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Yang S, Yuan H, Guo K, Wei Z, Ming M, Yi J, Jiang L, Han Z. Fluorinated chlorin chromophores for red-light-driven CO 2 reduction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5704. [PMID: 38977670 PMCID: PMC11231220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of low-energy photons in light-driven reactions is an effective strategy for improving the efficiency of solar energy conversion. In nature, photosynthetic organisms use chlorophylls to harvest the red portion of sunlight, which ultimately drives the reduction of CO2. However, a molecular system that mimics such function is extremely rare in non-noble-metal catalysis. Here we report a series of synthetic fluorinated chlorins as biomimetic chromophores for CO2 reduction, which catalytically produces CO under both 630 nm and 730 nm light irradiation, with turnover numbers of 1790 and 510, respectively. Under appropriate conditions, the system lasts over 240 h and stays active under 1% concentration of CO2. Mechanistic studies reveal that chlorin and chlorinphlorin are two key intermediates in red-light-driven CO2 reduction, while corresponding porphyrin and bacteriochlorin are much less active forms of chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuting Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Ming
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiji Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Nevonen DE, Atoyebi AO, Luciano MP, Brückner C, Nemykin VN. Electronic Structures of an Annulated meso-Tetraphenylchlorin and a Related Chlorin Analogue Incorporating an 8-Membered Ring through MCD Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4823-4829. [PMID: 38857383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we compare the electronic structures of the metal-free and nickel(II) derivatives of an annulated meso-tetraphenyldihydroxychlorin with those of the (metallo)chlorin analogues derived by pyrroline β,β'-ring cleavage of the annulated (metallo)chlorins. These (metallo)chlorin analogues incorporate 8-membered heterocycles in place of the pyrroline, carry oxo-functionalities on the former pyrroline β-carbon atoms, and were previously shown to possess drastically ruffled (twisted) nonplanar conformations. The magnetic circular dichroism spectra of all chromophores investigated feature chlorin-like UV-vis spectra and correspondingly reversed (positive-to-negative in ascending energy) sign sequences in the Q-band region, indicative of ΔHOMO < ΔLUMO relationships. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the HOMOs in all compounds are a1u-type molecular orbitals (in traditional for the porphyrin spectroscopy D4h point group). Time-dependent DFT calculations correlate well with the experimental spectra and indicate that Gouterman's four-orbital model can be applied to these chromophores. This work highlights to which degree synthetic chlorin analogues can deviate from the structural parameters of natural chlorins without losing their electronic chlorin characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Adewole O Atoyebi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Michael P Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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3
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Quadrado RFN, Silvestri S, de Souza JF, Iglesias BA, Fajardo AR. Advances in porphyrins and chlorins associated with polysaccharides and polysaccharides-based materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 334:122017. [PMID: 38553216 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the convergence of advanced materials and innovative applications has fostered notable scientific progress within the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Porphyrins and their derivatives, distinguished by an extended conjugated π-electron system, have a relevant role in propelling these advancements, especially in drug delivery systems, photodynamic therapy, wound healing, and (bio)sensing. However, despite their promise, the practical clinical application of these macrocycles is hindered by their inherent challenges of low solubility and instability under physiological conditions. To address this limitation, researchers have exploited the synergistic association of porphyrins and chlorins with polysaccharides by engineering conjugated systems and composite/hybrid materials. This review compiles the principal advances in this growing research field, elucidating fundamental principles and critically examining the applications of such materials within biomedical and pharmaceutical contexts. Additionally, the review addresses the eventual challenges and outlines future perspectives for this poignant research field. It is expected that this review will serve as a comprehensive guide for students and researchers dedicated to exploring state-of-the-art materials for contemporary medicine and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F N Quadrado
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Siara Silvestri
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Engenharia de Meio Ambiente (LEMA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline F de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - André R Fajardo
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Panagiotakis S, Mavroidi B, Athanasopoulos A, Charalambidis G, Coutsolelos AG, Pelecanou M, Yannakopoulou K. Amphiphilic Chlorin-β-cyclodextrin Conjugates in Photo-Triggered Drug Delivery: The Role of Aggregation. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300743. [PMID: 38345604 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Conjugates of chlorins with β-cyclodextrin connected either directly or via a flexible linker were prepared. In aqueous medium these amphiphilic conjugates were photostable, produced singlet oxygen at a rate similar to clinically used temoporfin and formed irregular nanoparticles via aggregation. Successful loading with the chemotherapeutic drug tamoxifen was evidenced in solution by the UV-Vis spectral changes and dynamic light scattering profiles. Incubation of MCF-7 cells with the conjugates revealed intense spotted intracellular fluorescence suggestive of accumulation in endosome/lysosome compartments, and no dark toxicity. Incubation with the tamoxifen-loaded conjugates revealed also practically no dark toxicity. Irradiation of cells incubated with empty conjugates at 640 nm and 4.18 J/cm2 light fluence caused >50 % cell viability reduction. Irradiation following incubation with tamoxifen-loaded conjugates resulted in even higher toxicity (74 %) indicating that the produced reactive oxygen species had triggered tamoxifen release in a photochemical internalization (PCI) mechanism. The chlorin-β-cyclodextrin conjugates displayed less-lasting effects with time, compared to the corresponding porphyrin-β-cyclodextrin conjugates, possibly due to lower tamoxifen loading of their aggregates and/or their less effective lodging in the cell compartments' membranes. The results suggest that further to favorable photophysical properties, other parameters are important for the in vitro effectiveness of the photodynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Panagiotakis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Barbara Mavroidi
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Athanasopoulos
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- current address: Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Pelecanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
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5
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Xia X, Li Y, Liu Z, Yang S, Cao C, Zhou W, Chen Q, Xiao L, Qian Q. Chlorella filled poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend bio-composites compatible with additive manufacturing processes: Fluorescent and anti-counterfeiting QR codes applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132375. [PMID: 38759855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Anti-counterfeiting in 3D printing has gained significant attention, however, current approaches often fall short of fully capitalizing on the inherent advantages of personalized manufacturing with this technology. Herein, we propose an embedded anti-counterfeiting scheme for additive manufacturing, accompanied by a novel fluorescent encrypted quick response (QR) method. This approach involves the development of a 3D printing filament utilizing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) bio-composites as the primary filament matrix, with varying quantities of Chlorella powder incorporated. The resulting filament has a good thermal stability near 200 °C and exhibits a distinctive red fluorescence under ultraviolet light, with the emission peak at 677 nm when excited by 415 nm blue light. Fluorescence imaging analysis confirms that the red fluorescence in 3D printed devices containing Chlorella is a result of the chlorophyll and its derivatives fluorescence effect. The fluorescent encrypted QR codes are inconspicuous in daylight but become easily discernible under ultraviolet light. In the cases of recognizable QR codes, the ∆Eab* values all exceed 35, and the LC/LB values deviate significantly from 1. This research delves into the fluorescence characteristics of Chlorella and highlights its applicability in 3D printing, specifically within the realm of product anti-counterfeiting, presenting a groundbreaking approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshu Xia
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Songwei Yang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Changlin Cao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Weiming Zhou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Liren Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Qingrong Qian
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Aicher D, Damunupola D, Stark CBW, Wiehe A, Brückner C. meso-Tetrahexyl-7,8-dihydroxychlorin and Its Conversion to ß-Modified Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:2144. [PMID: 38731635 PMCID: PMC11085094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
meso-Tetrahexylporphyrin was converted to its corresponding 7,8-dihydroxychlorin using an osmium tetroxide-mediated dihydroxylation strategy. Its diol moiety was shown to be able to undergo a number of subsequent oxidation reactions to form a chlorin dione and porpholactone, the first meso-alkylporphyrin-based porphyrinoid containing a non-pyrrolic building block. Further, the diol chlorin was shown to be susceptible to dehydration, forming the porphyrin enol that is in equilibrium with its keto-chlorin form. The meso-hexylchlorin dione could be reduced and it underwent mono- and bis-methylation reactions using methyl-Grignard reagents, and trifluoromethylation using the Ruppert-Prakash reagent. The optical and spectroscopic properties of the products are discussed and contrasted to their corresponding meso-aryl derivatives (where known). This contribution establishes meso-tetrahexyl-7,8-dihydroxychlorins as a new and versatile class of chlorins that is susceptible to a broad range of conversions to generate functionalized chlorins and a pyrrole-modified chlorin analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aicher
