1
|
Yu K, Ward TR. C-H functionalization reactions catalyzed by artificial metalloenzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 258:112621. [PMID: 38852295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
CH functionalization, a promising frontier in modern organic chemistry, facilitates the direct conversion of inert CH bonds into many valuable functional groups. Despite its merits, traditional homogeneous catalysis, often faces challenges in efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability towards this transformation. In this context, artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs), resulting from the incorporation of a catalytically-competent metal cofactor within an evolvable protein scaffold, bridges the gap between the efficiency of enzymatic transformations and the versatility of transition metal catalysis. Accordingly, ArMs have emerged as attractive tools for various challenging catalytic transformations. Additionally, the coming of age of directed evolution has unlocked unprecedented avenues for optimizing enzymatic catalysis. Taking advantage of their genetically-encoded protein scaffold, ArMs have been evolved to catalyze various CH functionalization reactions. This review delves into the recent developments of ArM-catalyzed CH functionalization reactions, highlighting the benefits of engineering the second coordination sphere around a metal cofactor within a host protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi Q, Huang X, Yang R, Liu WH. Unified ionic and radical C-4 alkylation and arylation of pyridines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12442-12450. [PMID: 39118600 PMCID: PMC11304543 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
C-H Functionalization of pyridines is an efficient strategy to access pyridine derivatives occurring in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Nucleophilic additions to pyridiniums via both ionic and radical species have proven particularly useful. However, these reactions suffer from poor regioselectivity. By identifying an enzyme-mimic pocket-type urea activation reagent, we report a general platform for pyridine C-4 functionalization. Both ionic and radical nucleophiles can be incorporated to achieve the alkylation and arylation. Notably, the highly regioselective C-4 radical arylation is disclosed for the first time. The broad scope of nucleophiles and pyridines renders this platform applicable to the late-stage functionalization of drug-like molecules and the preparation of complex biologically important molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Shi
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ruizhi Yang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fan ZH, Kang JX, Jia S, Pan QJ, Cao L, Chen XM, Xu CQ, Ma YN, Chen X. Triborane (B 3H 7)-mediated regioselective substitution reactions of pyridine derivatives. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03109a. [PMID: 39139736 PMCID: PMC11317908 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There exists an interplay between borane and a Lewis base in their adducts. However, studies on these adducts so far have mainly focused on the different reactions of B-H bonds with limited attention given to the influence of borane on the chemistry of the Lewis base, except for BF3 and BAr3. Herein, we have synthesized novel borane adducts with pyridine derivatives, Py·B3H7, in which the coordination of B3H7 efficiently achieved the intra-molecular charge transfer. The strong B-N bond in these adducts resulted in the formation of stable dearomatic intermediates of pyridine derivatives, confirmed by 1H and 11B NMR spectroscopy, from which different reactions have transpired to realize C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H functionalization under mild conditions. The B3H7 pyridine derivatives are stable and do not dissociate or decompose during the reaction process. The high stability of the B-N bond makes this method a good option for boron-containing drugs with potential for use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Heng Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Jia-Xin Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Sihan Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Qiao-Jing Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Lei Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yan-Na Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Xuenian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li H, Hu C, Yu Z, Zheng K, Su Z. Elucidating Mechanism and Selectivity in Pyridine Functionalization Through Silylium Catalysis. Chemistry 2024:e202402078. [PMID: 38976314 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of aromatic N-heterocycles through silylium activation demonstrates exceptional selectivity and efficiency. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil the detailed silylium catalysis mechanism and elucidate the origins of selectivity in this reaction. The phosphoramidimidate sulfonamide (PADI) precatalyst orchestrates of the catalytic cycle via three elementary steps. The Brønsted acidity of precatalyst significantly influences both the formation of silylium-based Lewis acid active species and the silylium activation of pyridine. Unlike disulfonimide (DSI)-type precatalysts, both Tf2NH and PADI precatalysts with strong acidities can easily promote the generation of activated silylium pyridine species. A semi-enclosed 'rigid' electronegative cavity in PADI-type anions constructs a well-defined recognition site, facilitating engagement with the positively charged silylium pyridine species. Due to the high electrophilicity and less steric demand at the C4-position of the pyridine substrate, the product with C4-regioselectivity was predominantly generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Cefei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Haoze Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo W, Zhang C, Dong L. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Annulation Synthesis of Difluorinated Quinazolinone Derivatives Using an Amide Carbonyl as the Directing Group. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9627-9640. [PMID: 38888955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of amide carbonyl groups of substrates as weakly coordinating directing groups has received a significant amount of attention. Recently, difluoromethylene alkynes have been successfully used in fluorination reactions, resulting in the preparation of various fluorine-containing compounds. This work describes a [4+2] annulation method for creating a range of fluorinated quinolino[2,1-b]quinazolinone derivatives. The derivatives are formed through Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade cyclization of 3-phenylquinazolinones and gem-difluoromethylene alkynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gu Y, Luo M, Yuan H, Liu G, Wang S. Photocatalytic Enantioselective Radical Cascade Multicomponent Minisci Reaction of β-Carbolines Using Diazo Compounds as Radical Precursors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402272. [PMID: 38639395 PMCID: PMC11220658 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Here, a photocatalytic asymmetric multicomponent cascade Minisci reaction of β-carbolines with enamides and diazo compounds is reported, enabling an effective enantioselective radical C─H functionalization of β-carbolines with high yields and enantioselectivity (up to 83% yield and 95% ee). This enantioselective multicomponent Minisci protocol exhibits step economy, high chemo-/enantio-selective control, and good functional group tolerance, allowing access to a variety of valuable chiral β-carbolines. Notably, diazo compounds are suitable radical precursors in enantioselective cascade radical reactions. Moreover, the efficiency and practicality of this approach are demonstrated by the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive compounds and natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and TechnologyXiangtan411201P. R. China
