1
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Liu J, Li H, Guo W, Cai Z, Li M, Zhang LB. Electrochemical Decarboxylation Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2024:e202402621. [PMID: 39413120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are attractive synthetic feedstocks with stable, non-toxic, and inexpensive properties that can be easily obtained from natural sources or through synthesis. Carboxylic acids have long been considered environmentally friendly coupling agents in various organic transformations. In recent years, electrochemically mediated decarboxylation reactions of decarboxylic acids and their derivatives (NHPI) have emerged as effective new methods for constructing carbon-carbon or carbon-heterocarbon chemical bonds. Compared with transition metal and photochemistry-mediated catalytic reactions, which do not require the addition of oxidants and strong bases, electrochemically-mediated decarboxylative transformations are considered a sustainable strategy. In addition, various functional groups tolerate the electrochemical decarboxylation conversion strategy well. Here, we summarize the recent electrochemical decarboxylation reactions to better elucidate the advantages of electrochemical decarboxylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Weisi Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhihua Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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2
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Marquez JD, Gitter SR, Gilchrist GC, Hughes RW, Sumerlin BS, Evans AM. Electrochemical Postpolymerization Modification and Deconstruction of Macromolecules. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:1345-1354. [PMID: 39319830 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Electrolysis is an emerging approach to polymer postpolymerization modification, deconstruction, and depolymerization. Electrochemical reactions are particularly appealing for macromolecular transformations because of their high selectivity, ability to be externally monitored, and intrinsic scalability. Despite these desirable features and the recent resurgent use of small-molecule electrochemical reactions, the development of macromolecular electrolysis has been limited. Herein, we highlight recent examples of polymer transformations driven by heterogeneous redox chemistry. Throughout our exploration of macromolecular electrolysis, we provide our perspective on opportunities for continued investigation in this nascent field. Specifically, we highlight how targeted reaction development through deeper mechanistic insight will expand the scope of materials that can be (de)constructed with electrochemical methods. As this insight is developed, we expect macromolecular electrolysis to emerge as a high-functioning and complementary tool for macromolecular functionalization and deconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Marquez
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sean R Gitter
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Graham C Gilchrist
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Rhys W Hughes
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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3
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Wu YM, Ma XL, Li FY, Huang CC, Gao L, Zhang Y, Pan YM, He MX, Mo ZY. Dearomative Cyclization/Spirocyclization via Electrochemical Reductive Hydroarylation of Nonactivated Arenes. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39400289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical cyclization/spirocyclization hydroarylation via reductive dearomatization of a series of nonactivated arenes including N-substituted indoles, indole-3-carboxamide derivatives, and iodo-substituted benzamides is described. This protocol boasts high atom efficiency, broad substrate applicability, and excellent selectivity. Utilizing a simple undivided cell, various nonactivated arenes undergo cyclization/spirocyclization through the intramolecular addition of aryl radicals to an aromatic ring, yielding 50 indolines, spirocyclizative hydroarylation products, and phenanthridinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Miao Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Li Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Yao Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Xue He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Zu-Yu Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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4
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Liu L, Jia N, Burgess I, Greener J. Laminar Flow Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39394981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we advance lab-on-chip electrochemistry and spectroscopy by combining these capabilities onto a single platform, thereby achieving mid-infrared spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) for the first time. The key feature of this technique is the use of deterministic laminar flow patterns to precisely transport a reacted solution from upstream electrodes to a downstream spectral detection region. Laminar flow spectroelectrochemistry (LF-SEC) is therefore a completely new approach, which derives its distinction and advantage over traditional SEC by physically separating electrode and attenuated total reflection (ATR) elements. As such, these functional elements retain optimal properties, such as inert, highly conductive electrodes and a bare ATR element for sensitive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By combining ATR-FTIR with a scanning aperture system, LF-SEC provides the additional advantage of spectroscopically monitoring reactions at individual electrodes. The LF-SEC system design is first optimized through a series of targeted experiments using a ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox pair to validate electrochemical functionality, undertake spectroscopic calibration, optimize experimental parameters, and finally validate the quantitative relationship between FTIR results and the reaction rate under galvanostatic control. After optimization, we demonstrate the technique by monitoring the oxidation of the therapeutic compound ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the presence of biomolecular interference from a molecule with an overlapping oxidation potential. We find that molecular availability causes the reaction to switch between reaction pathways, which we could finely monitor using LF-SEC. This work opens the door to future developments that take advantage of the microfluidic reactor setup, with benefits ranging from portability to high-throughput studies under precise reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nan Jia
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ian Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5C5, Canada
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CHU de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec G1L 3L5, Canada
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5
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Chen K, Wan Q, Wei S, Nie W, Zhou S, Chen S. Recent Advances in On-Line Mass Spectrometry Toolbox for Mechanistic Studies of Organic Electrochemical Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402215. [PMID: 39083258 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions are very complex and involve a variety of physicochemical processes. Accurate and systematic monitoring of intermediate process changes during the reaction is essential for understanding the mechanism of electrochemical reactions and is the basis for rational design of new electrochemical reactions. On-line electrochemical analysis based on mass spectrometry (MS) has become an important tool for studying electrochemical reactions. This technique is based on different ionization and sampling means and realizes on-line analysis of electrochemical reactions by establishing electrochemistry-MS (EC-MS) coupling devices. In particular, it provides key evidence for elucidating the reaction mechanism by capturing and identifying the reactive reaction intermediates. This review will categorize various EC-MS devices and the organic electrochemical reaction systems they study, highlighting the latest research progress in recent years. It will also analyze the properties of various devices and look forward to the future development of EC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Shiqi Wei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Wenjin Nie
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Shibo Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Suming Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
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6
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Leclercq E, Chevet L, David N, Durandetti M, Chausset-Boissarie L. Synthesis of N-heterocyclic amides from imidazoheterocycles through convergent paired electrolysis. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39390973 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