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dinusha Damunupola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Christian B. W. Stark
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Wiehe
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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Kihara K, Kobayashi T, Xu W, Kumagai N. In2Q2: A New Entry of 16-Membered Tetraazamacrocycle Concatenating Indole and Quinoline Units. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304176. [PMID: 38407941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A new family of 16-membered macrocycles comprising two indole (In) and two quinoline (Q) units, coined In2Q2, was synthesized. Each unit is diagonally located and concatenated in a head-to-tail fashion, furnishing a non-flat saddle-shaped architecture with C2 symmetry. The synthetic protocol utilizing macrocyclic diamide as a pivotal precursor allowed us to access a series of In2Q2 derivatives bearing various substituents on the periphery. The In2Q2 derivatives and their Zn2+ complexes were emissive in both solution phase and solid state. While the entire architecture of In2Q2 is similar to that of quinoline tetramer TEtraQuinoline, a couple of contrasting physicochemical properties were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Wei Xu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
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8
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Qiu Q, Sun S, Yuan H, Zhang S, Feng Y, Wang F, Zhu Y, Zhou M, Wang Y. Second near-infrared fluorescent Metal-Organic framework sensors for in vivo extracellular adenosine triphosphate monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116114. [PMID: 38354495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant nanobionic sensors enable real-time monitoring of signaling molecules in plants by interfacing them with specifically designed nanoprobes, which have been acknowledged as species-independent analytical tools. In this study, we developed a plant nanobionic sensor for in vivo detection of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) in living plants by designing a novel second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescent metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoprobe. The NIR-II fluorescent nanoprobe (IR-1061 micelle@ZIF-90) with a sandwich structure was synthesized by successive encapsulation of the hydrophobic NIR-II dye IR-1061 with the amphipathic polymer DSPE-mPEG 2000 and MOF ZIF-90. Interestingly, coating ZIF-90 around IR-1061 micelles increased the NIR-II fluorescence 16.6-fold. Utilizing the ultrahigh NIR-II fluorescent emission of the designed nanoprobes and specific recognition of ZIF-90 to ATP, the nanoprobes were applied to spatial and temporal monitoring eATP in model and non-model plants under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Qiu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shengchun Sun
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hao Yuan
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yuyan Feng
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Fanghao Wang
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yihang Zhu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Mingchuan Zhou
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yixian Wang
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Sharma M, Brückner C, Zeller M. Crystal structure of (6,9-diacetyl-5,10,15,20-tetra-phenyl-secochlorinato)nickel(II). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2024; 80:649-653. [PMID: 38845721 PMCID: PMC11151305 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989024004717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Title compound 1Ni, [Ni(C46H32N4O2)], a secochlorin nickel complex, was prepared by diol cleavage of a precursor trans-di-hydroxy-dimethyl-chlorin. Two crystallographically independent mol-ecules in the structure are related by pseudo-A lattice centering, with mol-ecules differing mainly by a rotation of one of the acetyls and an adjacent phenyl groups. The two mol-ecules have virtually identical conformations characterized by noticeable in-plane deformation in the A1g mode and a prominent out-of-plane deformation in the B1u (ruffling) mode. Directional inter-actions between mol-ecules are scarce, limited to just a few C-H⋯O contacts, and inter-molecular inter-actions are mostly dispersive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
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An D, Zhang R, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. From π-conjugated macrocycles to heterocycloarenes based on benzo[2,1- b:3,4- b']dithiophene (BDTh): size- and geometry-dependent host-guest properties. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4590-4601. [PMID: 38516086 PMCID: PMC10952093 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
π-Conjugated macrocycles have been highly attractive due to their challenging synthesis, fascinating aesthetic structure and unique physical and chemical properties. Although some progress has been made in synthesis, the study of π-macrocycles with different structural characteristics and supramolecular interactions still faces major challenges. In this paper, two new single-bond linked macrocycles (MS-4T/MS-6T) were reported, and the corresponding vinyl-bridged heterocycloarenes (MF-4T/MF-6T) were synthesized by the periphery fusion strategy. Further studies have indicated that the structure of these four macrocycles is determined by both size and curvature, showing unique variations from nearly planar to bowl and then to saddle. Interestingly, the nearly planar MS-4T with a small size and the rigid saddle-shaped MF-6T show no obvious response to fullerenes C60 or C70, while the bowl-shaped MS-6T and MF-4T demonstrate a strong binding affinity towards fullerenes C60 and C70. What's more, two kinds of co-crystals with capsule-like configurations, MS-6T@C60 and MS-6T@C70, have been successfully obtained, among which the former shows a loose columnar arrangement while the latter displays a unique three-dimensional honeycomb arrangement that is extremely rare in supramolecular complexes. This work systematically studies the π-conjugated macrocycles and provides a new idea for the development of novel host-guest systems and further multifunctional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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11
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Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Absolute chlorophyll composition of commercial green food colorants and coloring foodstuff by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: Copper chlorophyllins. Food Chem 2024; 436:137728. [PMID: 37857195 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Sodium copper chlorophyllins (SCC) are used worldwide to brightly color green foods as authorized food colorants, although their composition is only partially known. This study applied a combination of experimental and in silico techniques to describe the SCC profile in commercial colorant products and coloring foods. Different approaches have allowed identifying five new chlorophyll compounds in the food colorants besides the description of unique product ions able to distinguish among different chlorophyll isomers for the first time. In addition, a detailed isotope cluster analysis has revealed the formation of two new structures of copper chlorophyllins, featuring the copper in peripheral positions instead of the central pocket. Finally, a computational study of thermodynamic parameters and molecular descriptors has determined the factors responsible for the formation of the two main copper chlorophyllins present in the food colorants. This information will sustain alternative processing leading to SCC products with tailored composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Roca
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments. Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments. Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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12
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Sun D, Wu S, Li X, Ge B, Zhou C, Yan X, Ruan R, Cheng P. The Structure, Functions and Potential Medicinal Effects of Chlorophylls Derived from Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:65. [PMID: 38393036 PMCID: PMC10890356 DOI: 10.3390/md22020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be natural producers of bioactive pigments, with the production of pigments from microalgae being a sustainable and economical strategy that promises to alleviate growing demand. Chlorophyll, as the main pigment of photosynthesis, has been widely studied, but its medicinal applications as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor reagent are still poorly understood. Chlorophyll is the most important pigment in plants and algae, which not only provides food for organisms throughout the biosphere, but also plays an important role in a variety of human and man-made applications. The biological activity of chlorophyll is closely related to its chemical structure; its specific structure offers the possibility for its medicinal applications. This paper reviews the structural and functional roles of microalgal chlorophylls, commonly used extraction methods, and recent advances in medicine, to provide a theoretical basis for the standardization and commercial production and application of chlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Songlin Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China;
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
- Center for Biorefining, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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13
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Sadikhova ND, Atioğlu Z, Guliyeva NA, Shelukho ER, Polyanskaya DK, Khrustalev VN, Akkurt M, Bhattarai A. Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-benzyl-2-[bis(1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)methyl]thiophene. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2024; 80:72-77. [PMID: 38312153 PMCID: PMC10833363 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In the title compound, C20H18N2S, the asymmetric unit comprises two similar mol-ecules (A and B). In mol-ecule A, the central thio-phene ring makes dihedral angles of 89.96 (12) and 57.39 (13)° with the 1H-pyrrole rings, which are bent at 83.22 (14)° relative to each other, and makes an angle of 85.98 (11)° with the phenyl ring. In mol-ecule B, the corresponding dihedral angles are 89.49 (13), 54.64 (12)°, 83.62 (14)° and 85.67 (11)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol-ecular pairs are bonded to each other by N-H⋯N inter-actions. N-H⋯π and C-H⋯π inter-actions further connect the mol-ecules, forming a three-dimensional network. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that H⋯H (57.1% for mol-ecule A; 57.3% for mol-ecule B), C⋯H/H⋯C (30.7% for mol-ecules A and B) and S⋯H/H⋯S (6.2% for mol-ecule A; 6.4% for mol-ecule B) inter-actions are the most important contributors to the crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeliha Atioğlu
