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Wang J, Jia Z, Pan W, Hu J. Crotonis Fructus-induced gut microbiota and serum metabolic disorders in rats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6949-6962. [PMID: 37713114 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Crotonis Fructus (CF), a poisonous traditional laxative, has been used to treat constipation, edema, ascites, and inflammation for more than 2000 years. However, CF possesses toxicity and its toxic mechanism is still unclear. Thus, this research explored the deleterious impacts and underlying mechanisms of CF by evaluating alterations in gut microbiota composition and metabolites. High-throughput sequencing was employed on the 16S rDNA gene to explore the intestinal flora. The untargeted metabolomics method was utilized for evaluating serum metabolomics analysis. The results showed that CF could induce obvious hepatic and gastrointestinal damage by histopathologic morphology of the liver, stomach, duodenum, and colon. According to 16S rDNA sequencing, CF can cause gut microbiota disturbance in rats, and the abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridia_UCG_014_unclassified increased significantly, while the levels of beneficial bacterial Lactobacillus remarkably declined after CF treatment. Additionally, metabolomics analysis demonstrated that CF may induce toxicity by disrupting the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway and metabolites such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Moreover, a correlation study revealed the link between intestinal flora, serum metabolites, and toxicity-related biochemical markers. The results provide a new idea for the research and clinical application of toxic traditional medicine. KEY POINTS: • Crotonis Fructus could affect the gut flora and serum metabolic disruption in SD rats. • Crotonis Fructus could promote the proliferation of harmful bacteria and inhibit beneficial bacteria. • Glycerophospholipid metabolism was disturbed by Crotonis Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Zefei Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wen Pan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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2
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Hu C, Wang J, Qi F, Liu Y, Zhao F, Wang J, Sun B. Untargeted metabolite profiling of serum in rats exposed to pyrraline. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1541-1549. [PMID: 37637845 PMCID: PMC10449741 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrraline, one of advanced glycation end-products, is formed in advanced Maillard reactions. It was reported that the presence of pyrraline was tested to be associated with nephropathy and diabetes. Pyrraline might result in potential health risks because many modern diets are heat processed. In the study, an integrated metabolomics by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the effects of pyrraline on metabolism in rats. Thirty-two metabolites were identified as differential metabolites. Linolenic acid metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, tyrosine metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were the main perturbed networks in this pathological process. Differential metabolites and metabolic pathways we found give new insights into studying the toxic molecular mechanisms of pyrraline. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01256-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqin Hu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Fangyuan Qi
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Yingli Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Fen Zhao
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 China
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3
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Current Trends in Toxicity Assessment of Herbal Medicines: A Narrative Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in modern times, the popularity level of medicinal plants and herbal medicines in therapy is still high. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of the population in developing countries uses these types of remedies. Even though herbal medicine products are usually perceived as low risk, their potential health risks should be carefully assessed. Several factors can cause the toxicity of herbal medicine products: plant components or metabolites with a toxic potential, adulteration, environmental pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides), or contamination of microorganisms (toxigenic fungi). Their correct evaluation is essential for the patient’s safety. The toxicity assessment of herbal medicine combines in vitro and in vivo methods, but in the past decades, several new techniques emerged besides conventional methods. The use of omics has become a valuable research tool for prediction and toxicity evaluation, while DNA sequencing can be used successfully to detect contaminants and adulteration. The use of invertebrate models (Danio renio or Galleria mellonella) became popular due to the ethical issues associated with vertebrate models. The aim of the present article is to provide an overview of the current trends and methods used to investigate the toxic potential of herbal medicinal products and the challenges in this research field.