| | - Mu‐Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and TechnologyXiangtan411201P. R. China
| | - Guo‐Kai Liu
- School of PharmacyShenzhen University Medical SchoolShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Shou‐Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo SM, Xu P, Studer A. Meta-Selective Copper-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Pyridines and Isoquinolines through Dearomatized Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405385. [PMID: 38634294 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
C(sp2)-H functionalization offers an efficient strategy for the synthesis of various elaborated N-containing heteroarenes. Along these lines, oxazino pyridines that can be readily prepared from pyridines, have been introduced as powerful substrates in radical- and ionic-mediated meta-C-H functionalization. However, the regioselective meta-C-H arylation of pyridines remains a great challenge. Herein, a copper-catalyzed meta-selective C-H arylation of pyridines and isoquinolines through bench-stable dearomatized intermediates is reported. Electrophilic aryl-Cu(III) species, generated from readily accessible aryl I(III) reagents, enable the efficient meta-arylation of a broad range of pyridines and isoquinolines. The method also allows the meta-selective alkenylation of these heteroarenes using the corresponding alkenyl I(III)-reagents. Late-stage arylation of drug-derived pyridines and larger-scale experiments demonstrate the potential of this synthetic methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi L, Liu M, Zheng L, Gao Q, Wang M, Wang X, Xiang J. Electrochemical γ-Selective Deuteration of Pyridines. Org Lett 2024; 26:4318-4322. [PMID: 38752547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we first report a γ-selective deuteration reaction of pyridines via H/D exchange without the need for preinstalled directing groups and transformable functional groups. The electrochemical process offers an attractive approach to producing γ-deuterated pyridines under gentle conditions. The broad substrate scope, excellent deuterium incorporation, and remarkable selectivity of the electrochemical method make it applicable for the late-stage modification of pharmaceutical molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shi
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Mian Liu
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Lianyou Zheng
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Qiansong Gao
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Mingchun Wang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xiang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wan Q, Wu XD, Hou ZW, Ma Y, Wang L. Organophotoelectrocatalytic C(sp 2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp 3)-H compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5502-5505. [PMID: 38699797 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An organophotoelectrocatalytic method for the C(sp2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp3)-H compounds through dehydrogenation cross-coupling has been developed. The C(sp2)-H alkylation combines organic catalysis, photochemistry and electrochemistry, avoiding the need for external metal-reagents, HAT-reagents, and oxidants. This protocol exhibits good substrate tolerance and functional group compatibility, providing a straightforward and powerful pathway to access a variety of alkylated heteroarenes under green conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Xia-Die Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lei X, Wang Y, Ma S, Jiao P. Purple Light-Promoted Coupling of Bromopyridines with Grignard Reagents via SET. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7148-7155. [PMID: 38718346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Alkyl- and arylpyridines and 2,2'-bipyridines are conventionally prepared by Minisci reactions of pyridines and transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions of halopyridines. Herein, purple light-promoted radical coupling reactions of 2- or 4-bromopyridines with Grignard reagents in Et2O or a mixture of Et2O and tetrahydrofuran in regular glassware without the need for a transition metal catalyst were disclosed for the first time. Methyl, primary and secondary alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, pyridyl, and alkynyl Grignard reagents were compatible with the protocol. As a result, alkyl- and arylpyridines and 2,2'-bipyridines were easily prepared. Single electron transfer from the Grignard reagent to bromopyridine was stimulated by purple light. An electron extruded from the dimerization of the Grignard reagent worked as the catalyst. Light on/off experiments indicated that constant irradiation was required for product formation. Studies of radical clock substrates verified the involvement of a pyridyl radical from bromopyridine and the noninvolvement of an alkyl or aryl radical from the Grignard reagent. The available proof supports a photoinduced SRN mechanism for the new coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Institute of Rural Revitalization (Institute of Medicine and Health Care), Dezhou University, No. 566 West University Road, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu P, Wang Z, Guo SM, Studer A. Introduction of the difluoromethyl group at the meta- or para-position of pyridines through regioselectivity switch. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4121. [PMID: 38750008 PMCID: PMC11096164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Difluoromethyl pyridines have gained significant attention in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. The direct C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines represents a highly efficient economic way to access these azines. However, the direct meta-difluoromethylation of pyridines has remained elusive and methods for site-switchable regioselective meta- and para-difluoromethylation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate the meta-C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines through a radical process by using oxazino pyridine intermediates, which are easily accessed from pyridines. The selectivity can be readily switched to para by in situ transformation of the oxazino pyridines to pyridinium salts upon acid treatment. The preparation of various meta- and para-difluoromethylated pyridines through this approach is presented. The mild conditions used also allow for the late-stage meta- or para-difluoromethylation of pyridine containing drugs. Sequential double functionalization of pyridines is presented, which further underlines the value of this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng Q, Bhattacharya D, Haring M, Cao H, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Studer A. Skeletal editing of pyridines through atom-pair swap from CN to CC. Nat Chem 2024; 16:741-748. [PMID: 38238464 PMCID: PMC11087273 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal editing is a straightforward synthetic strategy for precise substitution or rearrangement of atoms in core ring structures of complex molecules; it enables quick diversification of compounds that is not possible by applying peripheral editing strategies. Previously reported skeletal editing of common arenes mainly relies on carbene- or nitrene-type insertion reactions or rearrangements. Although powerful, efficient and applicable to late-stage heteroarene core structure modification, these strategies cannot be used for skeletal editing of pyridines. Here we report the direct skeletal editing of pyridines through atom-pair swap from CN to CC to generate benzenes and naphthalenes in a modular fashion. Specifically, we use sequential dearomatization, cycloaddition and rearomatizing retrocycloaddition reactions in a one-pot sequence to transform the parent pyridines into benzenes and naphthalenes bearing diversified substituents at specific sites, as defined by the cycloaddition reaction components. Applications to late-stage skeletal diversification of pyridine cores in several drugs are demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | | | - Malte Haring