- Department of Aircraft Electrics and Electronics, School of Applied Sciences, Cappadocia University, Mustafapaşa, 50420 Ürgüp, Nevşehir, Türkiye
| | - Narmina A. Guliyeva
- Department of Organic Substances and Technology of High-Molecular Compounds, SRI "Geotechnological Problems of Oil, Gas and Chemistry", Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azadlig ave. 20, Az-1010 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | | | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of RAS, 4, 7 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mehmet Akkurt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, M.M.A.M.C (Tribhuvan University) Biratnagar, Nepal
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14
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Shah SJ, Pandit YA, Garribba E, Ishida M, Rath SP. Stable Dication Diradicals of Triply Fused Metallo Chlorin-Porphyrin Heterodimers: Impact of the Bridge on the Control of Spin Coupling to Reactivity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301963. [PMID: 37602834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We report an unexpected rearrangement, controlled by the nature of the bridge, leading to the formation of novel, remarkably stable triply fused dinickel(II)/dicopper(II) chlorin-porphyrin dication diradical heterodimers in excellent yields. Here, a dipyrromethene bridge gets completely fused between two porphyrin macrocycles with two new C-C and one C-N bonds. The two macrocycles exhibit extensive π-conjugation through the bridge, which results in an antiferromagnetic coupling between the two π-cation radicals. In addition, the macrocyclic distortion also favours a rare intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction between the CuII and π-cation radical spins to form a triplet state. The structural and electronic perturbation in the unconjugated dication diradical possibly enables the bridging pyrrolic nitrogen to undergo a nucleophilic attack at the nearby β-carbon of the porphyrin π-cation radical with a computed free energy barrier of >20 kcal mol-1 which was supplied in the form of reflux condition to initiate such a rearrangement process. UV-vis, EPR and ESI-MS spectroscopies were used to monitor the rearrangement process in situ in order to identify the key reactive intermediates leading to such an unusual transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jehanger Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Younis Ahmad Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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15
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Huang NY, Zheng YT, Chen D, Chen ZY, Huang CZ, Xu Q. Reticular framework materials for photocatalytic organic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7949-8004. [PMID: 37878263 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic reactions, harvesting solar energy to produce high value-added organic chemicals, have attracted increasing attention as a sustainable approach to address the global energy crisis and environmental issues. Reticular framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), are widely considered as promising candidates for photocatalysis owing to their high crystallinity, tailorable pore environment and extensive structural diversity. Although the design and synthesis of MOFs and COFs have been intensively developed in the last 20 years, their applications in photocatalytic organic transformations are still in the preliminary stage, making their systematic summary necessary. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable MOF and COF photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic organic reactions. The commonly used reactions are categorized to facilitate the identification of suitable reaction types. From a practical viewpoint, the fundamentals of experimental design, including active species, performance evaluation and external reaction conditions, are discussed in detail for easy experimentation. Furthermore, the latest advances in photocatalytic organic reactions of MOFs and COFs, including their composites, are comprehensively summarized according to the actual active sites, together with the discussion of their structure-property relationship. We believe that this study will be helpful for researchers to design novel reticular framework photocatalysts for various organic synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yu-Tao Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Di Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Chao-Zhu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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16
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Arnaut ZA, Pinto SMA, Aroso RT, Amorim AS, Lobo CS, Schaberle FA, Pereira D, Núñez J, Nunes SCC, Pais AACC, Rodrigues-Santos P, de Almeida LP, Pereira MM, Arnaut LG. Selective, broad-spectrum antiviral photodynamic disinfection with dicationic imidazolyl chlorin photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2607-2620. [PMID: 37755667 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exposes our vulnerability to viruses that acquire the ability to infect our cells. Classical disinfection methods are limited by toxicity. Existing medicines performed poorly against SARS-CoV-2 because of their specificity to targets in different organisms. We address the challenge of mitigating known and prospective viral infections with a new photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Photodynamic inactivation is based on local oxidative stress, which is particularly damaging to enveloped viruses. We synthesized a cationic imidazolyl chlorin that reduced by > 99.999% of the percentage inhibition of amplification of SARS-CoV-2 collected from patients at 0.2 µM concentration and 4 J cm-2. Similar results were obtained in the prevention of infection of human ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells by a pseudotyped lentiviral vector exhibiting the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 at its surface. No toxicity to human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells was found under similar conditions. aPDT with this chlorin offers fast and safe broad-spectrum photodisinfection and can be repeated with low risk of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara M A Pinto
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael T Aroso
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anita S Amorim
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina S Lobo
- LaserLeap Technologies, R. Col. Júlio Veiga Simão, CTCV, Ed. B, 3025-307, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fabio A Schaberle
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dina Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jisette Núñez
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra C C Nunes
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunology and Oncology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Luis G Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Ansteatt S, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Geometry-Independent Ultrafast Energy Transfer in Bioinspired Arrays Containing Electronically Coupled BODIPY Dimers as Energy Donors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301571. [PMID: 37494565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, strong interaction between chromophores enables efficient absorption of solar radiation and has been suggested to enable ultrafast energy funneling to the reaction center. To examine whether similar effects can be realized in synthetic systems, and to determine the mechanisms of energy transfer, we synthesized and characterized a series of bioinspired arrays containing strongly-coupled BODIPY dimers as energy donors and chlorin derivatives as energy acceptors. The BODIPY dimers feature broad absorption in the range of 500-600 nm, complementing the chlorin absorption to provide absorption across the entire visible spectrum. Ultrafast (~10 ps) energy transfer was observed from photoexcited BODIPY dyads to chlorin subunits. Surprisingly, the energy-transfer rate is nearly independent of the position where the BODIPY dimer is attached to the chlorin and of the type of connecting linker. In addition, the energy-transfer rate from BODIPY dimers to chlorin is slower than the corresponding rate in arrays containing BODIPY monomers. The lower rate, corresponding to less efficient through-bond transfer, is most likely due to weaker electronic coupling between the ground state of the chlorin acceptor and the delocalized electronic state of the BODIPY dimer, compared to the localized state of a BODIPY monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ansteatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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18
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Bhattacharya S, Nevonen DE, Auty AJ, Graf A, Appleby M, Chaudhri N, Chekulaev D, Brückner C, Chauvet AAP, Nemykin VN. Photophysical Exploration of Two Isomers of Octaethyltrioxopyrrocorphin. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7694-7706. [PMID: 37690121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of three β-oxosubstituents to octaethylporphyrin by means of an oxidation/rearrangement reaction generates the trioxopyrrocorphin chromophore. Pyrrocorphins (hexahydroporphyrins) are generally nonaromatic, but we recently demonstrated trioxopyrrocorphins to possess considerable aromatic character. This contribution explores the photophysical characteristics of these unusual chromophores. In agreement with density functional theory modeling, the UV-vis and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of the two─out of the four possible─triketone regioisomers investigated conform to the Gouterman model of porphyrinoid optical spectra, in alignment with their aromaticity. Their excited-state dynamics shed further light on the degree to which β-oxo substitutions tune the photophysical properties of porphyrinoids. Introduction of β-oxo functionalities increases the rate and yield of intersystem crossing and shortens the triplet state lifetime. Unexpectedly, the singlet oxygen generation yield of both pyrrocorphins remains relatively high, with modes of distortion from planarity likely enhancing triplet energy transfer. This work thus expands our understanding of a rare class of porphyrinoids and further characterizes them as sustaining aromatic porphyrinic π-systems. Our findings suggest triple β-oxo substitution as a viable route toward the development of novel, high-singlet oxygen yield porphyrinic photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Alexander J Auty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Arthur Graf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Martin Appleby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Adrien A P Chauvet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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19
