1
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Kim J, Bain DC, Ding V, Majumder K, Windemuller D, Feng J, Wu J, Patil S, Anthony J, Kim W, Musser AJ. Coherent photoexcitation of entangled triplet pair states. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01556-3. [PMID: 38898214 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The functional properties of organic semiconductors are defined by the interplay between optically bright and dark states. Organic devices require rapid conversion between these bright and dark manifolds for maximum efficiency, and one way to achieve this is through multiexciton generation (S1→1TT). The dark state 1TT is typically generated from bright S1 after optical excitation; however, the mechanistic details are hotly debated. Here we report a 1TT generation pathway in which it can be coherently photoexcited, without any involvement of bright S1. Using <10-fs transient absorption spectroscopy and pumping sub-resonantly, 1TT is directly generated from the ground state. Applying this method to a range of pentacene dimers and thin films of various aggregation types, we determine the critical material properties that enable this forbidden pathway. Through a strikingly simple technique, this result opens the door for new mechanistic insights into 1TT and other dark states in organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David C Bain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kanad Majumder
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, Republic of India
| | - Dean Windemuller
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jiaqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, Republic of India
| | - John Anthony
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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2
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Chen D, Shao J, Zhang T, Xu K, Liang C, Cai Y, Guo Y, Chen P, Mou XZ, Dong X. Aromaticity Tuning of Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers for Singlet Fission-Enhanced Immunogenic Photodynamic Oncotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38857313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The quantum yield of reactive oxygen species is of central importance for the development of organic photosensitizers and photodynamic therapy (PDT). A common molecular design approach for optimizing organic photosensitizers involves the incorporation of heavy atoms into their backbones. However, this raises concerns regarding heightened dark cytotoxicity and a shortened triplet-state lifetime. Herein, we demonstrate a heavy-atom-free (HAF) photosensitizer design strategy founded on the singlet fission (SF) mechanism for cancer PDT. Through the "single-atom surgery" approach to deleting oxygen atoms in pyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxaline skeleton photosensitizers, photosensitizers PhPQ and TriPhPQ are produced with Huckel's aromaticity and Baird's aromaticity in the ground state and triplet state, respectively, enabling the generation of two triplet excitons through SF. The SF process endows photosensitizer PhPQ with an ultrahigh triplet-state quantum yield (186%) and an outstanding 1O2 quantum yield (177%). Notably, HAF photosensitizers PhPQ and TriPhPQ enhanced PDT efficacy and potentiated αPD-L1 immune check blockade therapy in vivo, which show their promise for translational oncology treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jinjun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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3
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Pino-Rios R, Báez-Grez R, Szczepanik DW, Solá M. Designing potentially singlet fission materials with an anti-Kasha behaviour. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15386-15392. [PMID: 38747026 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01284d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) compounds offer a promising avenue for improving the performance of solar cells. Using TD-DFT methods, anti-Kasha azulene derivatives that could carry out SF have been designed. For this purpose, substituted azulenes with a donor (-OH) and/or an acceptor group (-CN) have been systematically studied using the S2 ≥ 2T1 formula. We have found that -CN (-OH) substituents on electrophilic (nucleophilic) carbons result in improved SF properties when compared to azulene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Medicina de Altura - CEIMA, Universidad Arturo Prat. Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile.
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Miquel Solá
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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4
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Diaz-Andres A, Tonnelé C, Casanova D. Electronic Couplings for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Crystal Rubrene. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4288-4297. [PMID: 38743825 PMCID: PMC11137828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process able to repackage two low-frequency photons into light of higher energy. This transformation is typically orchestrated by the electronic degrees of freedom within organic compounds possessing suitable singlet and triplet energies and electronic couplings. In this work, we propose a computational protocol for the assessment of electronic couplings crucial to TTA-UC in molecular materials and apply it to the study of crystal rubrene. Our methodology integrates sophisticated yet computationally affordable approaches to quantify couplings in singlet and triplet energy transfer, the binding of triplet pairs, and the fusion to the singlet exciton. Of particular significance is the role played by charge-transfer states along the b-axis of rubrene crystal, acting as both partial quenchers of singlet energy transfer and mediators of triplet fusion. Our calculations identify the π-stacking direction as holding notable triplet energy transfer couplings, consistent with the experimentally observed anisotropic exciton diffusion. Finally, we have characterized the impact of thermally induced structural distortions, revealing their key role in the viability of triplet fusion and singlet fission. We posit that our approaches are transferable to a broad spectrum of organic molecular materials, offering a feasible means to quantify electronic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Diaz-Andres
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
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5
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Reddy SR, Coto PB, Thoss M. Intramolecular singlet fission: Quantum dynamical simulations including the effect of the laser field. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:194306. [PMID: 38767260 DOI: 10.1063/5.0209546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the previous work [Reddy et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 044307 (2019)], we have analyzed the dynamics of the intramolecular singlet fission process in a series of prototypical pentacene-based dimers, where the pentacene monomers are covalently bonded to a phenylene linker in ortho, meta, and para positions. The results obtained were qualitatively consistent with the experimental data available, showing an ultrafast population of the multiexcitonic state that mainly takes place via a mediated (superexchange-like) mechanism involving charge transfer and doubly excited states. Our results also highlighted the instrumental role of molecular vibrations in the process as a sizable population of the multiexcitonic state could only be obtained through vibronic coupling. Here, we extend these studies and investigate the effect of the laser field on the dynamics of intramolecular singlet fission by explicitly including the coupling to the laser field in our model. In this manner, and by selectively tuning the laser field to the different low-lying absorption bands of the systems investigated, we analyze the wavelength dependence of the intramolecular singlet fission process. In addition, we have also analyzed how the nature of the initially photoexcited electronic state (either localized or delocalized) affects its dynamics. Altogether, our results provide new insights into the design of intramolecular singlet fission-active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajagopala Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Pedro B Coto