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lei J, Xu ZG. Reaction strategies for the meta-selective functionalization of pyridine through dearomatization. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5. [PMID: 38647989 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is a crucial structural component in various pharmaceuticals. While the direct ortho- and para-functionalization of pyridines is relatively straightforward, the meta-selective C-H functionalization remains a significant challenge. This review highlights dearomatization strategies as a key area of interest in expanding the application of meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines. Dearomatization enables the meta-functionalization through various catalytic methods that directly generate dearomatization products, and some products can be rearomatized back to pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, this article also covers the dearomatization of multiple positions of pyridine in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. It offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in dearomatization at different positions of pyridine, aiming to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this field. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of existing technologies, aiming to inform a broader audience about this important field and foster its future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao MY, Tang JJ, Lin YJ, Tian ZY, Peng S, Xie LY. Ts 2O Promoted Deoxygenative C-H Dithiocarbonation of Quinoline N-Oxides with Potassium O-Alkyl Xanthates. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5560-5572. [PMID: 38564232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A simple, efficient, and practical method for the synthesis of S-quinolyl xanthates was developed via Ts2O-promoted deoxygenative C-H dithiocarbonation of quinoline N-oxides with various potassium O-alkyl xanthates. The reaction performed well under transition-metal-free, base-free, and room-temperature conditions with wide substrate tolerance. Employing potassium O-tert-butyl xanthate (tBuOCS2K) as a nucleophile, some valuable quinoline-2-thiones were unexpectedly obtained in a one-pot reaction without any additional base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Jun Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Jun Lin
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Tian
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, China
| | - Long-Yong Xie
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pan C, Chen D, Cheng Y, Yu JT. Photocatalytic redox-neutral α-C(sp 3)-H pyridination of glycine derivatives and N-arylamines with cyanopyridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4451-4454. [PMID: 38563645 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A photo-induced α-C(sp3)-H decyanative pyridination of N-arylglycine derivatives with cyanopyridines was developed. This reaction was performed under organic photocatalytic and redox-neutral conditions via a radical-radical cross-coupling process. Besides, the protocol was also suitable for the C(sp3)-H pyridination of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines as well as benzylamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changduo Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China.
| | - Dongdong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China.
| | - Yangjian Cheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
An B, Cui H, Zheng C, Chen JL, Lan F, You SL, Zhang X. Tunable C-H functionalization and dearomatization enabled by an organic photocatalyst. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4114-4120. [PMID: 38487217 PMCID: PMC10935768 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
C-H functionalization and dearomatization constitute fundamental transformations of aromatic compounds, which find wide applications in various research areas. However, achieving both transformations from the same substrates with a single catalyst by operating a distinct mechanism remains challenging. Here, we report a photocatalytic strategy to modulate the reaction pathways that can be directed toward either C-H functionalization or dearomatization under redox-neutral or net-reductive conditions, respectively. Two sets of indoles and indolines bearing tertiary alcohols are divergently furnished with good yields and high selectivity. The key to success is the introduction of isoazatruxene ITN-2 as a novel photocatalyst (PC), which outperforms the commonly used PCs. The ready synthesis and high modulability of isoazatruxene type PCs indicate their great application potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohang An
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Hao Cui
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ji-Lin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Feng Lan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
He T, Liang C, Cheng H, Shi S, Huang S. Cathodically Coupled Electrolysis to Access Biheteroaryls. Org Lett 2024; 26:607-612. [PMID: 38206057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach to biheteroaryls through the coupling of diverse N-heteroarenes with heteroaryl phosphonium salts is reported. The reaction features pH and redox-neutral conditions and excellent regioselectivity, as well as exogenous air or moisture tolerance. Additionally, a one-pot, two-step protocol can be established to realize formal C-H/C-H coupling of heteroarenes, thereby greatly expanding the substrate availability. The utility of this method is demonstrated through late-stage functionalization, the total synthesis of nitraridine, and antifungal activity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chaoqiang Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haoyuan Cheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma Q, Shi Y, Wang D. Phosphonium Salt-Promoted C2-H Functionalization of Heterocyclic N-Oxides. Org Lett 2023; 25:9181-9185. [PMID: 38117207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a phosphonium salt as a remarkable activating agent that enables the direct conversion of C2-H bonds of a variety of heterocyclic N-oxides into C2-N, C2-O, or C2-S bonds with high efficiency. The phosphonium salt was prepared on a >150 g scale in a single step and is tolerant of multiple functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuze Shi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng S, Zhao MY, Tang JJ, Xie LY. Ball milling synthesis of S-quinolyl xanthates via coupling of haloquinolines with potassium O-alkyl xanthates. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9086-9090. [PMID: 37946513 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally benign protocol that provides various S-quinolyl xanthates via a ball milling enabled cross coupling reaction of haloquinolines and readily available potassium O-alkyl xanthates is first reported. The reaction proceeded well under mild, transition metal- and solvent-free conditions, making it an attractive method for the introduction of xanthates into the quinoline scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Peng