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Lemon CM. Diversifying the functions of heme proteins with non-porphyrin cofactors. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112282. [PMID: 37320889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heme proteins perform diverse biochemical functions using a single iron porphyrin cofactor. This versatility makes them attractive platforms for the development of new functional proteins. While directed evolution and metal substitution have expanded the properties, reactivity, and applications of heme proteins, the incorporation of porphyrin analogs remains an underexplored approach. This review discusses the replacement of heme with non-porphyrin cofactors, such as porphycene, corrole, tetradehydrocorrin, phthalocyanine, and salophen, and the attendant properties of these conjugates. While structurally similar, each ligand exhibits distinct optical and redox properties, as well as unique chemical reactivity. These hybrids serve as model systems to elucidate the effects of the protein environment on the electronic structure, redox potentials, optical properties, or other features of the porphyrin analog. Protein encapsulation can confer distinct chemical reactivity or selectivity of artificial metalloenzymes that cannot be achieved with the small molecule catalyst alone. Additionally, these conjugates can interfere with heme acquisition and uptake in pathogenic bacteria, providing an inroad to innovative antibiotic strategies. Together, these examples illustrate the diverse functionality that can be achieved by cofactor substitution. The further expansion of this approach will access unexplored chemical space, enabling the development of superior catalysts and the creation of heme proteins with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Lemon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, PO Box 173400, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
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20
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Kuramochi Y, Suzuki Y, Asai S, Suzuki T, Iwama H, Asano MS, Satake A. Significance of the connecting position between Zn(ii) porphyrin and Re(i) bipyridine tricarbonyl complex units in dyads for room-temperature phosphorescence and photocatalytic CO 2 reduction: unexpected enhancement by triethanolamine in catalytic activity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8743-8765. [PMID: 37621430 PMCID: PMC10445468 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We synthesized three new dyads composed of a Zn porphyrin and fac-Re(bpy)(CO)3Br (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) units, ZnP-nBpy[double bond, length as m-dash]ReBr (n = 4, 5, and 6), in which the porphyrin is directly connected at the meso-position through the 4-, 5-, or 6-position of the bpy. We investigated the relationships between the connecting positions and the photophysical properties as well as catalytic activity in the CO2 reduction reaction. The dyad connected through the 6-position, ZnP-6Bpy[double bond, length as m-dash]ReBr, showed obvious phosphorescence with a lifetime of 280 μs at room temperature, in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), whereas the other two dyads showed almost no phosphorescence under the same conditions. The photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions in DMA using 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole as the electron donor and the three dyads ZnP-nBpy[double bond, length as m-dash]ReBr selectively produced CO with similar initial rates, but the durabilities were low. The addition of triethanolamine (TEOA) suppressed the decomposition of dyads, improving their durabilities and reaction efficiencies. In particular, ZnP-5Bpy[double bond, length as m-dash]ReBr was remarkably improved-it gave the highest durability and reaction efficiency among the three dyads; the reaction quantum yield reached 24%. The reason for this significant activity is no accumulation of electrons on the Zn porphyrin in ZnP-5Bpy[double bond, length as m-dash]ReBr, which would be caused by dual interactions of TEOA with the Re and Zn ions in the dyad. As the highest catalytic activity was observed in ZnP-5Bpy[double bond, length as m-dash]ReBr among the three dyads, which had no room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), the catalytic activities and RTP properties are considered independent, but they are greatly influenced by the connecting positions on the bpy ligand in ZnP-nBpy[double bond, length as m-dash]ReBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kuramochi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8621 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8621 Japan
| | - Yuto Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8621 Japan
| | - Somyo Asai
- Division of Molecular Science, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Science, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8621 Japan
| | - Motoko S Asano
- Division of Molecular Science, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Akiharu Satake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8621 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8621 Japan
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Nguyen KU, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang R, Jin X, Taniguchi M, Miller ES, Lindsey JS. Tolyporphins-Exotic Tetrapyrrole Pigments in a Cyanobacterium-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6132. [PMID: 37630384 PMCID: PMC10459692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolyporphins were discovered some 30 years ago as part of a global search for antineoplastic compounds from cyanobacteria. To date, the culture HT-58-2, comprised of a cyanobacterium-microbial consortium, is the sole known producer of tolyporphins. Eighteen tolyporphins are now known-each is a free base tetrapyrrole macrocycle with a dioxobacteriochlorin (14), oxochlorin (3), or porphyrin (1) chromophore. Each compound displays two, three, or four open β-pyrrole positions and two, one, or zero appended C-glycoside (or -OH or -OAc) groups, respectively; the appended groups form part of a geminal disubstitution motif flanking the oxo moiety in the pyrroline ring. The distinct structures and repertoire of tolyporphins stand alone in the large pigments-of-life family. Efforts to understand the cyanobacterial origin, biosynthetic pathways, structural diversity, physiological roles, and potential pharmacological properties of tolyporphins have attracted a broad spectrum of researchers from diverse scientific areas. The identification of putative biosynthetic gene clusters in the HT-58-2 cyanobacterial genome and accompanying studies suggest a new biosynthetic paradigm in the tetrapyrrole arena. The present review provides a comprehensive treatment of the rich science concerning tolyporphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Qihui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Xiaohe Jin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA;
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
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22
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Nguyen KC, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of a BC-Dihydrodipyrrin Building Block of Bacteriochlorophyll a. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11205-11216. [PMID: 37471708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll a relies on joining AD and BC halves that contain the requisite stereochemical configurations of the target macrocycle. The BC half (1) is a dihydrodipyrrin bearing a dimethoxymethyl group at the 1-position, a β-ketoester at the 8-position, and (R)-2-methyl and (R)-3-ethyl substituents in the pyrroline ring. An established route to AD-dihydrodipyrrins (Pd-mediated coupling of a 2-halopyrrole with a chiral 4-pentynoic acid followed by Petasis methenylation, acidic hydrolysis, Paal-Knorr ring closure, and Riley oxidation) proved to be unviable for BC-dihydrodipyrrins given the presence of the β-ketoester unit. A route presented here entails Pd-mediated coupling of a 2-halopyrrole (2) with (3R,4R)-4-ethyl-1,1-dimethoxy-3-methylhex-5-yn-2-one (3), anti-Markovnikov hydration of the alkyne to give the 1,4-diketone, and Paal-Knorr ring closure. Compound 3 was prepared by Schreiber-modified Nicholas reaction beginning with (S)-4-isopropyl-3-propionyloxazolidin-2-one and the hexacarbonyldicobalt complex of (±) 3-methoxy-1-(trimethylsilyl)pentyne followed by transformation of the aldehyde derived therefrom to the 1,1-dimethoxymethylcarbonyl motif. The absolute stereochemical configuration of the Schreiber-Nicholas alkylation product was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, whereas the BC half (1) by 1H NMR spectroscopy showed a J value of 2.9 Hz consistent with the trans-configuration. Taken together, the route provides a key chiral building block for the synthesis of photosynthetic tetrapyrroles and analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiem Chau Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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23
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Comprehensive chlorophyll composition of commercial green food colorants and coloring foodstuffs by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: Chlorophyllins. Food Chem 2023; 415:135746. [PMID: 36863233 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Consumers demand higher levels of food quality and safety, so food legislative organizations need full knowledge of food composition to develop regulations that guarantee quality and safety criteria. This is the context for green natural food colorants and the new category green "coloring foodstuffs". We have exploited the capabilities of targeted metabolomics assisted by powerful software and algorithms to unravel the comprehensive chlorophyll composition in commercial samples of both colorant categories. With the aid of an in-house library, at first, seven new chlorophylls have been identified, among all the samples analyzed, providing data on their structural configuration. Next, taking advantage of an expert-curated database, eight more chlorophylls non-described previously have been found, which will be significant for the chemistry of chlorophylls. Finally, we have deciphered the sequence of chemical reactions that take place during the manufacturing of green food colorants and propose the whole pathway that explains the occurrence of the chlorophylls they contain.