An efficient ring opening of imidazoheterocycles induced by a direct C-H azidation resulting in an unusual formation of N-heterocyclic amides has been successfully developed through convergent paired electrolysis. A broad scope of pyridylbenzamides could be obtained in moderate to excellent yields under exogenous-oxidant, electrolyte- and metal-free electrochemical conditions. The methodology was transferred to continuous flow conditions resulting in notable improvements particularly in terms of cost-efficiency over traditional batch versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Laura Chevet
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Nicolas David
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Laëtitia Chausset-Boissarie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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7
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Li W, Zhang R, Zhou N, Lu J, Fu N. Dual transition metal electrocatalysis enables selective C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) bond cleavage and arylation of cyclic alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11714-11717. [PMID: 39318170 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
We report a dual transition metal electrocatalytic approach for C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond cleavage and arylation of cyclic alcohols, providing an efficient and sustainable method for site-specific arylation of ketones. The reaction involves electrophotochemical cerium-catalysed generation of alkoxyl radicals from readily accessible alcohols. Subsequently, homolytic cleavage of the β-C-C bond leads to the generation of carbon-centered radicals that could be effectively utilized by nickel catalysis powered by cathode reduction to deliver the remote arylated ketone products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ruipu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Naifu Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqing Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Shi Y, Li G, Wang R, Zhao XJ, He Y. Copper and electrocatalytic synergy for the construction of fused quinazolinones with 2-aminobenzaldehydes and cyclic amines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:32195-32199. [PMID: 39399257 PMCID: PMC11467720 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A new copper and electrocatalytic synergy strategy for efficiently constructing fused quinazolinones has been developed. In the presence of cupric acetate and oxygen, aryl ketones and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline can smoothly participate in this transformation, thus providing a variety of substituted quinazolones in an undivided cell. The reaction shows good functional group tolerance and provides universal quinazolinones at a good yield under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650000 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 China
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9
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Tu JL, Huang B. Direct C(sp 3)-H functionalization with aryl and alkyl radicals as intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11450-11465. [PMID: 39268687 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H bond functionalization using in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals as a unique class of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. A variety of precursors have been exploited to produce these radical HAT agents under photocatalytic, electrochemical or thermal conditions. To date, viable aryl radical precursors have included aryl diazonium salts or aryl azosulfones, diaryliodonium salts, O-benzoyl oximes, aryl sulfonium salts, aryl thioesters, and aryl halides; and applicable alkyl radical sources have included tetrahalogenated methanes (e.g., CCl3Br, CBr4 and CF3I), N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, alkyl bromides, and acetic acid. This review summarizes the current advances in direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H functionalization through key HAT events with in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals and categorizes the procedures by the specific radical precursors applied. With an emphasis on the reaction conditions, mechanisms and representative substrate scopes of these protocols, this review aims to demonstrate the current trends and future challenges of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
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10
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Naulin E, Brion A, Biatuma D, Roulland E, Genta-Jouve G, Neuville L, Masson G. Stereoselective synthesis of fissoldhimine alkaloid analogues via sequential electrooxidation and heterodimerization of ureas. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11560-11563. [PMID: 39314193 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
This study develops a biogenetic synthesis strategy using electrooxidation and heterodimerization of N-substituted pyrrolidine-1-carboxamides to create diverse analogues of the fissoldhimine alkaloid core. Under acidic conditions, 2-alkoxypyrrolidine-1-carboxamides from Shono oxidation formed endo-heterodimers with high yields and diastereoselectivity. Enantioselective heterodimerization using chiral phosphoric acid catalysis produced exo-heterodimers with high enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Naulin
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Aurélien Brion
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Didine Biatuma
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuel Roulland
- UMR 8038, CitCom, CNRS-Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Genta-Jouve
- UAR3456 CNRS LEEISA, Centre de Recherche de Montabo, IRD, 275 Route de Montabo, CEDEX BP 70620, 97334 Cayenne, France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 78440 Porcheville, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 78440 Porcheville, France
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11
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Liu ZR, Herbert S, Schirok H, Ma C, Mei TS. Synthesis of 1,2-Benzothiazine via Nickel-Catalyzed Electrochemical Intramolecular Amination. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39373662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Constructing a C-N bond by merging electrochemistry and nickel catalysis is considered a powerful strategy. Herein, we investigate highly efficient intramolecular amination at room temperature with excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies suggest that the rapid ligand exchange may lead to the NiI/NiIII catalytic cycle. This method not only provides a new perspective for intramolecular amination but also offers a novel approach for constructing the benzothiazine scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Simon Herbert
- Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schirok
- Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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12
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Shida N, Shimizu Y, Yonezawa A, Harada J, Furutani Y, Muto Y, Kurihara R, Kondo JN, Sato E, Mitsudo K, Suga S, Iguchi S, Kamiya K, Atobe M. Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Pyridines and Other Nitrogen-Containing Aromatic Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39375017 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
The production of cyclic amines, which are vital to the pharmaceutical industry, relies on energy-intensive thermochemical hydrogenation. Herein, we demonstrate the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds, specifically pyridine, at ambient temperature and pressure via a membrane electrode assembly with an anion-exchange membrane. We synthesized piperidine using a carbon-supported rhodium catalyst, achieving a current density of 25 mA cm-2 and a current efficiency of 99% under a circular flow until 5 F mol-1. Quantitative conversion of pyridine into piperidine with 98% yield was observed after passing 9 F mol-1, corresponding to 65% of current efficiency. The reduction of Rh oxides on the catalyst surface was crucial for catalysis. The Rh(0) surface interacts moderately with piperidine, decreasing the energy required for the rate-determining desorption step. The proposed process is applicable to other nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds and could be efficiently scaled up. This method presents clear advantages over traditional high-temperature and high-pressure thermochemical catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yugo Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Akizumi Yonezawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Juri Harada
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Furutani
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Muto
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurihara
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Junko N Kondo
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-8503, Japan