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| | - Meng-Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| | - Jia-Jun Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| | - Long-Yong Xie
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen VT, Lai Q, Witayapaisitsan N, Bhuvanesh N, Surawatanawong P, Ozerov OV. Migration of Hydride, Methyl, and Chloride Ligands between Al and M in (PAlP)M Pincer Complexes (M = Rh or Ir). Organometallics 2023; 42:3120-3129. [PMID: 38357656 PMCID: PMC10863399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Protolysis of AlMe3 or AlBui3 with 2-diisopropylphosphinopyrrole (1) yields molecules containing two flanking phosphines and a central Al-Me (2-Me), Al-iBu (2-iBu), or Al-H (2-H) unit. The reactions of 2-Me with [L2MCl]2 (L = cyclooctene or 1/2 1,5-cyclooctadiene and M = Rh or Ir) in the presence of pyridine produces PAlClP pincer complexes (3-Rh and 3-Ir) with Al-Cl and M-Me bonds. The analogous reaction of a mixture of 2-iBu and 2-H with [L2MCl]2 and pyridine resulted in the formation of analogous Rh-H (4-Rh) and Ir-H (4-Ir) complexes. Treatment of 3-Rh with NaBEt3H produced compound 5-Rh with an Al-Me and a Rh-H bond; the analogous reaction of 3-Ir did not result in a clean product. 4-Ir accepted an equivalent of H2 to produce 6-Ir with two terminal Ir-H bonds and one bridging Al-H-Ir moiety, whereas 4-Rh did not react with H2. The density functional theoretical treatment is in accord with this finding, highlights the likely mechanism for the H2 addition, and supports the bonding picture in 6-Ir arising from NMR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) observations. Spectroscopic data and XRD studies are consistent with distorted square-pyramidal structures (about Rh or Ir) for compounds 3-5, with an alane occupying the apical position. Complexes 3 and 4 possess some of the shortest known Rh-Al or Ir-Al distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Qingheng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Naphol Witayapaisitsan
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Oleg V. Ozerov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cao H, Cheng Q, Studer A. meta-Selective C-H Functionalization of Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302941. [PMID: 37013613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is an important core structure for a variety of drugs, agrochemicals, catalysts, and functional materials. Direct functionalization of C-H bonds in pyridines is a straightforward approach to access valuable substituted pyridines. Compared to the direct ortho- and para-functionalization, meta-selective pyridine C-H functionalization is far more challenging due to the inherent electronic properties of the pyridine entity. This review summarizes currently available methods for pyridine meta-C-H functionalization using a directing group, non-directed metalation, and temporary dearomatization strategies. Recent advances in ligand control and temporary dearomatization are highlighted. We analyze the advantages as well as limitations of current techniques and hope to inspire further developments in this important area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Luo Z, Wang C, Jiang H, Zeng W. Amine-Directed Regioselective Pyridyl Csp 2-H Aminovinylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:7020-7024. [PMID: 37712450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A Rh-catalyzed amine-directed cross-coupling of 2-aminopyridines with 1-sulfonyl-triazoles has been developed. The method provides an efficient approach to access 5-aminovinylpyridines with wide functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang L, Yan J, Ahmadli D, Wang Z, Ritter T. Electron-Transfer-Enabled Concerted Nucleophilic Fluorination of Azaarenes: Selective C-H Fluorination of Quinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20182-20188. [PMID: 37695320 PMCID: PMC10515641 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H fluorination is an efficient strategy to construct aromatic C-F bonds, but the cleavage of specific C-H bonds in the presence of other functional groups and the high barrier of C-F bond formation make the transformation challenging. Progress for the electrophilic fluorination of arenes has been reported, but a similar transformation for electron-deficient azaarenes has remained elusive due to the high energy of the corresponding Wheland intermediates. Nucleophilic fluorination of electron-deficient azaarenes is difficult owing to the identity of the Meisenheimer intermediate after fluoride attack, from which fluoride elimination to regenerate the substrate is favored over hydride elimination to form the product. Herein, we report a new concept for C-H nucleophilic fluorination without the formation of azaarene Meisenheimer intermediates through a chain process with an asynchronous concerted F--e--H+ transfer. The concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution strategy allows for the first successful nucleophilic oxidative fluorination of quinolines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jiyao Yan
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dilgam Ahmadli
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tian JJ, Li RR, Tian GX, Wang XC. Enantioselective C3-Allylation of Pyridines via Tandem Borane and Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307697. [PMID: 37395559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a one-pot method for enantioselective C-H allylation of pyridines at C3 via tandem borane and palladium catalysis. This method involves borane-catalyzed pyridine hydroboration to generate dihydropyridines, then palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of the dihydropyridines with allylic esters, and finally air oxidation of the allylated dihydropyridines to afford the products. This method enables the introduction of an allylic group at C3 with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gui-Xiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Das A, Maji B. Direct C(3)5-H Polyfluoroarylation of 2-Amino/alkoxy Pyridines Enabled by a Transient and Electron-deficient Palladium Intermediate. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301436. [PMID: 37154162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an unprecedented azine-limited C5-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-aminopyridines enabled by a transient and electron-deficient perfluoroaryl-Pd species via C-H/C-H coupling. The protocol further allows C3(5)-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-alkoxypyridines guided by sterics and electronics for the first time. The late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs, drug derivatives, and natural product derivatives and synthesis of C5-aryl drug derivatives further demonstrated the method's utility. The preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the synergistic combination of the bulky yet electrophilic perfluoroaryl-Pd species and the partial nucleophilicity of the C5-position of 2-amino/alkoxy-pyridines is the origin of reactivity and selectivity. Importantly, the first experimental evidence for the role of diisopropyl sulfide is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cao H, Bhattacharya D, Cheng Q, Studer A. C-H Functionalization of Pyridines via Oxazino Pyridine Intermediates: Switching to para-Selectivity under Acidic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