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4
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Trivedi S, Thool S, Wadher K, Bhalekar M, Bire P. Self-Assembling Dioscorea bulbifera loaded mixed micelles: Formulation optimization, in-vitro cytotoxicity and in-vivo pharmacokinetics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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He Z, Liu Z, Gong L. Biomarker identification and pathway analysis of rheumatoid arthritis based on metabolomics in combination with ingenuity pathway analysis. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2100037. [PMID: 33969925 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune and inflammatory disease worldwide, but understanding its pathogenesis is still limited. In this study, plasma untargeted metabolomics of a discovery cohort and targeted analysis of a verification cohort were performed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were utilized to reveal differential metabolites, followed by the construction of biomarker panel through random forest (RF) algorithm. The pathways involved in RA were enriched by differential metabolites using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) suite. Untargeted metabolomics revealed eighteen significantly altered metabolites in RA. Among these metabolites, a three-metabolite marker panel consisting of L-cysteine, citric acid and L-glutamine was constructed, using random forest algorithm that could predict RA with high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity based on a multivariate exploratory receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The panel was further validated by support vector machine (SVM) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) algorithms, and also verified with targeted metabolomics using a verification cohort. Additionally, the dysregulated taurine biosynthesis pathway in RA was revealed by an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Our findings in this study not only provided a mechanism underlying RA pathogenesis, but also offered alternative therapeutic targets for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoru He
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Gong
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
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6
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Luo Y, Gao F, Chang R, Zhang X, Zhong J, Wen J, Wu J, Zhou T. Metabolomics based comprehensive investigation of Gardeniae Fructus induced hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112250. [PMID: 33964367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi in Chinese, ZZ in brief), a commonly used herbal medicine, has aroused wide concern for hepatotoxicity, but the mechanism remains to be investigated. This study was aimed at investigating the mechanism of ZZ-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro based on metabolomics and evaluating the hepatotoxicity prediction ability of the in vitro model. SD rats were administered with extracted ZZ and HepG2 cells were treated with genipin, the major hepatotoxic metabolite of ZZ. Liver, plasma, intracellular and extracellular samples were obtained for metabolomics analysis. As a result, ZZ caused plasma biochemical and liver histopathological alterations in rats, and induced purine and amino acid metabolism disorder in the liver and pyrimidine, primary bile acids, amino acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis disorder in the plasma. Pyrimidine, purine, amino acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis were also found to be disturbed in the genipin-treated HepG2 cells, which exhibited similarity with the result in vivo. This study comprehensively illustrates the underlying mechanism involved in ZZ-related hepatotoxicity from the aspect of metabolome, and provides evidence that identifying hepatotoxicity can be achieved in cells, representing a non-animal alternative for systemic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruirui Chang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xingjie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jianlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao.
| | - Tingting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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7
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Hu C, Li R, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang J, Sun B. Untargeted metabolite profiling of liver in mice exposed to 2-methylfuran. J Food Sci 2020; 86:242-250. [PMID: 33319365 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Furan, a significant food contaminant, was found in many cooked foods. In most cooked foods, furan has been found to be coexisted with some alkylated derivatives such as 2-methylfuran. 2-methylfuran was found to be potent hepatotoxins. Little toxicological data is available for 2-methylfuran. The objective of this study was to investigate metabolite changes in the liver samples from mice fed with 2-methylfuran by untargeted metabolomic approach. Metabolomic analysis was conducted by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-four metabolites were identified as differential metabolites. The important metabolic pathway was linoleic acid metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, methane metabolism, ascorbate, and aldarate metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, cysteine, and methionine metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism. These newly identified pathways provide evidence for investigating toxic mechanism of 2-methylfuran. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Furan in foods has caused public health concern for its hepatotoxicity and hepatic carcinogenicity in rodents. The metabolomics method was constructed to find more biomarkers to study underlying hepatotoxic mechanisms of 2-methylfuran. It will offer important information for official limits of 2-methylfuran in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqin Hu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ren Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yingli Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
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8