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24
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Chen CK, Ho JC, Hung CC, Chen WC, Satoh T, Chen WC. Sustained Flexible Photonic Transistor Memories Based on Fully Natural Floating Gate Electrets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37428837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Photonic transistor memory with high-speed communication and energy-saving capabilities has emerged as a new data storage technology. However, most floating-gate electrets are composed of quantum dots derived from petroleum or metals, which are either toxic or harmful to the environment. In this study, an environmentally friendly floating-gate electret made entirely from biomass-derived materials was designed for photonic memories. The results show that the photosensitive hemin and its derivative protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) were successfully embedded in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Correspondingly, their disparate photochemistry and core structure strongly affected the photosensitivity and charge-trapping capacity of the prepared electrets. With an appropriate energy-level alignment, the interlayer exciton formed with the correct alignment of energy levels within the PPIX/PLA electret. In addition, the demetallized core offered a unique relaxation dynamic and additional trapping sites to consolidate the charges. Correspondingly, the as-prepared device exhibited a memory ratio of up to 2.5 × 107 with photo-writing-electrical-erasing characteristics. Conversely, hemin demonstrated self-charge transfer during relaxation, making it challenging for the device to store the charges and exhibit a photorecovery behavior. Furthermore, the effect of trapping site discreteness on memory performance was also investigated. The photoactive components were effectively distributed due to the high dipole-dipole interaction between the PLA matrix and PPIX, resulting in a sustained memory performance for at least 104 s after light removal. The photonic memory was also realized on a bio-derived dielectric flexible substrate. Accordingly, a reliable photorecording behavior was observed, wherein, even after 1000 cycles of bending under a 5 mm bending radius, the data was retained for more than 104 s. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a two-pronged approach has been used to improve the performance of photonic memories while addressing the issue of sustainability with a biodegradable electret made entirely from natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Chieh Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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25
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Almeida J, Tomé AC, Rangel M, Silva AMG. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Pyrrolidine-Fused Chlorin Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093833. [PMID: 37175243 PMCID: PMC10179977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we pursued research involving the microwave-assisted N-alkylation of a NH pyrrolidine-fused chlorin with methyl 4-(bromomethyl) benzoate and subsequent ester hydrolysis as a straightforward strategy to obtain carboxylic acid functionality in the pyrrolidine-fused chlorin, as a single reaction product. We studied the reaction's scope by extending the N-alkylation of the free-base chlorin and its corresponding Zn(II) complex to other alkyl halides, including 1,4-diiodobutane, N-(2-bromoethyl)phthalimide, and 2-bromoethanaminium bromide. In addition, two new chlorin-dansyl dyads were synthesized by reacting dansyl chloride with the 2-aminoethyl pyrrolidine-fused chlorin (dyad 6) and NH pyrrolidine-fused chlorin (dyad 7). According to spectral studies, the linker length between the two fluorophores influences the response of the dyads to the solvent polarity. Because of the simplicity of these approaches, we believe it will enable access to a vast library of custom-tailored N-functionalized chlorins while preserving their important absorption and emission spectra as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Almeida
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M G Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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26
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Zheng M, Yang Q, Lu C, Wu X, Yan W, Liu D. Nanostructured organic photosensitizer aggregates in disease phototheranostics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103598. [PMID: 37116827 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Aggregate science provides promising opportunities for the discovery of novel disease phototheranostics. Under the guidance of aggregology and the Jablonski energy level diagram, photosensitizer aggregates with tunable photophysical properties can consequently result in tailorable diagnosis and treatment modalities. This review summarizes recent advances in the formation of nanostructured organic photosensitizer aggregates, their photophysical processes (e.g., radiative emission, vibrational relaxation, and intersystem crossing), and particularly, their applications in disease phototheranostics such as fluorescence imaging and sensing, photothermal therapy, photoacoustic imaging, and photodynamic therapy. It is expected that this comprehensive summary will provide guidance for the construction of nanostructured organic photosensitizer aggregates, for establishment of aggregation-photophysical property relationships and the development of novel disease phototheranostic nanomedicines. Teaser: This article reviews the electron-delocalized π system-caused formation of nanostructured organic photosensitizer aggregates, which undergo radiative emission, vibrational relaxation, or intersystem crossing pathways to achieve fluorescence imaging and sensing, photothermal therapy, photoacoustic imaging, and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maochao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Daojun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; Plastic Surgery Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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27
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Wang Y, Bai J, Wen L, Wang W, Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu H. Phytotoxicity of microplastics to the floating plant Spirodela polyrhiza (L.): Plant functional traits and metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121199. [PMID: 36738884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are gradually becoming sinks for terrestrial microplastics (MPs), posing a potential ecological risk. Although the effects of MPs on plankton and aquatic animals in freshwater ecosystems have been given increasing attention, the toxicity of MPs to the metabolism of aquatic plants remains unclear. Here, the model aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (S. polyrhiza) was exposed to polyvinyl chloride (PVC; 0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L) MPs, and changes in the plant functional traits and physiological metabolism were monitored. The results showed that the high dose of PVC MPs decreased the adventitious root elongation ratio by 41.68% and leaf multiplication ratio by 61.03% of S. polyrhiza, and resulted in the decrease in anthocyanin and nitrogen contents to 63.45% and 84.21% of the control group, respectively. Moreover, the widely targeted metabolomics analysis results showed 37 differential metabolites in the low-dose treatment and 119 differential metabolites in the high-dose treatment. PVC MPs interfered with organic matter accumulation by affecting carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism, and S. polyrhiza resists PVC MP stress by regulating the synthesis and metabolism of secondary metabolites. PVC MPs had concentration-related toxicological effects on plant functional traits, inhibited plant growth and reproduction, affected plant nutrient metabolism, and exhibited profound effects on the nitrogen fate of aquatic plant habitats. Overall, we systematically summarized the metabolic response mechanisms of aquatic plants to PVC MP stress, providing a new perspective for studying the effects of MPs on plant trait function and ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Lixiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Haizhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
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28
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Open-chain Tetrapyrrole Pigments–Bilirubins, Biliverdins, Phycobilins, and Synthetic Analogues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2023.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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29
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Li Q, Wang K, Wang H, Zhou M, Zhou B, Li Y, Li Q, Wang Q, Shen HM, She Y. Metalloporphyrin-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction: The Influence of Metal Centers. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis is one of the most promising technologies to achieve efficient carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) under mild conditions. Herein, metalloporphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with different metal centers, denoted as PCN-222, were utilized as visible-light photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Due to the combination of the conjugated planar macrocyclic structures of metalloporphyrins and the stable porous structures of MOFs, all PCN-222 materials exhibited excellent light-harvesting and CO2-adsorbing abilities. Among the studied MOFs of varied metal centers (M = Pt, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), PCN-222(2H&Zn) exhibited the highest photocatalytic CO2RR performance, with an average CO yield of 3.92 μmol g−1 h−1 without any organic solvent or sacrificial agent. Furthermore, this was three and seven times higher than that of PCN-222(Zn) (1.36 μmol g−1 h−1) and PCN-222(2H) (0.557 μmol g−1 h−1). The superior photocatalytic activity of PCN-222(2H&Zn) was attributed to its effective photoexcited electron–hole separation and transportation compared with other PCN-222(2H&M) materials. The obtained results indicate that Zn ions in the porphyrin’s center played an important role in the reaction of active sites for the adsorption–activation of CO2. In addition, PCN-222(2H&Zn) showed the highest CO2 selectivity (almost 100%) and stability. This work provides a clear guide for the design of efficient photocatalysts.
