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Pearce LL, Garrett KK, Bae Y, Frawley KL, Totoni SC, Peterson J. A Potential Antidote for Both Azide and Cyanide Poisonings. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:596-604. [PMID: 38182416 PMCID: PMC10801750 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There do not appear to be any established therapeutics for treating azide poisoning at this time, and presently available antidotes to cyanide poisoning are far from ideal, being particularly impractical for use if multiple victims present. The cobalt (II/III) complex of the Schiff-base ligand trans-[14]-diene (5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene (CoN4[14]) is shown to act as an effective antidote to both azide and cyanide toxicity in mice. Groups of animals challenged with an LD40 dose of NaCN (100 µmol/kg i.p.) exhibited significantly faster recovery from knockdown and fewer (zero) deaths if given CoN4[14] (50 μmol/kg i.p.) 2 minutes after the toxicant. Groups of animals challenged with an essentially lethal dose of NaCN (1.5 x LD50 = 150 µmol/kg i.p.) all survived if given the CoN4[14] (75 μmol/kg i.p.) 5 minutes before the toxicant dose. These data represent improved antidotal capability over the Food and Drug Administration-approved cobalt-based cyanide antidote hydroxocobalamin. Recovery of animals challenged sublethally with NaN3 (415 μmol/kg i.p.) was assessed employing a modified pole-climbing test. Mice given the CoN4[14] antidote (70 μg/kg i.p.) 5 minutes after the toxicant dose recovered twice as fast as the controls given no antidote. The interactions of cyanide and azide with CoN4[14] in vitro (buffered aqueous solutions) have been further investigated by a combination of spectroscopic approaches. The Co(II) form of the complex is able to bind two CN- anions while only binding a single N3 -, providing a reasonable explanation for the difference between their therapeutic abilities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The Schiff-base complex CoN4[14] is shown to be an effective antidote to cyanide in mice, with improved therapeutic capabilities compared to the Food and Drug Administration-approved cobalt-containing hydroxocobalamin. CoN4[14] is also antidotal in mice toward azide poisoning, for which there is seemingly no approved therapy currently available. The activity toward cyanide involves a "redox-switching" mechanism that could be a common, but largely unrecognized, feature of all cobalt-based cyanide antidotes in use and under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly K Garrett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha Carpenter Totoni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Marques HM. The inorganic chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids - an update. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112154. [PMID: 36871417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids, derivatives of vitamin B12, is reviewed, with particular emphasis on equilibrium constants for, and kinetics of, their axial ligand substitution reactions. The role the corrin ligand plays in controlling and modifying the properties of the metal ion is emphasised. Other aspects of the chemistry of these compounds, including their structure, corrinoid complexes with metals other than cobalt, the redox chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids and their chemical redox reactions, and their photochemistry are discussed. Their role as catalysts in non-biological reactions and aspects of their organometallic chemistry are briefly mentioned. Particular mention is made of the role that computational methods - and especially DFT calculations - have played in developing our understanding of the inorganic chemistry of these compounds. A brief overview of the biological chemistry of the B12-dependent enzymes is also given for the reader's convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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Zhang JQ, Yao GX, Yan YJ, Xu L, Zhang Y, Dong WK. Structurally characterized salamo-based mononuclear Cu(II) complex fluorogenic sensor with high selectivity for CN− and Cys-Cys. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang X, Cheng S, Liu C, Zhang Y, Su M, Rong X, Zhu H, Yu M, Sheng W, Zhu B. Discovery of a highly selective and ultra-sensitive colorimetric fluorescent probe for malononitrile and its applications in living cells and zebrafish. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A selective and ultra-sensitive colorimetric fluorescent probe was discovered to detect malononitrile in living cells and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Siyu Cheng
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Meijun Su
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaodi Rong