para-Selective C-H functionalization of pyridines holds a significant value but remains underdeveloped. Site-switchable C-H functionalization of pyridines under easily tunable conditions expedites drug development. We recently reported a redox-neutral dearomatization-rearomatization strategy for meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines via oxazino pyridine intermediates. Here, we demonstrate that these oxazino pyridine intermediates undergo highly para-selective functionalization simply by switching to acidic conditions. A broad scope of para-alkylated and arylated pyridines is prepared through radical as well as ionic pathways. These mild and catalyst-free methods are applied to the late-stage para-functionalization of drugs using pyridines as the limiting reagents. Consecutive meta,para-difunctionalization of pyridines is also achieved with complete regiocontrol relying on the pH-dependent reactivity of oxazino pyridines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debkanta Bhattacharya
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Das S, Ehlers AW, Patra S, de Bruin B, Chattopadhyay B. Iron-Catalyzed Intermolecular C-N Cross-Coupling Reactions via Radical Activation Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37390369 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
A concept for intermolecular C-N cross-coupling amination has been discovered using tetrazoles and aromatic and aliphatic azides with boronic acids under iron-catalyzed conditions. The amination follows an unprecedented metalloradical activation mechanism that is different from traditional metal-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reactions. The scope of the reaction has been demonstrated by the employment of a large number of tetrazoles, azides, and boronic acids. Moreover, several late-stage aminations and a short synthesis of a drug candidate have been showcased for further synthetic utility. Collectively, this iron-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling should have wide applications in the context of medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Das
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Andreas W Ehlers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sima Patra
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014 Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Azines, such as pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, and pyridazines, are widespread components of pharmaceuticals. Their occurrence derives from a suite of physiochemical properties that match key criteria in drug design and is tunable by varying their substituents. Developments in synthetic chemistry, therefore, directly impact these efforts, and methods that can install various groups from azine C-H bonds are particularly valuable. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions that focus on advanced candidate compounds that are often complex structures with multiple heterocycles, functional groups, and reactive sites. Because of factors such as their electron-deficient nature and the effects of the Lewis basic N atom, azine C-H functionalization reactions are often distinct from their arene counterparts, and the application of these reactions in LSF contexts is difficult. However, there have been many significant advances in azine LSF reactions, and this review will describe this progress, much of which has occurred over the past decade. It is possible to categorize these reactions as radical addition processes, metal-catalyzed C-H activation reactions, and transformations occurring via dearomatized intermediates. Substantial variation in reaction design within each category indicates both the rich reactivity of these heterocycles and the creativity of the approaches involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celena M Josephitis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hillary M H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sindhe H, Reddy MM, Rajkumar K, Kamble A, Singh A, Kumar A, Sharma S. Pyridine C(sp 2)-H bond functionalization under transition-metal and rare earth metal catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:820-863. [PMID: 37346497 PMCID: PMC10280098 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridine is a crucial heterocyclic scaffold that is widely found in organic chemistry, medicines, natural products, and functional materials. In spite of the discovery of several methods for the synthesis of functionalized pyridines or their integration into an organic molecule, new methodologies for the direct functionalization of pyridine scaffolds have been developed during the past two decades. In addition, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization and rare earth metal-catalyzed reactions have flourished over the past two decades in the development of functionalized organic molecules of concern. In this review, we discuss recent achievements in the transition-metal and rare earth metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization of pyridine and look into the mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Sindhe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Malladi Mounika Reddy
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Karthikeyan Rajkumar
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Akshay Kamble
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Satyasheel Sharma
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Meng G, Wang Z, Chan HSS, Chekshin N, Li Z, Wang P, Yu JQ. Dual-Ligand Catalyst for the Nondirected C-H Olefination of Heteroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8198-8208. [PMID: 36975773 PMCID: PMC10173962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed nondirected C-H functionalization of heteroarenes is a significant challenge for the following reasons: poor reactivity of electron-deficient heterocycles and the unproductive coordination of Lewis basic nitrogen atoms. Existing methodologies using palladium catalysis often employ a large excess of heterocycle substrates to overcome these hurdles. Despite recent advances in nondirected functionalization of arenes that allow them to be used as limiting reagents, the reaction conditions are incompatible with electron-deficient heteroarenes. Herein we report a dual-ligand catalyst that enables Pd(II)-catalyzed nondirected C-H olefination of heteroarenes without using a large excess of substrate. In general, the use of 1-2 equiv of substrates was sufficient to obtain synthetically useful yields. The reactivity was rationalized by the synergy between two types of ligands: a bidentate pyridine-pyridone ligand promotes C-H cleavage; the monodentate heterocycle substrate acts as a second ligand to form a cationic Pd(II) complex that has high affinity for arenes. The proposed dual-ligand cooperation is supported by a combination of X-ray, kinetics, and control experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hau Sun Sam Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pal S, Das S, Chakraborty S, Khanra S, Paul ND. Zn(II)-Catalyzed Multicomponent Sustainable Synthesis of Pyridines in Air. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3650-3665. [PMID: 36854027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a Zn(II)-catalyzed solvent-free sustainable synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines using alcohols as the primary feedstock and NH4OAc as the nitrogen source. Using a well-defined air-stable Zn(II)-catalyst, 1a, featuring a redox-active tridentate azo-aromatic pincer, 2-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (La), a wide variety of unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were prepared by three-component coupling of primary and secondary alcohols with NH4OAc. Catalyst 1a is equally compatible with the four-component coupling. Unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were also prepared via a four-component coupling of a primary alcohol with two different secondary alcohols and NH4OAc. A series of tetra-substituted pyridines were prepared up to 67% yield by coupling primary and secondary alcohols with 1-phenylpropan-1-one or 1,2-diphenylethan-1-one and NH4OAc. The 1a-catalyzed reactions also proceeded efficiently upon replacing the secondary alcohols with the corresponding ketones, producing the desired tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines in higher yields in a shorter reaction time. A few control experiments were performed to unveil the mechanistic aspects, which indicates that the active participation of the aryl-azo ligand during catalysis enables the Zn(II)-complex to act as an efficient catalyst for the present multicomponent reactions. Aerial oxygen acts as an oxidant during the Zn(II)-catalyzed dehydrogenation of alcohols, producing H2O and H2O2 as byproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Siuli Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhajit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhankar Khanra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Nanda D Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gugulothu K, Jatoth R, Edukondalu P, Vanga A, Matta R, Shiva Kumar K. Synthesis of fused bis-indazoles/indazoles via a one-pot sequential strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2816-2821. [PMID: 36924392 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00121k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
We report here an efficient synthesis of fused bis-indazoles/indazoles via a one-pot sequential strategy starting from o-azido aldehydes and amines. This novel method involves the sequential formation of 2H-indazole followed by a Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction. Overall, this one-pot sequential reaction involved the formation of new five bonds, resulting in the formation of three heterocyclic rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Gugulothu
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - Ramanna Jatoth
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | | | - Anusha Vanga
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - Raghavender Matta
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - K Shiva Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India.,Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kumar S, Kumar Sabbi T, Pingale R, Girase P, Kanchupalli V. 1,3-Diynes: A Versatile Precursor in Transition-Metal Catalyzed (Mediated) C-H Functionalizations. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200228. [PMID: 36512645 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization of diverse arenes with alkyne units has attracted enormous attention for decades since they provide straightforward access to various functionalization/annulations, which are commonly present in bioactive compounds and natural products. Recently, conjugated alkynes (1,3-diynes) have been utilized as key coupling partner in many C-H activation reactions due to their versatile characteristic properties. The presence of two C≡C bonds in conjugated 1,3-diyne brings the new diversity in synthetic transformations, such as chemo-, regioselective pathways, mono-bis functionalizations, cascade annulations, etc. Herein, we summarized the latest developments in the realm of transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalizations of diverse arenes with 1,3-diynes. Moreover, we highlighted the diverse transformations, conditions, mechanisms and applications of the corresponding reaction in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Tharun Kumar Sabbi
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Rasika Pingale
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Pradeep Girase
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Vinaykumar Kanchupalli
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chakraborty S, Biju AT. Directing Group-Free Regioselective meta-C-H Functionalization of Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300049. [PMID: 36829265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine core is among the most common motifs found in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Consequently, the C-H functionalization of pyridine is a prized reaction, as it can help access a broad spectrum of valuable chemicals. However, the intrinsic electronic properties of pyridines hinder their meta-C-H functionalization, requiring drastic conditions affecting functional group compatibility. A synthetic manoeuvre to overcome this challenge involves the temporary conversion of pyridines into electron-rich intermediates and subsequent regioselective electrophilic functionalization. This was recently accomplished by a ring-opening ring-closing sequence via Zincke imine intermediates by McNally and co-workers, and a dearomatization-rearomatization sequence via oxazino-pyridine intermediates by the Studer group. The mildness and simplicity of these protocols enable them to work with complex molecular setups for synthesizing natural products and bioactive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukriyo Chakraborty
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lin Z, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xia H. Heterocyclic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of metalla-aromatics and mechanistic analysis of site selectivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1227-1233. [PMID: 36756314 PMCID: PMC9891379 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is one of the most straightforward and versatile methods for the construction of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes but site-selective cross-coupling of polyhalogenated (hetero)arenes containing identical halogen substituents remains a challenging problem. Herein, we report a new candidate for heterocyclic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. This candidate has been applied in organometallic systems by combining classical aryl boronic acid reagents with non-classical heteroarenes. Experimental and computational studies of the mechanism of the reactions were performed, with an emphasis on the identity of the reactive species in the oxidative addition step and the nature of the precise site selectivity. The influence of both the aromaticity of the metalla-aromatic substrates and the steric and electronic properties of the halogenated sites are studied in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzhang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yapeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China .,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang M, Zhou Q, Luo H, Tang ZL, Xu X, Wang XC. C3-Cyanation of Pyridines: Constraints on Electrophiles and Determinants of Regioselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216894. [PMID: 36517651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methods for C-H cyanation of pyridines are rare. Here, we report a method for C3-selective cyanation of pyridines by a tandem process with the reaction of an in situ generated dihydropyridine with a cyano electrophile as the key step. The method is suitable for late-stage functionalization of pyridine drugs. The low reduction potential of the electrophile and effective transfer of the nitrile group were found to be essential for the success of this method. We studied the reaction mechanism in detail by means of control experiments and theoretical calculations and found that a combination of electronic and steric factors determined the regioselectivity of reactions involving C2-substituted pyridines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Heng Luo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zi-Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fu YH, Zhang Y, Wang F, Zhao L, Shen GB, Zhu XQ. Quantitative evaluation of the actual hydrogen atom donating activities of O-H bonds in phenols: structure-activity relationship. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3295-3305. [PMID: 36756400 PMCID: PMC9869660 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06877j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The H-donating activity of phenol and the H-abstraction activity of phenol radicals have been extensively studied. In this article, the second-order rate constants of 25 hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions between phenols and PINO and DPPH radicals in acetonitrile at 298 K were studied. Thermo-kinetic parameters ΔG ≠o(XH) were obtained using a kinetic equation [ΔG ≠ XH/Y = ΔG ≠o(XH) + ΔG ≠o(Y)]. Bond dissociation free energies ΔG o(XH) were calculated by the iBonD HM method, whose details are available at https://pka.luoszgroup.com/bde_prediction. Intrinsic resistance energies ΔG ≠ XH/X and ΔG ≠o(X) were determined as ΔG ≠o(XH) and ΔG o(XH) were available. ΔG o(XH), ΔG ≠ XH/X, ΔG ≠o(XH) and ΔG ≠o(X) were used to assess the H-donating abilities of the studied phenols and the H-abstraction abilities of phenol radicals in thermodynamics, kinetics and actual HAT reactions. The effect of structures on these four parameters was discussed. The reliabilities of ΔG ≠o(XH) and ΔG ≠o(X) were examined. The difference between the method of determining ΔG ≠ XH/X mentioned in this study and the dynamic nuclear magnetic method mentioned in the literature was studied. Via this study, not only ΔG o(XH), ΔG ≠ XH/X, ΔG ≠o(XH) and ΔG ≠o(X) of phenols could be quantitatively evaluated, but also the structure-activity relationship of phenols is clearly demonstrated. Moreover, it lays the foundation for designing and synthesizing more antioxidants and radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang Henan 455000 China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang Henan 455000 China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang Henan 455000 China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang Henan 455000 China
| | - Guang-Bin Shen
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong272000P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maayuri R, Gandeepan P. Manganese-catalyzed hydroarylation of multiple bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:441-464. [PMID: 36541044 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01674e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation has become a promising strategy in organic synthesis due to its improved atom-, step- and resource economy. Considering the Earth's abundance, economic benefits, and low toxicity, 3d metal catalysts for C-H activation have received a significant focus. In particular, organometallic manganese-catalyzed C-H activation has proven to be versatile and suitable for a wide range of transformations such as C-H addition to π-components, arylation, alkylation, alkynylation, amination, and many more. Among them, manganese-catalyzed C-H addition to C-C and C-heteroatom multiple bonds exhibited unique and promising reactivity to construct a wide range of complex organic molecules. In this review, we highlight the developments in the field of manganese-catalyzed hydroarylation of multiple bonds via C-H activation with a range of applications until August 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajaram Maayuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh 517619, India.
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh 517619, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhu H, Kostenko A, Franz D, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Room Temperature Intermolecular Dearomatization of Arenes by an Acyclic Iminosilylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1011-1021. [PMID: 36597967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel nontransient acyclic iminosilylene (1), bearing a bulky super silyl group (-SitBu3) and N-heterocyclic imine ligand with a methylated backbone, was prepared and isolated. The methylated backbone is the feature of 1 that distinguishes it from the previously reported nonisolable iminosilylenes, as it prevents the intramolecular silylene center insertion into an aromatic C-C bond of an aryl substituent. Instead, 1 exhibits an intermolecular Büchner-ring-expansion-type reactivity; the silylene is capable of dearomatization of benzene and its derivatives, giving the corresponding silicon analogs of cycloheptatrienes, i.e. silepins, featuring seven-membered SiC6 rings with nearly planar geometry. The ring expansion reactions of 1 with benzene and 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene are reversible. Similar reactions of 1 with N-heteroarenes (pyridine and DMAP) proceed more rapidly and irreversibly forming the corresponding azasilepins, also with nearly planar seven-membered SiNC5 rings. DFT calculations reveal an ambiphilic nature of 1 that allows the intermolecular aromatic C-C bond insertion to occur. Additional computational studies, which elucidate the inherent reactivity of 1, the role of the substituent effect, and reaction mechanisms behind the ring expansion transformations, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Daniel Franz
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liang Z, Wang K, Sun Q, Peng Y, Bao X. Iron-catalyzed dual decarboxylative coupling of α-amino acids and dioxazolones under visible-light to access amide derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:752-755. [PMID: 36541573 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03318f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An iron-catalyzed decarboxylative C-N coupling of α-amino acids with dioxazolones is described herein to synthesize amide derivatives under visible-light. The desired products can be given in good to excellent yields under simple, mild, and oxidant-free conditions. This protocol provides a practical route for the transformation of α-amino acids to the corresponding amides. Computational studies were carried out to shed light on the mechanism of this reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqun Liang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Yuzhu Peng