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30
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Selective Determination of Glutathione Using a Highly Emissive Fluorescent Probe Based on a Pyrrolidine-Fused Chlorin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020568. [PMID: 36677627 PMCID: PMC9862258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of a carboxylated pyrrolidine-fused chlorin (TCPC) as a fluorescent probe for the determination of glutathione (GSH) in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer. TCPC is a very stable, highly emissive molecule that has been easily obtained from meso-tetrakis(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) through a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition approach. First, we describe the coordination of TCPC with Hg(II) ions and the corresponding spectral changes, mainly characterized by a strong quenching of the chlorin emission band. Then, the TCPC-Hg2+ complex exhibits a significant fluorescence turn-on in the presence of low concentrations of the target analyte GSH. The efficacy of the sensing molecule was tested by using different TCPC:Hg2+ concentration ratios (1:2, 1:5 and 1:10) that gave rise to sigmoidal response curves in all cases with modulating detection limits, being the lowest 40 nM. The experiments were carried out under physiological conditions and the selectivity of the system was demonstrated against a number of potential interferents, including cysteine. Furthermore, the TCPC macrocycle did not showed a significant fluorescent quenching in the presence of other metal ions.
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31
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Acoplanarity, Aromaticity, Chirality, and Helical Twisting Power of Chlorin e6 13(N)-Methylamide-15,17-dimethyl Ester Complexes: Effect of a Metal. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The experimental and theoretical study of the influence of metal complexing on geometry, aromaticity, chirality, and the ability to twist the nematic phase by complexes based on modified natural chlorin e6 was carried out. The geometry optimization of the chlorin e6 13(N)-methylamide-15,17-dimethyl ester (MADMECl) and its Zn, Cu, and Ni complexes by DFT (CAM-B3LYP/6–31 G(d,p) functional) method was performed. Based on these calculations, the acoplanarity degree of the macrocyclic ligand and the distortion energy of its dianion were estimated, which allowed the arrangement of the MADMECl complexes in the series Ni > Cu > Zn. Aromaticity was evaluated using the NICS criterion (nuclear independent chemical shift). An increase in the degree of aromaticity of the macrocycle upon complex formation was established. At the same time, the aromaticity of the inner conjugation contour corresponds to the same series as the acoplanarity, while the outer π-delocalization is characterized by the reverse sequence. An experimental evaluation of the electron circular dichroism of the Soret and the Q-bands, as well as the g-factor of dissymmetry, was carried out. The growth of these parameters with an increase in the degree of acoplanarity and aromaticity of the internal conjugation contour was determined. The induction of helical phases in mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) based on cyanobiphenyls and MADMECl macrocyclic metal complexes was studied by polarization microscopy, and the clearance temperatures and helix pitch of the mesophases were measured. A strong effect of the metal on the phase transition temperature and helical twisting power was established.
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32
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Lalisse RF, Hadad CM, Brückner C, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ. [3 + 2]-Cycloadditions with Porphyrin β,β'-Bonds: Theoretical Basis of the Counterintuitive meso-Aryl Group Influence on the Rates of Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16473-16482. [PMID: 36444511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Removal of a β,β'-bond from meso-tetraarylporphyrin using [3 + 2]-cycloadditions generates meso-tetraarylhydroporphyrins. Literature evidence indicates that meso-tetraphenylporphyrins react more sluggishly with 1,3-dipoles such as ylides and OsO4 (in the presence of pyridine) than meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin. The trend is counterintuitive for the reaction with OsO4, as this formal oxidation reaction is expected to proceed more readily with more electron-rich substrates. This work presents a density functional theory-based computational study of the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) interactions and reaction profile thermodynamics involved in the reaction of archetypical cycloaddition reactions (a simple ylide, OsO4, OsO4·py, OsO4·(py)2, and ozone) with the β,β'-double bonds of variously fluorinated meso-arylporphyrins. The trend observed for the Type I cycloaddition of an ylide is straightforward, as lowering the LUMO of the porphyrin with increasing meso-phenyl-fluorination also lowers the reaction barrier. The corresponding simple FMO analyses of Type III cycloadditions do not correctly model the reaction energetics. This is because increasing fluorination leads to lowering of the porphyrin HOMO-2, thus increasing the reaction barrier. However, coordination of pyridine to OsO4 preorganizes the transition state complex; lowering of the energy barrier by the preorganization exceeds the increase in repulsive orbital interactions, overall accelerating the cycloaddition and rationalizing the counterintuitive experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, 840 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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33
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Braga GÚL, Silva-Junior GJ, Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Wainwright M. Photoantimicrobials in agriculture. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 235:112548. [PMID: 36067596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical approaches for controlling plant pathogens may be impaired by the development of pathogen resistance to chemical pesticides and by limited availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Recent increases in consumer awareness of and/or legislation regarding environmental and human health, and the urgent need to improve food security, are driving increased demand for safer antimicrobial strategies. Therefore, there is a need for a step change in the approaches used for controlling pre- and post-harvest diseases and foodborne human pathogens. The use of light-activated antimicrobial substances for the so-called antimicrobial photodynamic treatment is known to be effective not only in a clinical context, but also for use in agriculture to control plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and to eliminate foodborne human pathogens from seeds, sprouted seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Here, we take a holistic approach to review and re-evaluate recent findings on: (i) the ecology of naturally-occurring photoantimicrobials, (ii) photodynamic processes including the light-activated antimicrobial activities of some plant metabolites, and (iii) fungus-induced photosensitization of plants. The inhibitory mechanisms of both natural and synthetic light-activated substances, known as photosensitizers, are discussed in the contexts of microbial stress biology and agricultural biotechnology. Their modes-of-antimicrobial action make them neither stressors nor toxins/toxicants (with specific modes of poisonous activity), but a hybrid/combination of both. We highlight the use of photoantimicrobials for the control of plant-pathogenic fungi and quantify their potential contribution to global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
| | | | - Guilherme T P Brancini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
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34
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Pigot C, Brunel D, Dumur F. Indane-1,3-Dione: From Synthetic Strategies to Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185976. [PMID: 36144711 PMCID: PMC9501146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Indane-1,3-dione is a versatile building block used in numerous applications ranging from biosensing, bioactivity, bioimaging to electronics or photopolymerization. In this review, an overview of the different chemical reactions enabling access to this scaffold but also to the most common derivatives of indane-1,3-dione are presented. Parallel to this, the different applications in which indane-1,3-dione-based structures have been used are also presented, evidencing the versatility of this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Damien Brunel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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35
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Hewage N, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Chaudhri N, Zeller M, Gascón JA, Brückner C. Syntheses and Aromaticity Parameters of Hexahydroxypyrrocorphin, Porphotrilactones, and Their Oxidation State Intermediates. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12096-12108. [PMID: 36066858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triple OsO4-mediated dihydroxylation of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin formed a non-aromatic hexahydroxypyrrocorphin as a single stereo-isomer. A one-step oxidative conversion of all three diol functionalities to lactone moieties generated three out of the four possible porphotrilactone regioisomers that were spectroscopically and structurally characterized. This conversion recovered most of the porphyrinic macrocycle aromatic ring current, as seen in their 1H NMR spectra and modeled using DFT computations. Stepwise OsO4-mediated dihydroxylations of porpho-mono- and -di-lactones generated intermediate oxidation state compounds between the pyrrole-three pyrroline macrocycle of the pyrrocorphin and the pyrrole-three oxazolone chromophore of the trilactones. The aromaticity of these chromophores was reduced with increasing number of oxazolone to pyrroline replacements, showing the importance for the presence of three lactone moieties for the retention of the macrocycle aromaticity in the tris-β,β'-modified macrocycles. This work first describes hexahydoxypyrrocorphins, porphotrislactones, and the oxidation state intermediates between them; furthers the understanding of the roles of β-lactone moieties in the expression of porphyrinic macrocycle aromaticity; and generally broadens access to chemically stable pyrrocorphins and pyrrocorphin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Beyond green with synthetic chlorophylls – Connecting structural features with spectral properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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37