| | - Eisuke Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoji Iguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kamiya
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mahito Atobe
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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13
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Chillal AS, Bhawale RT, Sharma S, Kshirsagar UA. Electrochemical Regioselective C(sp 2)-H Bond Chalcogenation of Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines via Radical Cross-Coupling at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2024; 89:14496-14504. [PMID: 39283698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose an electrochemical approach for the C(sp2)-H chalcogenation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. This technique offers an oxidant and catalyst-free protocol for achieving regioselective chalcogenation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. The procedure uses only 0.5 equiv. of diaryl chalcogenides which underscores the atom economy of the protocol. Key attributes of this methodology include mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, utilization of cheap electrode materials, and eco-friendly reaction conditions. Cyclic voltammetry studies and radical quenching experiments revealed a radical cross-coupling pathway for the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinay S Chillal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Rajesh T Bhawale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Umesh A Kshirsagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
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14
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Garwood JJA, Chen AD, Nagib DA. Radical Polarity. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39363280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The polarity of a radical intermediate profoundly impacts its reactivity and selectivity. To quantify this influence and predict its effects, the electrophilicity/nucleophilicity of >500 radicals has been calculated. This database of open-shell species entails frequently encountered synthetic intermediates, including radicals centered at sp3, sp2, and sp hybridized carbon atoms or various heteroatoms (O, N, S, P, B, Si, X). Importantly, these computationally determined polarities have been experimentally validated for electronically diverse sets of >50 C-centered radicals, as well as N- and O- centered radicals. High correlations are measured between calculated polarity and quantified reactivity, as well as within parallel sets of competition experiments (across different radical types and reaction classes). These multipronged analyses show a strong relationship between the computed electrophilicity, ω, of a radical and its relative reactivity (krel vs Δω slopes up to 40; showing mere Δω of 0.1 eV affords up to 4-fold rate enhancement). We expect this experimentally validated database will enable reactivity and selectivity prediction (by harnessing polarity-matched rate enhancement) and assist with troubleshooting in synthetic reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J A Garwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andrew D Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David A Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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15
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Xu Z, Kovács E. Beyond Traditional Synthesis: Electrochemical Approaches to Amine Oxidation for Nitriles and Imines. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:471-484. [PMID: 39371318 PMCID: PMC11450732 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of amines to nitriles and imines represents a critical frontier in organic electrochemistry, offering a sustainable pathway to these valuable compounds. Nitriles and amines are pivotal in various industrial applications, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. This review encapsulates the recent advancements in the electrooxidation process, emphasizing mechanistic understanding, electrode material innovations, optimization of reaction conditions, and exploration of solvent and electrolyte systems. Additionally, the review addresses the operational parameters that significantly affect the electrooxidation process, such as current density, temperature, and electrode surface, offering insights into their optimization for enhanced performance. By providing a comprehensive view of the current state and prospects of amine electrooxidation to nitriles and imines, this review aims to inspire further development, innovation, and research in this promising area of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Xu
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ervin Kovács
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Ghosh S, Mallick S, Karolly D, De Sarkar S. Easy Access to Fused Tricyclic Quinoline Derivatives through Metal-Free Electrocatalytic [4 + 2] Annulation. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:492-497. [PMID: 39371322 PMCID: PMC11450728 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
An efficient electrocatalytic cycloaddition approach for the construction of a lactone- or lactam-fused quinoline framework is documented. Diverse arrays of functionalities are well-compatible under this metal-free, mild, and scalable electro-redox protocol. Mechanistic studies indicate an iodide-mediated electro-oxidation of secondary amines to their corresponding imines and consequent [4 + 2] cycloaddition, fabricating C-C bonds followed by rapid aromatization leading to the six-membered core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Devika Karolly
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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17
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Bu F, Deng Y, Xu J, Yang D, Li Y, Li W, Lei A. Electrocatalytic reductive deuteration of arenes and heteroarenes. Nature 2024; 634:592-599. [PMID: 39208847 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of deuterium in organic molecules has widespread applications in medicinal chemistry and materials science1,2. For example, the deuterated drugs austedo3, donafenib4 and sotyktu5 have been recently approved. There are various methods for the synthesis of deuterated compounds with high deuterium incorporation6. However, the reductive deuteration of aromatic hydrocarbons-ubiquitous chemical feedstocks-to saturated cyclic compounds has rarely been achieved. Here we describe a scalable and general electrocatalytic method for the reductive deuteration and deuterodefluorination of (hetero)arenes using a prepared nitrogen-doped electrode and deuterium oxide (D2O), giving perdeuterated and saturated deuterocarbon products. This protocol has been successfully applied to the synthesis of 13 highly deuterated drug molecules. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the ruthenium-deuterium species, generated by electrolysis of D2O in the presence of a nitrogen-doped ruthenium electrode, are key intermediates that directly reduce aromatic compounds. This quick and cost-effective methodology for the preparation of highly deuterium-labelled saturated (hetero)cyclic compounds could be applied in drug development and metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faxiang Bu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Deng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Kim T, Kim Y, Wuttig A. Interfacial Science for Electrosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2024; 47:101569. [PMID: 39092135 PMCID: PMC11290363 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2024.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial science and electroorganic syntheses are inextricably linked because all electrochemical reactions occur at the interface between the electrode and the solution. Thus, the surface chemistry of the electrode material impacts the organic reaction selectivity. In this short review, we highlight emergent examples of electrode surface chemistries that enable selective electroorganic synthesis in three reaction classes: (1) hydrogenation, (2) oxidation, and (3) reductive C‒C bond formation between two electrophiles. We showcase the breadth of techniques, including materials and in-situ characterization, requisite to establish mechanistic schemes consistent with the observed reactivity patterns. Leveraging an electrode's unique surface chemistry will provide complementary approaches to tune the selectivity of electroorganic syntheses and unlock an electrode's catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - YeJi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Anna Wuttig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
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19