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Meng L, Zheng X, Zheng Z, Zhao Z, Wang L, Zhou P, Xin GZ, Li P, Li HJ. A sensitive upconverting nanoprobe based on signal amplification technology for real-time in situ monitoring of drug-induced liver injury. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15325-15335. [PMID: 32648877 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is increasingly recognized as one of the most challenging global health problems. Conventional in vitro detection methods not only lack specificity and sensitivity but also cannot achieve real-time, straightforward visualization of hepatotoxicity in vivo. Liver-specific miR122 has been observed to be a superior and sensitive biomarker for DILI diagnosis. Herein, a sensitive upconverting nanoprobe synthesized with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and gold nanorods (GNR) was designed to diagnose hepatotoxicity in vivo. After injection, the nanoprobes accumulated in the liver and were activated by miR122, and the signal amplification technology fully yielded luminescent amplification; hence, the detection sensitivity was improved. Because of the high tissue penetration capability of near-infrared light, this nanoprobe can achieve real-time in situ detection, thereby providing a novel technology for precise biological and medical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zuguo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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9
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Zhang J, Chen Q, Wang L, Chen K, Mu W, Duan C, Li X. Study on the mechanism of cantharidin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat using serum and liver metabolomics combined with conventional pathology methods. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1259-1271. [PMID: 32468647 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cantharidin (CTD), a compound secreted from Mylabris species, exhibits strong antitumor properties; however, hepatotoxicity restricts its clinical application. The mechanism by which CTD induces toxicity remains unclear. In the present study, the hepatotoxicity of CTD in the rat was investigated using a metabolomic approach combined with conventional pathology methods. A total of 30 rats were intragastrically treated with two doses of CTD (0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg) for 15 days to evaluate hepatotoxicity. Serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical dynamics analyses, histopathological examination and metabolomic analysis. It was found that liver index and serum biochemical indices were significantly increased. Furthermore, the pathology results showed that hepatocytes and subcellular organelles were damaged. Metabolomics analysis found 4 biomarkers in serum and 15 in the liver that were associated with CTD-induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, these were responsible for CTD hepatotoxicity by glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. In conclusion, conventional pathology and metabolomics for exploring hepatotoxicity can provide useful information about the safety and potential risks of CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhang
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Key Lab Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qihong Chen
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Key Lab Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Le Wang
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wenbi Mu
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cancan Duan
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Key Lab Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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10
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Feng H, Wu YQ, Xu YS, Wang KX, Qin XM, Lu YF. LC-MS-Based Metabolomic Study of Oleanolic Acid-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:747. [PMID: 32670053 PMCID: PMC7326119 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpenoid, which has the development prospects in anti-tumor therapy is a widely used hepatoprotective drug in China. It has been reported that OA can cause liver toxicity after higher doses or longer-term use. Therefore, the study aims to explore the possible hepatotoxicity mechanism based on liver metabolic profiles. Liver metabolic profiles were obtained from untargeted ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) technique. It was found that altered bile acid, amino acid, and energy metabolism might be at least partly responsible for OA-induced hepatotoxicity. Bile acid metabolism, as the most important pathway, was verified by using UHPLC-TSQ-MS, indicating that conjugated bile acids were the main contributors to OA-induced liver toxicity. Our findings confirmed that increased bile acids were the key element of OA hepatotoxicity, which may open new insights for OA hepatotoxicity in-depth investigations, as well as provide a reference basis for more hepatotoxic drug mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying-Qiu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ya-Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ke-Xin Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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11
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Miao LY, Chu TTH, Li P, Jiang Y, Li HJ. Cimicifuga heracleifolia is therapeutically similar to black cohosh in relieving menopausal symptoms: evidence from pharmacological and metabolomics studies. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:435-445. [PMID: 31262456 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the market of botanical dietary supplements, Cimicifuga heracleifolia (CH) has always been considered as an adulterated species of Cimicifuga racemosa (CR), a conventional American herb with promising benefits to counteract troubles arising from the menopause. However, the detailed comparison of their therapeutic effects is lacking. In present study, the pharmacological and metabolomics studies were comparatively conducted between CH and CR in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Specifically, estrogen-like, anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-osteoporosis effects were evaluated through measuring serum biochemical parameters, histopathological examination and micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) scanning. At the same time, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based serum metabolomics method was employed to profile the metabolite compositional changes. As a result, both CR and CH displayed anti-osteoporosis and anti-hyperlipemia on menopause syndrome. Meanwhile, their potentials in improving the OVX-induced metabolic disorders were discovered. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that CH is therapeutically similar to CR in relieving menopausal symptoms and CH could be considered as a promising alternative to CR instead of an adulterant in the market of botanical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Yun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Thi Thanh Huyen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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12
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Shi W, Jiang Y, Zhao DS, Jiang LL, Liu FJ, Wu ZT, Li ZQ, Wang LL, Zhou J, Li P, Li HJ. Metabolomic-transcriptomic landscape of 8-epidiosbulbin E acetate -a major diterpenoid lactone from Dioscorea bulbifera tuber induces hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110887. [PMID: 31626840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that 8-epidiosbulbin E acetate (EEA), a major diterpenoid lactone in the tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera, can induce hepatotoxicity in vivo. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using the integrated transcriptomic and metabolomics method, in this study we investigated the global effect of EEA exposure on the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles in mice. The abundance of 7131 genes and 42 metabolites in the liver, as well as 43 metabolites in the serum were altered. It should be noted that EEA mainly damaged hepatic cells through the aberrant regulation of multiple systems primarily including bile acid metabolism, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. In addition, an imbalance of bile acid metabolism was found to play a key pat in response to EEA-triggered hepatotoxicity. In summary, these findings contributed to understanding the underlying mechanisms of EEA hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Feng-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Tian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhuo-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ling-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Study on chemical constituents of herbal formula Er Miao Wan and GC-MS based metabolomics approach to evaluate its therapeutic effects on hyperuricemic rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:101-108. [PMID: 31030102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia strongly correlates with an increased risk of the development of gout, and cardiovascular and kidney diseases, etc. Er Miao Wan (EMW) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula extensively used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. However, the global components and action mechanism of the formula are still unknown. Here, the chemical constituents of EMW extract were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 24 alkaloids, 15 organic acids, 4 terpenoids, 3 lactones, 3 glycosides, 46 volatile constituents and 3 other compounds were tentatively identified from the EMW extract. Additionally, based on the hyperuricemic rat model induced by long-term high-fructose feed, a GC-MS based metabolomics approach was conducted to holistically assess the mechanism of EMW. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied for screening differential metabolites. A total of 21 metabolites that markedly changed in hyperuricemic rats were identified. Further univariate analysis showed that 9 differential metabolites among them were profoundly reversed by EMW intervention. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the variations of these metabolites were mainly associated with glycerolipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, primary bile acid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and purine metabolism. It was inferred that EMW possibly induced its anti-hyperuricemic effect through restoring multiple disturbed pathways to the normal state. This study could assist with elucidating the potential mechanisms of EMW.
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Yang Q, Zhang AH, Miao JH, Sun H, Han Y, Yan GL, Wu FF, Wang XJ. Metabolomics biotechnology, applications, and future trends: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37245-37257. [PMID: 35542267 PMCID: PMC9075731 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06697g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the highly increased incidence of human diseases, a better understanding of the related mechanisms regarding endogenous metabolism is urgently needed. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has been used in a variety of disease research areas. However, the deep research of metabolites remains a difficult and lengthy process. Fortunately, mass spectrometry is considered to be a universal tool with high specificity and sensitivity and is widely used around the world. Mass spectrometry technology has been applied to various basic disciplines, providing technical support for the discovery and identification of endogenous substances in living organisms. The combination of metabolomics and mass spectrometry is of great significance for the discovery and identification of metabolite biomarkers. The mass spectrometry tool could further improve and develop the exploratory research of the life sciences. This mini review discusses metabolomics biotechnology with a focus on recent applications of metabolomics as a powerful tool to elucidate metabolic disturbances and the related mechanisms of diseases. Given the highly increased incidence of human diseases, a better understanding of the related mechanisms regarding endogenous metabolism is urgently needed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Ai-hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Jian-hua Miao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Guang-li Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Fang-fang Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Xi-jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