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hanchuang Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Miaohui Yu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Changes in the expression of oxidative phosphorylation complexes in the aging intestinal mucosa. Exp Gerontol 2020; 135:110924. [PMID: 32173460 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondria produce cellular energy via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mediated by respiratory chain complexes I to IV and ATP synthase (complex V). Mitochondrial respiratory complexes have been shown to decline with age in several tissues. As the intestinal epithelium is a tissue with a high energy demand, the aim of the present study was to establish whether the expression profile of OXPHOS subunits in the intestinal mucosa changes during the aging process. DESIGN Biopsies of intestinal mucosa with no evidence of endoscopic or histomorphologic abnormalities, taken from 55 patients (mean age 42 years, age range 4-82 years; 62% female), were divided into four age groups (4-19, 20-39, 40-59, ≥60 years). Sections from different intestinal segments (terminal ileum, ascending colon, and sigmoid colon/rectum) were stained immunohistochemically (IHC) for subunits of OXPHOS complexes I-V and the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 protein (VDAC1, porin), a marker of mitochondrial mass. Scores for IHC staining were determined by multiplication of the staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells. In addition, the numbers of intestinal crypts staining positive, partly positive, and negative were assessed. RESULTS The average protein expression levels of OXPHOS subunits increased continuously from childhood onward, peaked in persons aged 20 to 59 years, and declined thereafter. This was seen for complexes II to V in the terminal ileum, complexes I to V in the ascending colon, and complexes I to IV in the sigmoid colon/rectum. Across all age groups, no effect of age on expression of the porin subunit VDAC1 was detected. The number of complex I- and IV-negative crypts in different intestinal segments increased with age. CONCLUSION The protein expression levels of OXPHOS complexes increases from childhood onward and declines in elderly individuals, while the numbers of crypts with partial or complete loss of expression of complexes I and IV increase continuously with age. These data suggest that the continued reductions in the levels of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes in crypts might be compensated in adulthood, but that, ultimately, reduced expression levels occur in persons aged 60 years and older. These findings raise two important questions: first, can the process of aging could be delayed through (pharmacological) intervention of mitochondrial pathways, and second, pathophysiologically, are these findings associated with disorders of the intestinal mucosa, e.g. inflammation?
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Praekunatham H, Garrett KK, Bae Y, Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Pearce LL, Peterson J. A Cobalt Schiff-Base Complex as a Putative Therapeutic for Azide Poisoning. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:333-342. [PMID: 31599574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is presently no antidote available to treat azide poisoning. Here, the Schiff-base compound Co(II)-2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17)2,11,13,15-pentaenyl dibromide (Co(II)N4[11.3.1]) is investigated to determine if it has the capability to antagonize azide toxicity through a decorporation mechanism. The stopped-flow kinetics of azide binding to Co(II)N4[11.3.1] in the absence of oxygen exhibited three experimentally observable phases: I (fast); II (intermediate); and III (slow). The intermediate phase II accounted for ∼70% of the overall absorbance changes, representing the major process observed, with second-order rate constants of 29 (±4) M-1 s-1 at 25 °C and 70 (±10) M-1 s-1 at 37 °C. The data demonstrated pH independence of the reaction around neutrality, suggesting the unprotonated azide anion to be the attacking species. The binding of azide to Co(II)N4[11.3.1] appears to have a complicated mechanism leading to less than ideal antidotal capability; nonetheless, this cobalt complex does protect against azide intoxication. Administration of Co(II)N4[11.3.1] at 5 min post sodium azide injection (ip) to mice resulted in a substantial decrease of righting-recovery times, 12 (±4) min, compared to controls, 40 (±8) min. In addition, only two out of seven mice "knocked down" when the antidote was administered compared to the controls given toxicant only (100% knockdown).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirunwut Praekunatham
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Kimberly K Garrett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