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Alam T, Gupta S, Patel BK. Electrochemical NH-Sulfoximidation with α-Keto Acids. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400599. [PMID: 38884606 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical N-acylation of sulfoximine has been achieved via the coupling of α-keto acids and NH-sulfoximines. This process involves the sequential cleavage of C-C bond followed by C(sp2)-N bond formation, with the liberation of H2 and CO2 as the by-products. A library of N-aroylated sulfoximines is produced via the coupling of aroyl and sulfoximidoyl radicals by anodic oxidation under constant current electrolysis (CCE). The compatibility of the present protocol has been demonstrated by coupling of various bio-active compounds, such as NH-sulfoximine derived from (-)-borneol, L-menthol, D-glucose derivative, and some commercial drugs such as flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen. This late-stage functionalization highlights the importance of this sustainable protocol. Besides this, various control experiments and detection of H2 evolution have been performed to support the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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20
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Zou Y, Xin J, Jin Y, Tao S. Flux-Screened Copper/Electric Dual-Catalyzed Chemo- and Enantioselective Ullmann-Type C-C Coupling Reactions. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39347557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative copper/electric dual-catalyzed approach to Ullmann coupling reactions. Our research delineates a series of chemoselective cross-couplings among various halogenated aromatics and enantioselective couplings involving halogenated aryl aldehydes. We employed a flux screening technique to refine the reaction parameters, which is rarely reported in the field of electrochemical synthesis. This advancement accelerates the determination of optimal reaction conditions and affords some inspiration for developing sustainable and ecofriendly chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Jia Xin
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yunhe Jin
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Shengyang Tao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116081, China
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21
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Zeng X. The Strategies Towards Electrochemical Generation of Aryl Radicals. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402220. [PMID: 39012680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The advancement in electrochemical techniques has unlocked a new path for achieving unprecedented oxidations and reductions of aryl radical precursors in a controlled and selective manner. This approach facilitates the construction of aromatic carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In light of the green merits and the growing importance of this technique in aryl radical chemistry, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent advance in the electrochemical generation of aryl radicals organized by the aryl radical precursor type, with a focus on the substrate scope, limitation, and underlying mechanism, thereby inspiring future work on electrochemical aryl radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy and Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wei J, Pham T, Attah EI, Liu M, Yaroshuk T, Chen H, Wojtas L, Shi X. Gold-Catalyzed Diyne-Ene Annulation for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzenes through Formal [3+3] Approach with Amide as the Critical Co-Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407360. [PMID: 38973064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The one-step synthesis of tetra-substituted benzenes was accomplished via gold-catalyzed diyne-ene annulation. Distinguished from prior modification methods, this novel strategy undergoes formal [3+3] cyclization, producing polysubstituted benzenes with exceptional efficiency. The critical factor enabling this transformation was the introduction of amides, which were reported for the first time in gold catalysis as covalent nucleophilic co-catalysts. This interesting protocol not only offers a new strategy to achieve functional benzenes with high efficiency, but also enlightens potential new reaction pathways within gold-catalyzed alkyne activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Thong Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Emmanuel Ifeanyi Attah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Mengjia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Timothy Yaroshuk
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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23
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He JY, Zhu C, Duan WX, Kong LX, Wang NN, Wang YZ, Fan ZY, Qiao XY, Xu H. Bifunctional Chiral Electrocatalysts Enable Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401355. [PMID: 38967087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an innovative approach to the asymmetric electrochemical α-alkylation of aldehydes facilitated by a newly designed bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst. The highly efficient bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst combines a chiral aminocatalyst with a redox mediator. It plays a dual role as a redox mediator for electrooxidation, while simultaneously providing remarkable asymmetric induction for the stereoselective α-alkylation of aldehydes. Additionally, this novel catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and excellent stereoselective control comparable to conventional catalytic systems. As a result, this strategy provides a new avenue for versatile asymmetric electrochemistry. The electrooxidation of diverse phenols enables the C-H/C-H oxidative α-alkylation of aldehydes in a highly chemo- and stereoselective fashion. Detailed mechanistic studies by control experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrate possible reaction pathways and the origin of enantio-induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Cuiju Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Xi Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ling-Xuan Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yan-Zhao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xin-Ying Qiao
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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24
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Fan J, Gao J, Zhou Y, Zhao XJ, Li G, He Y. Electrochemical Dimerization of o-Aminophenols and Hydrogen Borrowing-like Cascade to Synthesize N-Monoalkylated Aminophenoxazinones via Paired Electrolysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13071-13076. [PMID: 39254633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
A novel electrocatalytic dimerization of o-aminphenols and a hydrogen borrowing-like cascade for synthesizing N-monoalkylated aminophenoxazinones have been developed. This electrocatalytic reaction uses a constant current mode in an undivided cell and is free of metal catalysis, open to the air, and eco-friendly. In particular, this protocol exhibits a wide substrate range and provides versatile N-monoalkylated aminophenoxazinones in medium to good yields. The results of our mechanistic research reveal that this protocol involves a cascade of electrochemical cyclocondensation of o-aminphenols and the hydrogen transfer process via paired electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
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25
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Wang W, Song S, Jiao N. Late-Stage Halogenation of Complex Substrates with Readily Available Halogenating Reagents. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39303309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusLate-stage halogenation, targeting specific positions in complex substrates, has gained significant attention due to its potential for diversifying and functionalizing complex molecules such as natural products and pharmaceutical intermediates. Utilizing readily available halogenating reagents, such as hydrogen halides (HX), N-halosuccinimides (NXS), and dichloroethane (DCE) reagents for late-stage halogenation shows great promise for expanding the toolbox of synthetic chemists. However, the reactivity of haleniums (X+, X = Cl, Br, I) can be significantly hindered by the presence of various functional groups such as hydroxyl, amine, amide, or carboxylic acid groups. The developed methods of late-stage halogenation often rely on specialized activating reagents and conditions. Recently, our group (among others) has put great efforts into addressing these challenges and unlocking the potential of these readily available HX, NXS, and DCE reagents in complex molecule halogenation. Developing new methodologies, catalyst systems, and reaction conditions further enhanced their utility, enabling the efficient and selective halogenation of intricate substrates.With the long-term goal of achieving selective halogenation of complex molecules, we summarize herein three complementary research topics in our group: (1) Efficient oxidative halogenations: Taking inspiration from naturally occurring enzyme-catalyzed