- Materials Physics Center (CFM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute of Physics, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Wang X, Gao S, Luo Y, Liu X, Tom R, Zhao K, Chang V, Marom N. Computational Discovery of Intermolecular Singlet Fission Materials Using Many-Body Perturbation Theory. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:7841-7864. [PMID: 38774154 PMCID: PMC11103713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular singlet fission (SF) is the conversion of a photogenerated singlet exciton into two triplet excitons residing on different molecules. SF has the potential to enhance the conversion efficiency of solar cells by harvesting two charge carriers from one high-energy photon, whose surplus energy would otherwise be lost to heat. The development of commercial SF-augmented modules is hindered by the limited selection of molecular crystals that exhibit intermolecular SF in the solid state. Computational exploration may accelerate the discovery of new SF materials. The GW approximation and Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW+BSE) within the framework of many-body perturbation theory is the current state-of-the-art method for calculating the excited-state properties of molecular crystals with periodic boundary conditions. In this Review, we discuss the usage of GW+BSE to assess candidate SF materials as well as its combination with low-cost physical or machine learned models in materials discovery workflows. We demonstrate three successful strategies for the discovery of new SF materials: (i) functionalization of known materials to tune their properties, (ii) finding potential polymorphs with improved crystal packing, and (iii) exploring new classes of materials. In addition, three new candidate SF materials are proposed here, which have not been published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- School
of Foundational Education, University of
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China
- Qingdao
Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of
Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Gao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yiqun Luo
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rithwik Tom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kaiji Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Vincent Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Noa Marom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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7
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Kim J, Teo HT, Hong Y, Cha H, Kim W, Chi C, Kim D. Elucidating Singlet-Fission-Born Multiexciton Dynamics via Molecular Engineering: A Dilution Principle Extended to Quintet Triplet Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10833-10846. [PMID: 38578848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiexciton in singlet exciton fission represents a critical quantum state with significant implications for both solar cell applications and quantum information science. Two distinct fields of interest explore contrasting phenomena associated with the geminate triplet pair: one focusing on the persistence of long-lived correlation and the other emphasizing efficient decorrelation. Despite the pivotal nature of multiexciton processes, a comprehensive understanding of their dependence on the structural and spin properties of materials is currently lacking in experimental realizations. To address this gap in knowledge, molecular engineering was employed to modify the TIPS-tetracene structures, enabling an investigation of the structure-property relationships in spin-related multiexciton processes. In lieu of the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance technique, two time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopies were implemented for quantitative analysis of spin-dependent multiexciton dynamics. The utilization of absorption and fluorescence signals as complementary optical readouts, in the presence of a magnetic field, provided crucial insights into geminate triplet pair dynamics. These insights encompassed the duration of multiexciton correlation and the involvement of the spin state in multiexciton decorrelation. Furthermore, simulations based on our kinetic models suggested a role for quintet dilution in multiexciton dynamics, surpassing the singlet dilution principle established by the Merrifield model. The integration of intricate model structures and time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopies served to explicitly elucidate the interplay between structural and spin properties in multiexciton processes. This comprehensive approach not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of these processes but also aligns with and reinforces previous experimental studies of solid states and theoretical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hao Ting Teo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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8
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Mencaroni L, Elisei F, Marrocchi A, Spalletti A, Carlotti B. Intramolecular Singlet Fission Coupled with Intermolecular Triplet Separation as a Strategy to Achieve High Triplet Yields in Fluorene-Based Small Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3442-3453. [PMID: 38544417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In this work, detailed experimental proof and in-depth analysis of the singlet fission (SF) mechanism, operative in fluorene-based small molecules, are carried out by employing advanced time-resolved spectroscopies with nanosecond and femtosecond resolution. The investigation of the effect of solution concentration and solvent viscosity together with temperature and excitation wavelength demonstrates INTRAmolecular formation of the correlated triplet pair followed by INTERmolecular independent triplet separation via a "super-diffusional" triplet-triplet transfer process. This unconventional INTRA- to INTERmolecular SF may be considered an "ideal" mechanism. Indeed, intramolecular formation of the correlated triplet pair is here interestingly proved for small molecules rather than large multichromophoric systems, allowing easy synthesis and processability while maintaining good control over the SF process. On the other hand, the intermolecular triplet separation may be exploited to achieve high triplet quantum yields in these new SF small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mencaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Assunta Marrocchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
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9
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Sakai H, Nonaka K, Hayasaka R, Thazhathethil S, Sagara Y, Hasobe T. Tetracene cyclophanes showing controlled intramolecular singlet fission by through-space orientations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4084-4087. [PMID: 38506713 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tetracene cyclophanes: a series of cyclic tetracene dimers bridged by two flexible ethylene glycol units demonstrated enhanced intramolecular singlet fission through through-space orientations by suppressing the H-type excited complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Keigo Nonaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hayasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan.