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Designing polyoxometalate based hybrid catalysts for efficient removal of hazardous sulfur from fuel via heterogeneous oxidative desulfurization. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Manganese Schiff Base Complexes, Crystallographic Studies, Anticancer Activities, and Molecular Docking. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7062912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Choice of ligands is significant to successful synthesis of metal complexes (coordination compounds). This study reports the use of Schiff base as the right ligand to control the poor bioavailability and neurodegenerative toxicity challenges of manganese ion. In line with this study, document analysis was used as the methodological approach to evaluate the significance of Schiff base ligands in easing these manganese’s challenges and aligning the resultant coordination compounds (manganese Schiff base complexes) as therapeutic agents in anticancer studies. Report also involves crystallographic studies where single crystal X-ray crystallography was used as a chemical characterization technique. In addition, molecular docking studies, MOE2008, and AutoDock software were used to reveal the mode of interaction between the Schiff base and the manganese(II) and (III) ions, as well as scrutinizing the biological efficacy of the manganese(II) and manganese(III) Schiff bases coordination compounds as anticancer agents against some anticancer cell lines. Conclusion drawn was that manganese(II) and manganese(III) Schiff bases coordination compounds gave more active and potent activities than the corresponding Schiff bases. As a result, challenges of neurodegenerative toxicity and poor bioavailability of manganese ion were overcome, and the chelation therapy was fulfilled. Results from single crystal X-ray crystallography confirmed the successful synthesis of manganese(II) and manganese(III) Schiff bases coordination compounds and revealed the mechanism of reaction, while the molecular docking buttressed the biological activities of the Schiff base ligand and manganese Schiff base coordination compounds by portraying the structure activity relationship (SAR) between either Schiff base or the manganese Schiff base coordination compounds and the virtual cancer cell line (receptor protein), where hits were obtained for lead optimizations.
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Chaturvedi A, McCarver GA, Sinha S, Hix EG, Vogiatzis KD, Jiang J. A PEGylated Tin Porphyrin Complex for Electrocatalytic Proton Reduction: Mechanistic Insights into Main‐Group‐Element Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206325. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Gavin A. McCarver
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | - Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Elijah G. Hix
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | | | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
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40
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Sun R, Liu M, Wang P, Qin Y, Schnedermann C, Maher AG, Zheng SL, Liu S, Chen B, Zhang S, Dogutan DK, Lindsey JS, Nocera DG. Syntheses and Properties of Metalated Tetradehydrocorrins. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12308-12317. [PMID: 35892197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The monoanionic tetrapyrrolic macrocycle B,C-tetradehydrocorrin (TDC) resides chemically between corroles and corrins. This chemical space remains largely unexplored due to a lack of reliable synthetic strategies. We now report the preparation and characterization of Co(II)- and Ni(II)-metalated TDC derivatives ([Co-TDC]+ and [Ni-TDC]+, respectively) with a combination of crystallographic, electrochemical, computational, and spectroscopic techniques. [Ni-TDC]+ was found to undergo primarily ligand-centered electrochemical reduction, leading to hydrogenation of the macrocycle under cathodic electrolysis in the presence of acid. Transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy reveals that [Ni-TDC]+ and the two-electron-reduced [Ni-TDC]- possess long-lived excited states, whereas the excited state of singly reduced [Ni-TDC] exhibits picosecond dynamics. The Co(I) compound [Co-TDC] is air stable, highlighting the notable property of the TDC ligand to stabilize low-valent metal centers in contradistinction to other tetrapyrroles such as corroles, which typically stabilize metals in higher oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yangzhong Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christoph Schnedermann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Andrew G Maher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Boyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Dilek K Dogutan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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41
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Pushpanandan P, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Properties of Stable 20π Porphyrinoids. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200144. [PMID: 35896952 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 20π porphyrinoids are immediate higher homologues of 18π porphyrins and differ from porphyrins in aromaticity which in turn affects the structure, properties and chemical reactivities. Research over the years indicated that the 20π porphyrinoids can be stabilized as non-aromatic/anti-aromatic or Mobius aromatic macrocycles using different strategies such as core-modification of porphyrins, non-metal/metal complexation of porphyrins, peripheral modification of porphyrins and expanded porphyrinoids. The structural properties such as aromaticity of the macrocycle can be controlled by choosing the right synthetic strategy. This review will provide an overview of the development in the chemistry of 20π porphyrinoids giving emphasize on the synthesis, structure and electronic properties of these macrocycles which have huge potential for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornenth Pushpanandan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Macrocyclic Lab, Lab No. 338, 400076, Mumbai, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Macrocyclic Lab, Lab No. 338, 400076, Mumbai, India
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42
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Zhu M, Zhang H, Ran G, Yao Y, Yang Z, Ning Y, Yu Y, Zhang R, Peng X, Wu J, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Wang B, Gao S, Zhang J. Bioinspired Design of
seco
‐Chlorin Photosensitizers to Overcome Phototoxic Effects in Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204330. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yuhang Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zi‐Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xin‐Xin Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhifan Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Bing‐Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 China
- Spin-X Institute and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Jun‐Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 China
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43
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Chaturvedi A, McCarver GA, Sinha S, Hix EG, Vogiatzis KD, Jiang JJ. A PEGylated Tin‐Porphyrin Complex for Electrocatalytic Proton Reduction: Mechanistic Insights into Main‐Group Element Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Chaturvedi
- University of Cincinnati Chemistry 312 College Dr. 45221 Cincinnati UNITED STATES
| | - Gavin A McCarver
- UT Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Knoxville Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Elijah G Hix
- UT Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Knoxville Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Konstantinos D Vogiatzis
- UT Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Knoxville Chemistry Buehler Hall1420 Circle Dr. 37996 Knoxville UNITED STATES
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- University of Cincinnati Chemistry 312 College Dr. 45221 Cincinnati UNITED STATES
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44
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Chaudhri N, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Zeller M, Brückner C. Stepwise Reduction of β-Trioxopyrrocorphins: Collapse of the Oxo-Induced Macrocycle Aromaticity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7179-7192. [PMID: 35605247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diatropic ring current that characterizes the unexpectedly aromatic octaethyltrioxopyrrocorphins gets drastically reduced upon chemical reduction of one and particularly two ketone moieties. With increasing reduction, the chromophores containing one pyrrole, one/two pyrrolinone, and one/two pyrrolines become more similar to regular, nonmacrocycle-aromatic pyrrocorphins (hexahydroporphyrins). Single-crystal diffraction analysis shows the reduction products to be idealized planar. With increasing reduction, their UV-vis spectroscopic signatures are those of conjugated but nonaromatic oligopyrroles. Their diatropic ring currents, as assessed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, showed them to possess largely nonaromatic π-systems. Dihydroxylation of select β,β'-dioxobacteriochlorin and β,β'-dioxoisobacteriochlorins also resulted in the formation of equivalent mixed pyrrole/two pyrrolinone/pyrroline chromophores. Computations were able to reproduce the experimental trends of the diatropic ring currents and filled in the data for the regioisomers that could not be experimentally accessed. The work further highlights the electronic influence of the β-oxo-substituents and, more specifically, the origin of the aromaticity of the trioxopyrrocorphins. It also presents a series of chemically robust pyrrocorphins, a chromophore class for which many chemically very sensitive members have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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45