oxidative halogenation reactions, we focused on developing cost-effective oxidative halogenation reactions. We found the combination of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and HX (X = Cl, Br, I) efficient for the oxidative halogenation of aromatic compounds and alkenes. Additionally, we developed electrochemical oxidative halogenation using DCE as a practical chlorinating reagent for chlorination of (hetero)arenes. (2) Halenium reagent activation: Direct electrophilic halogenation using halenium reagents is a reliable method for obtaining organohalides. However, compared to highly reactive reagents, the common and readily available NXS and dihalodimethylhydantoin (DXDMH) demonstrate relatively lower reactivity. Therefore, we focused on developing oxygen-centered Lewis base catalysts such as DMSO, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and nitromethane to activate NXS or DXDMH, enabling selective halogenation of bioactive substrates. (3) Halogenation of inert substrates: Some substrates, such as electron-poor arenes and pyridines, are inert toward electrophilic functionalization reactions. We devised several strategies to enhance the reactivity of these molecules. These strategies, characterized by mild reaction conditions, the ready availability and stability of catalysts and reagents, and excellent tolerance for various functional groups, have emerged as versatile protocols for the late-stage aromatic halogenation of drugs, natural products, and peptides. By harnessing the versatility and selectivity of these catalysts and methodologies, synthetic chemists can unlock new possibilities in the synthesis of halogenated compounds, paving the way for the development of novel functional materials and biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shanghai 200032, China
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26
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Sun GQ, Liao LL, Ran CK, Ye JH, Yu DG. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Carboxylation with CO 2. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2728-2745. [PMID: 39226463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon dioxide (CO2) is recognized as a greenhouse gas and a common waste product. Simultaneously, it serves as an advantageous and commercially available C1 building block to generate valuable chemicals. Particularly, carboxylation with CO2 is considered a significant method for the direct and sustainable production of important carboxylic acids. However, the utilization of CO2 is challenging owing to its thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. Recently, organic electrosynthesis has emerged as a promising approach that utilizes electrons or holes as environmentally friendly redox reagents to produce reactive intermediates in a controlled and selective manner. This technique holds great potential for the CO2 utilization.Since 2015, our group has been dedicated to exploring the utilization of CO2 in organic synthesis with a particular focus on electrochemical carboxylation. Despite the significant advancements made in this area, there are still many challenges, including the activation of inert substrates, regulation of selectivity, diversity in electrolysis modes, and activation strategies. Over the past 7 years, our team, with many great experts, has presented findings on electrochemical carboxylation with CO2 under mild conditions. In this context, we primarily highlight our contributions to selective electrocarboxylations, encompassing new reaction systems, selectivity control methods, and activation approaches.We commenced our research by establishing a Ni-catalyzed electrochemical carboxylation of unactivated aryl halides and alkyl bromides in conjunction with a useful paired anodic reaction. This approach eliminates the need for sacrificial anodes, rendering the carboxylation process sustainable. To further utilize the widely existing yet cost-effective alkyl chlorides, we have developed a deep electroreductive system to achieve carboxylation of unactivated alkyl chlorides and poly(vinyl chloride), allowing the direct modification and upgrading of waste polymers.Through precise adjustment of the electroreductive conditions, we successfully demonstrated the dicarboxylation of both strained carbocycles and acyclic polyarylethanes with CO2 via C-C bond cleavage. Furthermore, we have realized the dicarboxylative cyclization of unactivated skipped dienes to produce the valuable ring-tethered adipic acids through single-electron reduction of CO2 to the CO2 radical anion (CO2•-). In terms of the asymmetric carboxylation, Guo's and our groups have recently achieved the nickel-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive carboxylation reaction using racemic propargylic carbonates and CO2, paving the way for the synthesis of enantioenriched propargylic carboxylic acids.In addition to the aforementioned advancements, Lin's and our groups have also developed new electrolysis modes to achieve regiodivergent C-H carboxylation of N-heteroarenes dictated by electrochemical reactors. The choice of reactors plays a crucial role in determining whether the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagents are formed anodically, consequently influencing the carboxylation pathways of N-heteroarene radical anions in the distinct electrolyzed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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27
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Lin HM, Ren SY, Cui FH, Pan YM, Tang HT. Electrochemical promoted three-component reaction to unsymmetric thiosulfonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10394-10397. [PMID: 39224062 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Compounds comprising S-S bonds serve as significant pharmacological scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and natural products. We have devised an efficient electrochemical method for the construction of asymmetric disulfide bonds, leading to the synthesis of unsymmetric thiosulfonates. Compared with existing synthesis methods, our work not only avoids the use of metals and oxidants, but also realizes the operation of a one-pot three-component method, which makes this strategy extremely attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sai-Yan Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei-Hu Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Lai Y, Milner PJ. Paired Electrolysis Enables Reductive Heck Coupling of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Halides and Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408834. [PMID: 38900083 PMCID: PMC11427156 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The formation of carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds is a cornerstone of organic synthesis. Among various methods to construct Csp2-Csp3 bonds, the reductive Heck reaction between (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes stands out due to its potential efficiency and broad substrate availability. However, traditional reductive Heck reactions are limited by the use of precious metal catalysts and/or limited aryl halide and alkene compatibility. Here, we present an electrochemically mediated, metal- and catalyst-free reductive Heck reaction that tolerates both unactivated (hetero)aryl halides and diverse alkenes such as vinyl boronates and silanes. Detailed electrochemical and deuterium-labeling studies support that this transformation likely proceeds through a paired electrolysis pathway, in which acid generated by the oxidation of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) at the anode intercepts an alkyl carbanion formed after radical-polar crossover at the cathode. As such, this approach offers a sustainable method for the construction of Csp2-Csp3 bonds from (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes, paving the way for the development of other electrochemically mediated olefin difunctionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
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29
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Tao Y, Ma W, Sun R, Huang C, Lu Q. Asymmetric Paired Electrolysis: Enantioselective Alkylation of Sulfonylimines via C(sp 3)-H Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409222. [PMID: 38958225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective transformation of ubiquitous C(sp3)-H bonds into three-dimensional chiral scaffolds is of longstanding interest to synthetic chemists. Herein, an asymmetric paired electrolysis enables a highly efficient and sustainable approach to the enantioselective alkylation of sulfonylimines via C(sp3)-H functionalization. In this protocol, anodic oxidation for benzylic radical formation and Lewis acid-catalyzed sulfonylimine reduction on the cathode were seamlessly cross-coupled (up to 88 % yield). Enantioenriched chiral amines containing a tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter are accessed with high enantioselectivity (up to 96 % ee). Mechanistic studies suggest that the amine generated in situ could serve as a base to deprotonate phenols and decrease the oxidation potential of the reaction, allowing phenols with lower potentials to be preferentially oxidized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Tao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wan Ma