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Praekunatham H, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Reaction Kinetics of Cyanide Binding to a Cobalt Schiff-Base Macrocycle Relevant to Its Mechanism of Antidotal Action. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1630-1637. [PMID: 31241903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Co(II/III)-containing macrocycle, cobalt 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-[11.3.1]-heptadeca-1(17)2,11,13,15-pentaenyl cation, or CoN4[11.3.1], is a potential cyanide-scavenging agent. The rate of reduction of Co(III)N4[11.3.1] by ascorbate is reasonably facile under pseudo-first-order conditions; a second-order rate constant of 11.7(±0.4) M-1 s-1 was determined at 25 °C and pH 7.4, along with the activation parameters for the reaction (ΔH⧧ = 53.9(±0.8) kJ mol-1; ΔS -79(±3) J mol-1 K-1). It follows that any cyanide-decorporating capability of the cobalt complex should depend more on the cyanide-binding characteristics of Co(II)N4[11.3.1] than the oxidized form. The kinetics of the reaction of cyanide with Co(II)N4[11.3.1] under anaerobic pseudo-first-order conditions is rapid and resulted in a linear dependence on the cyanide concentration, kHCN = 8 × 104 M-1 s-1, with a nonlinear intercept of 420 s-1 at 10 °C, pH 7.6. The observed reaction rate increases significantly with increasing pH. A rate law is suggested, kobs = k'[X] + (kHCN + kCNKa/[H+])[HCN], where kCN is estimated to be ∼2 × 106 M-1 s-1. Activation parameters for the reaction with HCN (ΔH⧧ = 10.7(±0.4) kJ mol-1; ΔS⧧ = -153(±1) J mol-1 K-1) suggest an associative mechanism. In the presence of excess oxygen, i.e., at higher levels than free oxygen in vivo, the reaction rate was too fast to be measured, and the final product was the oxidized complex, Co(III)N4[11.3.1], where any cyanide ligands had been lost. This is much more rapid than the oxidation of the parent compound by oxygen, for which a second-order rate constant of 0.5(±0.02) M-1 s-1 at 25 °C was obtained. The study has gone some way toward enhancing our understanding of the reaction of Co(II)N4[11.3.1] with cyanide. The fast reaction rate implies a high efficacy of the cyanide-scavenging capability of the complex and further supports the suggestion stemming from our previous work that Co(II)N4[11.3.1] could prove to be a better and more cost-effective cyanide antidote than the FDA-approved hydroxocobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirunwut Praekunatham
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
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Tambasco N, Romoli M, Calabresi P. Selective basal ganglia vulnerability to energy deprivation: Experimental and clinical evidences. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:55-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Straw EP, Lopez-Manzano E, Praekunatham H, Peterson J, Pearce LL. A Comparison of the Cyanide-Scavenging Capabilities of Some Cobalt-Containing Complexes in Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:259-268. [PMID: 29512376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four cobalt-containing macrocyclic compounds previously shown to ameliorate cyanide toxicity have been comparatively evaluated with an acute sublethal toxicity model in conscious (unanesthetized) adult male Swiss-Webster mice. All of the compounds (the cobalt-corrins cobalamin and cobinamide, a cobalt-porphyrin, plus a cobalt-Schiff base macrocycle) given 5 min prior to the toxicant dose significantly decreased the righting-recovery time of cyanide-intoxicated mice, but the doses required for maximal antidotal effect varied. Additionally, all of the compounds tested significantly reduced the righting-recovery time when administered at either 1 or 2 min after cyanide intoxication, but none of the compounds tested significantly reduced the righting-recovery time when delivered 5 min after the toxicant dose. Using the lowest effective dose of each compound determined during the first (prophylactic) set of experiments, neuromuscular recovery following cyanide intoxication in the presence/absence of the cobalt-based antidotes was assessed by RotaRod testing. All the compounds tested accelerated recovery of neuromuscular coordination, and no persistent impairment in any group, including those animals that received toxicant and no antidote, was apparent up to 2 weeks postexposures. The relative effectiveness of the cobalt compounds as cyanide antidotes are discussed and rationalized on the basis of the cyanide-binding stoichiometries and stability constants of the Co(III) cyano adducts, together with consideration of the rate constants for axial ligand substitutions by cyanide in the Co(II) forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Erin P Straw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Elisenda Lopez-Manzano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Hirunwut Praekunatham
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
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