guttenplan JB, Sun YW, Cooper T, Shalaby NAE, Kosinska W, Benitez G, Aliaga C, Zhu J, Liao J, Gowda K, Amin S, Stoner G, El-Bayoumy K. Effects of Black Raspberry on Dibenzo[ a,l]Pyrene Diol Epoxide Induced DNA Adducts, Mutagenesis, and Tumorigenesis in the Mouse Oral Cavity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 11:157-164. [PMID: 29158340 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that metabolic activation of the environmental and tobacco smoke constituent dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) to its active fjord region diol epoxide (DB[a,l]PDE) is required to induce DNA damage, mutagenesis, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the mouse oral cavity. In contrast to procarcinogens, which were employed previously to induce SCC, DB[a,l]PDE does not require metabolic activation to exert its biological effects, and thus, this study was initiated to examine, for the first time, whether black raspberry powder (BRB) inhibits postmetabolic processes, such as DNA damage, mutagenesis, and tumorigenesis. Prior to long-term chemoprevention studies, we initially examined the effect of BRB (5% added to AIN-93M diet) on DNA damage in B6C3F1 mice using LC/MS-MS and on mutagenesis in the lacI gene in the mouse oral cavity. We showed that BRB inhibited DB[a,l]PDE-induced DNA damage (P < 0.05) and mutagenesis (P = 0.053) in the oral cavity. Tumor incidence in the oral cavity (oral mucosa and tongue) of mice fed diet containing 5% BRB was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 93% to 66%. Specifically, the incidence of benign tumor was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced from 90% to 31% (62% to 28% in the oral cavity and 28% to 2% in the tongue), a nonsignificant reduction of malignant tumors from 52% to 45%. Our preclinical findings demonstrate for the first time that the chemopreventive efficacy of BRB can be extended to direct-acting carcinogens that do not require phase I enzymes and is not just limited to procarcinogens. Cancer Prev Res; 11(3); 157-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph B Guttenplan
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York.,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy Cooper
- Charles River Laboratories-Contractor Supporting: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nora A E Shalaby
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York.,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Wieslawa Kosinska
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York.,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gabrielle Benitez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Cesar Aliaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary Stoner
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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13
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In vitro metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene-11,12 diol in rodent and human hepatic microsomes. Toxicol Lett 2017; 269:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Madeen EP, Ognibene TJ, Corley RA, McQuistan TJ, Henderson MC, Baird WM, Bench G, Turteltaub KW, Williams DE. Human Microdosing with Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene and Metabolites by UPLC Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1641-1650. [PMID: 27494294 PMCID: PMC5380438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is a key health risk factor following exposures to pro-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), an IARC classified 2A probable human carcinogen. Human exposure to PAHs occurs primarily from the diet in nonsmokers. However, little data is available on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans of high molecular weight PAHs (≥4 aromatic rings), including DBC. We previously determined the pharmacokinetics of DBC in human volunteers orally administered a microdose (29 ng; 5 nCi) of [14C]-DBC by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis of total [14C] in plasma and urine. In the current study, we utilized a novel "moving wire" interface between ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and AMS to detect and quantify parent DBC and its major metabolites. The major [14C] product identified in plasma was unmetabolized [14C]-DBC itself (Cmax = 18.5 ±15.9 fg/mL, Tmax= 2.1 ± 1.0 h), whereas the major metabolite was identified as [14C]-(+/-)-DBC-11,12-diol (Cmax= 2.5 ±1.3 fg/mL, Tmax= 1.8 h). Several minor species of [14C]-DBC metabolites were also detected for which no reference standards were available. Free and conjugated metabolites were detected in urine with [14C]-(+/-)-DBC-11,12,13,14-tetraol isomers identified as the major metabolites, 56.3% of which were conjugated (Cmax= 35.8 ± 23.0 pg/pool, Tmax = 6-12 h pool). [14C]-DBC-11,12-diol, of which 97.5% was conjugated, was also identified in urine (Cmax = 29.4 ± 11.6 pg/pool, Tmax = 6-12 h pool). Parent [14C]-DBC was not detected in urine. This is the first data set to assess metabolite profiles and associated pharmacokinetics of a carcinogenic PAH in human volunteers at an environmentally relevant dose, providing the data necessary for translation of high dose animal models to humans for translation of environmental health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Madeen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Richard A Corley
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Systems Toxicology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Tammie J McQuistan
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Marilyn C Henderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - William M Baird
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Graham Bench
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ken W Turteltaub
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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15
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Guttenplan JB, Chen KM, Sun YW, Kosinska W, Zhou Y, Kim SA, Sung Y, Gowda K, Amin S, Stoner GD, El-Bayoumy K. Effects of Black Raspberry Extract and Protocatechuic Acid on Carcinogen-DNA Adducts and Mutagenesis, and Oxidative Stress in Rat and Human Oral Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:704-12. [PMID: 27267891 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of black raspberry (BRB) extract and protocatechuic acid (PCA) on DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis induced by metabolites of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) were investigated in rat oral fibroblasts. The DBP metabolites, (±)-anti-11,12-dihydroxy-11,12,-dihydrodibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP-diol) and 11,12-dihydroxy-13,14-epoxy-11,12,13,14-tetrahydrodibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBPDE) induced dose-dependent DNA adducts and mutations. DBPDE was considerably more potent, whereas the parent compound had no significant effect. Treatment with BRB extract (BRBE) and PCA resulted in reduced DBP-derived DNA adduct levels and reduced mutagenesis induced by DBP-diol, but only BRBE was similarly effective against (DBPDE). BRBE did not directly inactivate DBPDE, but rather induced a cellular response-enhanced DNA repair. When BRBE was added to cells 1 day after the DBP-diol, the BRBE greatly enhanced removal of DBP-derived DNA adducts. As oxidative stress can contribute to several stages of carcinogenesis, BRBE and PCA were investigated for their abilities to reduce oxidative stress in a human leukoplakia cell line by monitoring the redox indicator, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF) in cellular and acellular systems. BRBE effectively inhibited the oxidation, but PCA was only minimally effective against H2DCF. These results taken together provide evidence that BRBE and PCA can inhibit initiation of carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and in addition, BRBE reduces oxidative stress. Cancer Prev Res; 9(8); 704-12. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Guttenplan
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York. Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Wieslawa Kosinska
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Seungjin Agatha Kim
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Youngjae Sung
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary D Stoner
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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