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15
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Duan L, Guo L, Wang L, Yin Q, Zhang CM, Zheng YG, Liu EH. Application of metabolomics in toxicity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines. Chin Med 2018; 13:60. [PMID: 30524499 PMCID: PMC6278008 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have a long history of use because of its potential complementary therapy and fewer adverse effects. However, the toxicity and safety issues of TCM have drawn considerable attention in the past two decades. Metabolomics is an “omics” approach that aims to comprehensively analyze all metabolites in biological samples. In agreement with the holistic concept of TCM, metabolomics has shown great potential in efficacy and toxicity evaluation of TCM. Recently, a large amount of metabolomic researches have been devoted to exploring the mechanism of toxicity induced by TCM, such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. In this paper, the application of metabolomics in toxicity evaluation of bioactive compounds, TCM extracts and TCM prescriptions are reviewed, and the potential problems and further perspectives for application of metabolomics in toxicological studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- 1College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Long Guo
- 2School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China.,4Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Lei Wang
- 2School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Department of Management, Xinjiang Uygur Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wulumuqi, 830001 China
| | - Chen-Meng Zhang
- 1College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Yu-Guang Zheng
- 2School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- 3State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
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16
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Zhao DS, Wu ZT, Li ZQ, Wang LL, Jiang LL, Shi W, Li P, Li HJ. Liver-specific metabolomics characterizes the hepatotoxicity of Dioscorea bulbifera rhizome in rats by integration of GC-MS and 1H-NMR. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 226:111-119. [PMID: 30114519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dioscorea bulbifera rhizome (DBR), one type of herbal medicine, is extensively used in both Indian and Chinese system of traditional medicine. It has been effective in treating various diseases, such as sore throat, struma, and tumors. However, more and more clinical investigations have suggested that DBR can cause liver injury. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we aimed to characterize the corresponding molecular changes of liver dysfunction and reveal overall metabolic and physiological mechanisms of the subchronic toxic effect of DBR. MATERIALS AND METHODS A liver-specific metabolomics approach integrating GC-MS and 1H-NMR was developed to assess the hepatotoxicity in rats after DBR exposure for 12 weeks. Multivariate statistical analysis and pattern recognition were employed to examine different metabolic profiles of liver in DBR-challenged rats. RESULTS A total of 61 metabolites were screened as significantly altered metabolites, which were distributed in 43 metabolic pathways. The correlation network analysis indicated that the hub metabolites of hepatotoxicity could be mainly linked to amino acid, lipid, purine, pyrimidine, bile acid, gut microflora, and energy metabolisms. Notably, purine, pyrimidine, and gut microflora metabolisms might be novel pathways participating in metabolic abnormalities in rats with DBR-triggered hepatic damage. CONCLUSIONS Our results primarily showed that the liver-specific metabolic information provided by the different analytical platforms was essential for identifying more biomarkers and metabolic pathways, and our findings provided novel insights into understand the mechanistic complexity of herb-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zi-Tian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhuo-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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17
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Wang J, Li H, Wang X, Shen T, Wang S, Ren D. Alisol B-23-acetate, a tetracyclic triterpenoid isolated from Alisma orientale, induces apoptosis in human lung cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1015-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Yang QJ, Chen L, Chen LL, Guo C. Acute and chronic liver injury induced by Chinese patent medicine: Causes and precautions. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:1273-1279. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i21.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese patent medicines are popular due to their definite clinical efficacy, reliable quality, and good safety. However, Chinese medicine and its preparations are one of the main causes of drug induced liver damage. The hepatotoxic ingredients of Chinese patent medicines and the irrational application of Chinese patent medicines are the two main reasons for their hepatotoxicity. However, there are no systematic studies on the causes, types, and preventive measures for liver injury caused by Chinese patent medicines. This article aims to briefly review the causes and preventive measures of acute and chronic liver injury caused by Chinese patent medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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19
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Zhao DS, Jiang LL, Wang LL, Wu ZT, Li ZQ, Shi W, Li P, Jiang Y, Li HJ. Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Approach To Identify Metabolic Abnormalities in Rats with Dioscorea bulbifera Rhizome-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:843-851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zi-Tian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhuo-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
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