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Sun R, Liu M, Zheng SL, Dogutan DK, Costentin C, Nocera DG. Proton-coupled electron transfer of macrocyclic ring hydrogenation: The chlorinphlorin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122063119. [PMID: 35533271 PMCID: PMC9171799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122063119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe chemical reduction of unsaturated bonds occurs by hydrogenation with H2 as the reductant. Conversely, in biology, the unavailability of H2 engenders the typical reduction of unsaturated bonds with electrons and protons from different cofactors, requiring olefin hydrogenation to occur by proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Moreover, the redox noninnocence of tetrapyrrole macrocycles furnishes unusual PCET intermediates, including the phlorin, which is an intermediate in tetrapyrrole ring reductions. Whereas the phlorin of a porphyrin is well established, the phlorin of a chlorin is enigmatic. By controlling the PCET reactivity of a chlorin, including the use of a hangman functionality to manage the proton transfer, the formation of a chlorinphlorin by PCET is realized, and the mechanism for its formation is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Dilek K. Dogutan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Cyrille Costentin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, 38000 France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75013 France
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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46
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Riahin C, Meares A, Esemoto NN, Ptaszek M, LaScola M, Pandala N, Lavik E, Yang M, Stacey G, Hu D, Traeger JC, Orr G, Rosenzweig Z. Hydroporphyrin-Doped Near-Infrared-Emitting Polymer Dots for Cellular Fluorescence Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20790-20801. [PMID: 35451825 PMCID: PMC9210996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent semiconductor polymer dots (Pdots) have shown great potential for fluorescence imaging due to their exceptional chemical and photophysical properties. This paper describes the synthesis of NIR-emitting Pdots with great control and tunability of emission peak wavelength. The Pdots were prepared by doping poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-(2,1',3)-thiadiazole)] (PFBT), a semiconducting polymer commonly used as a host polymer in luminescent Pdots, with a series of chlorins and bacteriochlorins with varying functional groups. Chlorins and bacteriochlorins are ideal dopants due to their high hydrophobicity, which precludes their use as molecular probes in aqueous biological media but on the other hand prevents their leakage when doped into Pdots. Additionally, chlorins and bacteriochlorins have narrow deep red to NIR-emission bands and the wide array of synthetic modifications available for modifying their molecular structure enables tuning their emission predictably and systematically. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements show the chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots to be nearly spherical with an average diameter of 46 ± 12 nm. Efficient energy transfer between PFBT and the doped chlorins or bacteriochlorins decreases the PFBT donor emission to near baseline level and increases the emission of the doped dyes that serve as acceptors. The chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots show narrow emission bands ranging from 640 to 820 nm depending on the doped dye. The paper demonstrates the utility of the systematic chlorin and bacteriochlorin synthesis approach by preparing Pdots of varying emission peak wavelength, utilizing them to visualize multiple targets using wide-field fluorescence microscopy, binding them to secondary antibodies, and determining the binding of secondary antibody-conjugated Pdots to primary antibody-labeled receptors in plant cells. Additionally, the chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots show a blinking behavior that could enable their use in super-resolution imaging methods like STORM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Riahin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Michael LaScola
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Narendra Pandala
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Erin Lavik
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Mengran Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jeremiah C Traeger
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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47
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Zhu M, Zhang H, Ran G, Yao Y, Yang Z, Ning Y, Yu Y, Zhang R, Peng X, Wu J, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Wang B, Gao S, Zhang J. Bioinspired Design of
seco
‐Chlorin Photosensitizers to Overcome Phototoxic Effects in Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yuhang Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zi‐Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xin‐Xin Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhifan Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Bing‐Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 China
- Spin-X Institute and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Jun‐Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 China
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48
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Dingiswayo S, Burgess K, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photodynamic Antitumor and Antimicrobial Activities of Free-Base Tetra(4-methylthiolphenyl)chlorin and Its Tin(IV) Complex. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200115. [PMID: 35604018 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meso-tetra(4-methylthiolphenyl)chlorin (3) and its Sn(IV) complex (3-Sn) have been synthesized and characterized. The heavy atom effects of the Sn(IV) ion and sulfur atoms result in relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield values of 0.40 and 0.48. The photodynamic activities against MCF-7 breast cancer cells were determined through irradiation with a Thorlabs 660 nm LED for 30 min (280 mW.cm-2). IC50 values of 7.8 and 3.9 μM were obtained, respectively. 3-Sn was found to have significant photodynamic antimicrobial activity against both gram-(+) S. aureus and gram-(-) E. coli bacteria upon irradiation with a Thorlabs 660 nm LED for 75 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somila Dingiswayo
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kristen Burgess
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
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49
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Laranjo M, Pereira NAM, Oliveira ASR, Campos Aguiar M, Brites G, Nascimento BFO, Serambeque B, Costa BDP, Pina J, Seixas de Melo JS, Pineiro M, Botelho MF, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Ring-Fused meso-Tetraarylchlorins as Auspicious PDT Sensitizers: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Photophysics, and Biological Evaluation. Front Chem 2022; 10:873245. [PMID: 35572112 PMCID: PMC9091369 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.873245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-fused meso-tetraarylchlorins, with different degrees of hydrophilicity (with methyl ester, hydroxymethyl, and carboxylic acid moieties), have been synthesized and their photophysical characterization as well as in vitro photocytotoxicity assessment against human melanoma and esophageal and bladder carcinomas was carried out. An integrated analysis of the photosensitizers’ performance, considering the singlet oxygen generation data, cell internalization, and intracellular localization, allowed to establish relevant structure-photoactivity relationships and the rationalization of the observed photocytotoxicity. In the diacid and monoalcohol series, chlorins derived from meso-tetraphenylporphyrin proved to be the most efficient photodynamic therapy agents, showing IC50 values of 68 and 344 nM against A375 cells, respectively. These compounds were less active against OE19 and HT1376 cells, the diacid chlorin with IC50 values still in the nano-molar range, whereas the monohydroxymethyl-chlorin showed significantly higher IC50 values. The lead di(hydroxymethyl)-substituted meso-tetraphenylchlorin confirmed its remarkable photoactivity with IC50 values below 75 nM against the studied cancer cell lines. Subcellular accumulation of this chlorin in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nelson A. M. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia S. R. Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Márcia Campos Aguiar
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno F. O. Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Serambeque
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruna D. P. Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Pina
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Filomena Botelho
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo,
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50
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Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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