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
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30
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Luo J, Davenport MT, Ess DH, Liu TL. Nickel-Catalyzed Electrochemical Cross-Electrophile C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Coupling via a Ni II Aryl Amido Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407118. [PMID: 38849318 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) between aryl halides and alkyl halides is a streamlined approach for C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond construction, which is highly valuable in medicinal chemistry. Based on a key NiII aryl amido intermediate, we developed a highly selective and scalable Ni-catalyzed electrochemical XEC reaction between (hetero)aryl halides and primary and secondary alkyl halides. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies indicate that an amine secondary ligand slows down the oxidative addition process of the Ni-polypyridine catalyst to the aryl bromide and a NiII aryl amido intermediate is formed in situ during the reaction process. The relatively slow oxidative addition is beneficial for enhancing the selectivity of the XEC reaction. The NiII aryl amido intermediate stabilizes the NiII-aryl species to prevent the aryl-aryl homo-coupling side reactions and acts as a catalyst to activate the alkyl bromide substrates. This electrosynthesis system provides a facile, practical, and scalable platform for the formation of (hetero)aryl-alkyl bonds using standard Ni catalysts under mild conditions. The mechanistic insights from this work could serve as a great foundation for future studies on Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
| | - Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
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31
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Chen Y, Chen Q, Zhang S, Feng K, Xu YQ, Chen X, Cao ZY, Kong X. Electrochemically Driven Denitrative Cyanation of Nitroarenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:7555-7559. [PMID: 39226075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A practical denitrative cyanation of feedstock nitroarenes under mild and transition metal-free reaction conditions has been developed. The key to success lies in the use of electrochemically driven, inexpensive ionic liquid N-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate-promoted selective cathode reduction of nitroarenes to anilines, followed by diazoation, cathode reduction to form the aryl radical, and the essential radical cyanation process in one pot. Our protocol shows broad functional group tolerance and can be applied for the modification of bioactive targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Qisheng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Kun Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xianqiang Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
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32
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Doktor K, Vantourout JC, Michaudel Q. A Unified Synthesis of Diazenes from Primary Amines Using a SuFEx/Electrochemistry Strategy. Org Lett 2024; 26:7501-7506. [PMID: 39225700 PMCID: PMC11406575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical synthesis of 1,2-disubsituted diazenes via anodic oxidation of bench stable symmetrical and unsymmetrical sulfamides is reported. This work capitalizes on the streamlined preparation of diverse N,N'-disubstituted sulfamides using Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry that were subsequently subjected to electrochemical oxidation to afford the desired diazenes. The electrochemical nature of the reaction conditions obviated the need for chlorinating reagents, which considerably improved the sustainability of the overall process. Noteworthy, in addition to the synthesis of alkyl diazenes, these milder conditions were shown to be competent for the formation of azobenzenes, albeit in lower yields. Mechanistic experiments were conducted to delineate the reaction pathway and to rationalize the formation of side products observed during the electro-oxidation of N,N'-diarylsulfamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Doktor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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33
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Ye Z, Ma W, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang F. Electrochemically Driven Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydro-Arylation/Alkenylation of Enones. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405926. [PMID: 39264302 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the study reports the first electrochemical nickel-catalyzed enantioselective hydro-arylation/alkenylation of enones in an undivided cell with low-cost electrodes in the absence of external reductants and supporting electrolytes. Aryl bromides/iodides/triflates or alkenyl bromides are employed as electrophiles for the efficient preparation of more than 56 valuable β-arylated/alkenylated ketones in a simple manner (up to 97% yield, 97% ee). With the advantages of electrochemistry, excellent functional group tolerance and late-stage modification of complex natural products and pharmaceuticals made the established protocol greener and more economic. Mechanism investigation suggests that a NiI/NiIII cycle may be involved in this electro-reductive reaction rather than metal reductant driven Ni0/NiII cycle. Overall, the efficient electrochemical activation and turnover of the nickel catalyst avoid the drawbacks posed by the employment of stoichiometric amount of sensitive metal powder reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Huaqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
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34
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Poh YR, Kawamata Y, Yuen-Zhou J. Physicochemical Principles of AC Electrosynthesis: Reversible Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24978-24988. [PMID: 39214628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrolysis integrates renewable energy into chemical manufacturing and is key to sustainable chemistry. Controlling the waveform beyond direct current (DC) addresses the long-standing obstacle of chemoselectivity, yet it also expands the parameter set to optimize, creating a demand for theoretical predictions. Here, we report the first analytical theory for predicting chemoselectivity in an alternating current (AC) electrosynthesis. The mechanism is a selective reversal of the unwanted redox reaction during periods of opposite polarity, reflected in the final reaction outcome as a time-averaged effect. In the ideal scenario of all redox reactions being reversible, square AC waveform biases the outcome toward more overoxidation/over-reduction, whereas sine AC waveform exhibits the opposite effect. However, in a more realistic scenario of some redox reactions being quasi-reversible, sine AC may behave mostly like square AC. These predictions are in numerical agreement with model experiments employing acetophenone and align qualitatively with the literature precedent. Collectively, this study provides theoretical proof for a growing trend that promotes changing waveforms to overcome limitations challenging to address by varying canonical electrochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Rui Poh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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35
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Dapkekar AB, Satyanarayana G. Electrochemically driven regioselective construction of 4-sulfenyl-isochromenones from o-alkynylbenzoates and diaryl disulfides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7111-7116. [PMID: 39140309 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a convenient and environmentally friendly electrochemical technique that enables the regioselective construction of 4-sulfenyl-1H-isochromen-1-ones using readily available precursors such as o-alkynyl benzoates and diaryl disulfides. This electrochemical process has been accomplished through constant current electrolysis in an undivided cell under external acid, catalyst, oxidant, or metal-free conditions. Owing to this protocol's mild reaction conditions, the products are obtained in good to very good yields, demonstrating a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Balajirao Dapkekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
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36