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan.
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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10
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Wang Z, Xie X, Ma H. Simultaneous Intra- and Intermolecular Singlet Fission in Bipentacene Macrocycle Aggregates. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3523-3530. [PMID: 38522085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a process where a singlet state splits into two triplet states, which is essential for enhancing optoelectronic devices. Macrocyclic structures allow for precise control of chromophore orientation and facilitate singlet fission in solutions. However, the behavior of these structures in thin films, crucial for solid-state device optimization, remains underexplored. This study examines the aggregation and singlet fission processes of bipentacene macrocycles (BPc) in thin films using molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure calculations. Findings indicate that BPc aggregates more rapidly with less chloroform, aligning parallel to the substrate. Intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) rates are rarely changed during evaporation, but the efficiency of intermolecular singlet fission (xSF) improves due to the increase in packing domains, suggesting that orderly crystal domains are not necessary for device efficiency. This opens avenues for varied device designs and traditional solution-based methods for optimal device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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11
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Sivanesan V, Broch K, Tegeder P. Excited States Dynamics at Pentacene/Perfluoropentacene Interfaces: A Femtosecond Time-Resolved Second Harmonic Generation Study. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300904. [PMID: 38305504 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of excited states after optical excitation at donor-acceptor (D/A) interfaces is of paramount importance for improving the efficiency and performance of optoelectronic devices. Here, we studied the ultrafast excited state dynamics after optical excitation at interfaces between the electron donor (D) pentacene (PEN) and the electron acceptor (A) perfuoropentacene (PFP) as well as within the single compounds (PEN and PFP) using femtosecond (fs) time-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG). In the single compounds singlet fission is observed on a time scale of around 200 fs. In the bilayer systems a huge SHG intensity rise is observed due to the creation of charge transfer states at the interface and accordingly to formation of a local electric field within tens of picoseconds. The local electric field and therefore the SHG signal intensity from the interface of PEN/PFP bilayer is much more intense compared to the PFP/PEN system because the PFP and PEN intermixing at the PEN/PFP interface is higher. Accordingly a population of defect states on a time scale of 55±12 ps has been proposed for PEN/PFP. Our study provides important insights into D/A charge transfer properties, which is needed for the understanding of the interfacial photophysics of pentacene-based organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipilan Sivanesan
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Hayasaka R, Sakai H, Fuki M, Okamoto T, Khan R, Higashi M, Tkachenko NV, Kobori Y, Hasobe T. The Effect of Torsional Motion on Multiexciton Formation through Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Ferrocene-Bridged Pentacene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315747. [PMID: 38179830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of ferrocene(Fc)-bridged pentacene(Pc)-dimers [Fc-Ph(2,n)-(Pc)2 : n=number of phenylene spacers] were synthesized to examine the tortional motion effect of Fc-terminated phenylene linkers on strongly coupled quintet multiexciton (5 TT) formation through intramolecular singlet fission (ISF). Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 has a relatively small electronic coupling and large conformational flexibility according to spectroscopic and theoretical analyses. Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 exhibits a high-yield 5 TT together with quantitative singlet TT (1 TT) generation through ISF. This demonstrates a much more efficient ISF than those of other less flexible Pc dimers. The activation entropy in 1 TT spin conversion of Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 is larger than those of the other systems due to the larger conformational flexibility associated with the torsional motion of the linkers. The torsional motion of linkers in 1 TT is attributable to weakened metal-ligand bonding in the Fc due to hybridization of the hole level of Pc to Fc in 1 TT unpaired orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hayasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Okamoto
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Complex Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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13