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hu C, Vo C, Merchant RR, Chen SJ, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Qin T. Uncanonical Semireduction of Quinolines and Isoquinolines via Regioselective HAT-Promoted Hydrosilylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25-31. [PMID: 36548026 PMCID: PMC9930105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles are the backbone of modern medical chemistry and drug development. The derivatization of "an olefin" inside aromatic rings represents an ideal approach to access functionalized saturated heterocycles from abundant aromatic building blocks. Here, we report an operationally simple, efficient, and practical method to selectively access hydrosilylated and reduced N-heterocycles from bicyclic aromatics via a key diradical intermediate. This approach is expected to facilitate complex heterocycle functionalizations that enable access to novel medicinally relevant scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Cuong Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Rohan R. Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan M. E. Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Byron K. Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Luo MP, Gu YJ, Wang SG. Photocatalytic enantioselective Minisci reaction of β-carbolines and application to natural product synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:251-256. [PMID: 36687353 PMCID: PMC9811569 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient enantioselective direct C-H functionalization of β-carbolines via a Minisci-type radical process under a photo-redox and chiral phosphoric acid cooperative catalytic system has been disclosed. Through this protocol, a wide range of C1 aminoalkylated β-carbolines were constructed directly with high levels of enantioselectivities from readily available β-carbolines and alanine-derived redox-active esters. This transformation allows straightforward access to highly valuable enantioenriched β-carbolines, which are an intriguing structural motif in valuable natural products and synthetic bio-active compounds. This protocol has been utilized as a highly efficient synthetic strategy for the concise asymmetric total synthesis of marine alkaloids eudistomin X, (+)-eudistomidin B and (+)-eudistomidin I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xue J, Luo Z, Huang J, Deng Y, Dong S, Liu S. Enantioselective Construction of C3-Multifunctionalization α-Hydroxy-β-amino Pyridines via α-Pyridyl Diazoacetate, Water, and Imines for Drug Hunting. Org Lett 2022; 24:9502-9507. [PMID: 36537781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric catalytic approach for the construction of C3-multifunctionalization α-hydroxy-β-amino pyridines has been reported. The products can be accessed by the modulation of two chiral catalysts independently in high yield and with good enantioselectivity. The method features mild reaction conditions and an excellent functional group tolerance. Biological activity analysis shows that the resulting products have a selective antiosteosarcoma activity on 143B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xue
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhengli Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jisheng Huang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yaqi Deng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Suzhen Dong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shunying Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kumar S, Borkar V, Mujahid M, Nunewar S, Kanchupalli V. Iodonium ylides: an emerging and alternative carbene precursor for C-H functionalizations. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 21:24-38. [PMID: 36416081 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01644c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The metal-catalyzed successive activation and functionalization of arene/heteroarene is one of the most fundamental transformations in organic synthesis and leads to privileged scaffolds in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Particularly, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization of arenes with carbene precursors via metal carbene migratory insertion has been well studied. As a result, diverse carbene precursors have been evaluated, such as diazo compounds, sulfoxonium ylides, triazoles, etc. In addition, there have been significant developments with the use of iodonium ylides as carbene precursors in recent years, and these reactions proceed with high efficiencies and selectivities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of iodonium ylides in C-H functionalizations, including the scope, limitations, and their potential synthetic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India.
| | - Vaishnavi Borkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India.
| | - Mohd Mujahid
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India.
| | - Saiprasad Nunewar
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India.
| | - Vinaykumar Kanchupalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
C–H etherification via base-catalyzed X-transfer. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
46
|
Joo JM. Adding functions to pyridines. Science 2022; 378:710-711. [DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions break a pyridine ring to allow its modification
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cao H, Cheng Q, Studer A. Radical and ionic
meta
-C–H functionalization of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines. Science 2022; 378:779-785. [DOI: 10.1126/science.ade6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-hydrogen (C−H) functionalization of pyridines is a powerful tool for the rapid construction and derivatization of many agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Because of the inherent electronic properties of pyridines, selective
meta
-C−H functionalization is challenging. Here, we present a protocol for highly regioselective
meta
-C−H trifluoromethylation, perfluoroalkylation, chlorination, bromination, iodination, nitration, sulfanylation, and selenylation of pyridines through a redox-neutral dearomatization-rearomatization process. The introduced dearomative activation mode provides a diversification platform for meta-selective reactions on pyridines and other azaarenes through radical as well as ionic pathways. The broad scope and high selectivity of these catalyst-free reactions render these processes applicable for late-stage functionalization of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Boyle BT, Levy JN, de Lescure L, Paton RS, McNally A. Halogenation of the 3-position of pyridines through Zincke imine intermediates. Science 2022; 378:773-779. [PMID: 36395214 PMCID: PMC10631470 DOI: 10.1126/science.add8980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyridine halogenation reactions are crucial for obtaining the vast array of derivatives required for drug and agrochemical development. However, despite more than a century of synthetic endeavors, halogenation processes that selectively functionalize the carbon-hydrogen bond in the 3-position of a broad range of pyridine precursors remain largely elusive. We report a reaction sequence of pyridyl ring opening, halogenation, and ring closing whereby the acyclic Zincke imine intermediates undergo highly regioselective halogenation reactions under mild conditions. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies indicate that the nature of the halogen electrophile can modify the selectivity-determining step. Using this method, we produced a diverse set of 3-halopyridines and demonstrated late-stage halogenation of complex pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis de Lescure
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Direct photolysis of N-methoxypyridiniums for the pyridylation of carbon/heteroatom-hydrogen bonds. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
50
|
Muta R, Torigoe T, Kuninobu Y. 3-Position-Selective C–H Trifluoromethylation of Pyridine Rings Based on Nucleophilic Activation. Org Lett 2022; 24:8218-8222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Muta
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takeru Torigoe
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|