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Saha SK, Mallick S, Nath A, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of Highly Functionalized Quinolines through Radical Annulation-Polar Addition Cascade. Org Lett 2024; 26:7330-7335. [PMID: 39172934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of diversely functionalized quinoline-2-carboxylates is illustrated through electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl glycinates and methylenecyclopropanes. An extensive range of distinct functionalities is well-compatible under these transition-metal- and oxidant-free mild electrochemical conditions, contributing to a broad substrate scope and practical applicability. Cyclic voltammetric measurements and control experiments suggested a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition involving radical intermediates, followed by a cyclopropyl ring opening through nucleophilic polar addition, consecutively fabricating C-C and C-N bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritra Nath
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
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37
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Yamaguchi M, Shimao H, Hamasaki K, Nishiwaki K, Kashimura S, Matsumoto K. gem-Difluorination of carbon-carbon triple bonds using Brønsted acid/Bu 4NBF 4 or electrogenerated acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:2261-2269. [PMID: 39286791 PMCID: PMC11403803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
gem-Difluorination of carbon-carbon triple bonds was conducted using Brønsted acids, such as Tf2NH and TfOH, combined with Bu4NBF4 as the fluorine source. The electrochemical oxidation of a Bu4NBF4/CH2Cl2 solution containing alkyne substrates could also give the corresponding gem-difluorinated compounds (in-cell method). The ex-cell electrolysis method was also applicable for gem-difluorination of alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kengo Hamasaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishiwaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kashimura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kouichi Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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38
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Guo X, Price NG, Zhu Q. Electrochemical Cyanation of Alcohols Enabled by an Iodide-Mediated Phosphine P(V/III) Redox Couple. Org Lett 2024; 26:7347-7351. [PMID: 39185852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
We report herein a mild electrochemical method to transform alcohols into their corresponding nitriles by using commercially available reagents. This protocol accepts substrates with various functional groups including those that are susceptible to oxidative decomposition. Mechanistic studies revealed a critical iodide-mediated phosphine electrochemical oxidation pathway leading to the alkoxyphosphonium intermediate, followed by nucleophilic substitution by a cyanide nucleophile. This method demonstrates the use of electrochemistry in replacing azo-type reagents in direct nucleophilic substitution and homologation of alcohol substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Nathan G Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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39
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Chen Z, Zhao S, Wang T, Xue F, Zhu C, Yue Y, Feng C. Electrooxidative 1,3-Oxo/Carboamination of Arylcyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12769-12774. [PMID: 39140316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the work demonstrates an electrochemically paired electrolysis approach facilitating the efficient achievement of the electrooxidative 1,3-oxo/carboamination of arylcyclopropanes under mild conditions. The formation of 1,3-arylamination of arylcyclopropanes involves commercially available amine redox mediators through a radical-radical process. In addition, the successful execution of β-amino ketones also occurs under atmospheric conditions. The control experiments supported the existence of key benzylic radical intermediates in the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Chen
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chuan Zhu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yanni Yue
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering of Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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40
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Yu P, Huang X, Wang D, Yi H, Song C, Li J. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling with Nucleophiles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402124. [PMID: 38937823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions are powerful tools for carbon-heteroatom bonds formation, but typically require pre-activated carboxylic acids as substrates or heteroelectrophiles as functional groups. Herein, we present an electrochemical decarboxylative cross-coupling of carboxylic acids with structurally diverse fluorine, alcohol, H2O, acid, and amine as nucleophiles. This strategy takes advantage of the ready availability of these building blocks from commercial libraries, as well as the mild and oxidant-free conditions provided by electrochemical system. This reaction demonstrates good functional-group tolerance and its utility in late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuejin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Dake Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jiakun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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41
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Baidya M, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of 1,2,3-Benzotriazines through an Iodide-Catalyzed Skeletal Editing of 3-Aminoindazoles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401900. [PMID: 38932565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This report describes an environmentally benign synthesis of 1,2,3-benzotriazines through an iodide-catalyzed electro-oxidative N-centered [1,2]-rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles. The developed method demonstrates the activation of heteroatoms via electrochemically generated reactive iodide species without using any metal catalysts and peroxides. The protocol features practical and mild reaction conditions and displays a wide substrate scope. Various mechanistic experiments and cyclic voltammetric studies have been instrumental in elucidating the reaction mechanism, operating via a skeletal rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
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42
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Brunetti A, Garbini M, Autuori G, Zanardi C, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Electrochemical Synthesis of Itaconic Acid Derivatives via Chemodivergent Single and Double Carboxylation of Allenes with CO 2. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401754. [PMID: 38923037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Leveraging electrochemistry, a new synthesis of non-natural derivatives of itaconic acid is proposed by utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a valuable C1 synthon. An electrochemical cross-electrophile coupling between allenoates and CO2 was targeted, allowing for the synthesis of both mono- and di-carboxylation products in a catalyst- and additive-free environment (yields up to 87 %, 30 examples). Elaboration of the model mono-carboxylation product, and detailed cyclovoltammetric, as well as mechanistic analyses complete the present investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Garbini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Autuori
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30170, Venezia (Mestre), Italy
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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43
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Taylor S, Handy ST. Electrochemical allylations in a deep eutectic solvent. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:2217-2224. [PMID: 39286796 PMCID: PMC11403794 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a technique that is attracting increased attention and has many appealing features, particularly its potential greenness. At the same time, electrosynthesis requires a solvent and a supporting electrolyte in order for current to pass through the reaction. These are effectively consumable reagents unless a convenient means of recycling can be developed. As part of our interest in unusual solvents and electrochemistry, we explored the application of simple, inexpensive, and recyclable deep eutectic solvents to the allylation of carbonyls. While several sets of conditions were developed, the goal of avoiding stoichiometric amounts of metal has proven elusive. Still, a deep eutectic solvent can be used to plate out and thus recover the metal used, offering an interesting new option for electrochemical allylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Scott T Handy
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
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44
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Dash R, Panda SP, Bhati KS, Sharma S, Murarka S. Electrochemical C-H Alkylation of Azauracils Using N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides. Org Lett 2024; 26:7227-7232. [PMID: 39162265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
We present an electrochemical alkylation of azauracils using N-(acyloxy)phthalimides (NHPI esters) as readily available alkyl radical progenitors under metal- and additive-free conditions. Several azauracils are shown to undergo alkylation with an array of NHPI esters (1°, 2°, 3°, and sterically congested), providing the desired products in good to excellent yields. This operationally simple method is robust, scalable, and suitable for both batch and flow setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupashri Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Satya Prakash Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh Bhati
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
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45
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Li M, Cheng X. Aggregation-induced C-C bond formation on an electrode driven by the surface tension of water. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7540. [PMID: 39215021 PMCID: PMC11364745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical organic synthesis is typically conducted in organic media. The solvent and related supporting electrolytes negatively affect the greenness of electrosynthesis. In this work, with 100% water used as the solvent, we realize aggregation-driven electrochemical radical cross coupling of unsaturated compounds driven by water tension. A key finding is that aggregation of the substrate at the electrode confined the radical intermediate and prevented side reactions, thus providing a way to regulate radical reactions in addition to their native properties. The reaction provides up to 90% yields with almost quantitative chemoselectivity. The pure water system readily yields the products via cold filtration, and the solvent is recycled repeatedly. In particular, the life span of the radical species generated in the reaction increase significantly because of the confined environment in the aggregation state. The greenness of this protocol is further enhanced with readily separation of product from media using cooling and filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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46
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Zhang WY, Xu QH, Xue Q, Cheng XL, Cai YT, Li JH, Li Y. Electrochemical Dehydrogenative [3 + 2]/[5 + 2] Annulation of N-Arylacrylamides with γ,σ-Unsaturated Malonates via Direct C(sp 3)-H/C(sp 2)-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2024; 26:6939-6943. [PMID: 39158203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce an electrochemical dehydrogenative [3 + 2]/[5 + 2] annulation of easily available N-arylacrylamides with γ,σ-unsaturated malonates through C(sp3)-H/C(sp2)-H functionalization. The employment of inexpensive ferrocene as the redox catalyst allows access to diverse benzo[b]azepin-2-ones in moderate to excellent yields without stoichiometric oxidants. This protocol features broad substrate scope and excellent selectivity, and mechanistic studies indicated that the reaction proceeded through the oxidation of a C(sp3)-H bond to generate an alkyl radical, radical addition across the C═C bond, [3 + 2]/[5 + 2] annulations, and C(sp2)-H functionalization cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xia-Lu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yu-Ting Cai
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
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47
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Lan L, Xu K, Zeng C. The merger of electro-reduction and hydrogen bonding activation for a radical Smiles rearrangement. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13459-13465. [PMID: 39183920 PMCID: PMC11339951 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The reductive activation of chemical bonds at less negative potentials provides a foundation for high functional group tolerance and selectivity, and it is one of the central topics in organic electrosynthesis. Along this line, we report the design of a dual-activation mode by merging electro-reduction with hydrogen bonding activation. As a proof of principle, the reduction potential of N-phenylpropiolamide was shifted positively by 218 mV. Enabled by this strategy, the radical Smiles rearrangement of N-arylpropiolamides without external radical precursors and prefunctionalization steps was accomplished. [DBU][HOAc], a readily accessible ionic liquid, was exploited for the first time both as a hydrogen bonding donor and as a supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Lan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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48
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Sing L, Dutta J, Ghosh S, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of Cyclic Isoureas and Ureas Through Contiguous Heterofunctionalizations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11323-11333. [PMID: 39067008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic protocol for the selenylated cyclic isoureas was developed using electrochemical activation of diselenides. This sustainable approach permitted transition metal and chemical oxidant-free difunctionalization of olefins and overall access to distinct 1,2,3 triheterofunctionalized carbon skeletons. Excellent functional group tolerance was noticed, allowing the synthesis of a series of cyclic isourea derivatives. In addition, an acid-triggered skeletal isomerization facilitated the synthesis of cyclic urea derivatives from the corresponding cyclic isoureas. Mechanistic investigations, along with voltammetric studies, enabled the postulation of the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmikanta Sing
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Jhilik Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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49
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Claraz A. Harnessing the versatility of hydrazones through electrosynthetic oxidative transformations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1988-2004. [PMID: 39161708 PMCID: PMC11331547 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrazones are important structural motifs in organic synthesis, providing a useful molecular platform for the construction of valuable compounds. Electrooxidative transformations of hydrazones constitute an attractive opportunity to take advantage of the versatility of these reagents. By directly harnessing the electrical current to perform the oxidative process, a large panel of organic molecules can be accessed from readily available hydrazones under mild, safe and oxidant-free reaction conditions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of oxidative electrosynthetic transformations of hydrazones. It includes the construction of azacycles, the C(sp2)-H functionalization of aldehyde-derived hydrazones and the access to diazo compounds as either synthetic intermediates or products. A special attention is paid to the reaction mechanism with the aim to encourage further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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50
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Kim S, Kim H. Cu-Electrocatalysis Enables Vicinal Bis(difluoromethylation) of Alkenes: Unraveling Dichotomous Role of Zn(CF 2H) 2(DMPU) 2 as Both Radical and Anion Source. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22498-22508. [PMID: 39079933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group (CF2H) serves as an essential bioisostere in drug discovery campaigns according to Lipinski's Rule of 5 due to its advantageous combination of lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding ability, thereby improving the ADME properties. However, despite the high prevalence and importance of vicinal hydrogen bond donors in pharmaceutical agents, a general synthetic method for doubly difluoromethylated compounds in the vicinal position is absent. Here we describe a copper-electrocatalyzed strategy that enables the vicinal bis(difluoromethylation) of alkenes. By leveraging electrochemistry to oxidize Zn(CF2H)2(DMPU)2-a conventionally utilized anionic transmetalating source, we paved a way to utilize it as a CF2H radical source to deliver the CF2H group in the terminal position of alkenes. Mechanistic studies revealed that the interception of the resultant secondary radical by a copper catalyst and subsequent reductive elimination is facilitated by invoking the Cu(III) intermediate, enabling the second installation of the CF2H group in the internal position. The utility of this electrocatalytic 1,2-bis(difluoromethylation) strategy has been highlighted through the late-stage bioisosteric replacement of pharmaceutical agents such as sotalol and dipivefrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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