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Greißel PM, Thiel D, Gotfredsen H, Chen L, Krug M, Papadopoulos I, Miskolzie M, Torres T, Clark T, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Intramolecular Triplet Diffusion Facilitates Triplet Dissociation in a Pentacene Hexamer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315064. [PMID: 38092707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Triplet dynamics in singlet fission depend strongly on the strength of the electronic coupling. Covalent systems in solution offer precise control over such couplings. Nonetheless, efficient free triplet generation remains elusive in most systems, as the intermediate triplet pair 1 (T1 T1 ) is prone to triplet-triplet annihilation due to its spatial confinement. In the solid state, entropically driven triplet diffusion assists in the spatial separation of triplets, resulting in higher yields of free triplets. Control over electronic coupling in the solid state is, however, challenging given its sensitivity to molecular packing. We have thus developed a hexameric system (HexPnc) to enable solid-state-like triplet diffusion at the molecular scale. This system is realized by covalently tethering three pentacene dimers to a central subphthalocyanine scaffold. Transient absorption spectroscopy, complemented by theoretical structural optimizations and steady-state spectroscopy, reveals that triplet diffusion is indeed facilitated due to intramolecular cluster formation. The yield of free triplets in HexPnc is increased by a factor of up to 14 compared to the corresponding dimeric reference (DiPnc). Thus, HexPnc establishes crucial design aspects for achieving efficient triplet dissociation in strongly coupled systems by providing avenues for diffusive separation of 1 (T1 T1 ), while, concomitantly, retaining strong interchromophore coupling which preserves rapid formation of 1 (T1 T1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mark Miskolzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Vong D, Maleki F, Novak EC, Daemen LL, Moulé AJ. Measuring Intermolecular Excited State Geometry for Favorable Singlet Fission in Tetracene. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1188-1194. [PMID: 38270396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is the process of converting an excited singlet to a pair of excited triplets. Harvesting two charges from a single photon has the potential to increase photovoltaic device efficiencies. Acenes, such as tetracene and pentacene, are model molecules for studying SF. Despite SF being an endoergic process for tetracene and exoergic for pentacene, both acenes exhibit near unity SF quantum efficiencies, raising questions about how tetracene can overcome the energy barrier. Here, we use recently developed instrumentation to measure inelastic neutron scattering (INS) while optically exciting the model molecules using two different excitation energies. The spectroscopic results reveal intermolecular structural relaxation due to the presence of a triplet excited state. The structural dynamics of the combined excited state molecule and surrounding tetracene molecules are further studied using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), which shows that the singlet and triplet levels shift due to the excited state geometry, reducing the uphill energy barrier for SF to within kT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Farahnaz Maleki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Eric C Novak
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Luke L Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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15
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Kim H, Scholes GD, Min SK. Extension of molecules with an inverted singlet-triplet gap with conjugated branches to alter the oscillator strength. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5508-5516. [PMID: 38282516 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Molecules that violate Hund's rule and possess negative singlet-triplet gaps (ΔEST) have been actively studied for their potential usage in organic light emitting diodes without the need for thermal activation. However, the weak oscillator strength from the symmetry of such molecules has been recognized as their shortcoming for their application in optoelectronic devices. A group of molecules with a common structural motif involving the original molecule with an inverted gap having branches consisting of conjugated molecules of varied structures and extent of conjugation have been predicted to have desirable oscillator strength, but only few detailed and comprehensive studies regarding the form of excited states and the reason behind the improved oscillator strength have been carried out. We show in this work a series of analyses that suggest that the increase of oscillator strength is correlated with the nature of the excited state changing from a localized excitation to a delocalized excitation involving the central molecule and the branches. The resulting oscillator strength thus depends on the energetic matching of the branching molecule and the central molecule, rather than solely the oscillator strength of the central molecule. From the ΔEST inversion point of view, the static correlation with low-lying doubly excited configurations, the key mechanism behind the inversion in the localized excited state, weakens as the excited states delocalize. As a consequence, the dynamic correlation has a more decisive effect in determining the singlet-triplet gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea.
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea.
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16
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Yamauchi A, Tanaka K, Fuki M, Fujiwara S, Kimizuka N, Ryu T, Saigo M, Onda K, Kusumoto R, Ueno N, Sato H, Kobori Y, Miyata K, Yanai N. Room-temperature quantum coherence of entangled multiexcitons in a metal-organic framework. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi3147. [PMID: 38170775 PMCID: PMC10775993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission can generate an exchange-coupled quintet triplet pair state 5TT, which could lead to the realization of quantum computing and quantum sensing using entangled multiple qubits even at room temperature. However, the observation of the quantum coherence of 5TT has been limited to cryogenic temperatures, and the fundamental question is what kind of material design will enable its room-temperature quantum coherence. Here, we show that the quantum coherence of singlet fission-derived 5TT in a chromophore-integrated metal-organic framework can be over hundred nanoseconds at room temperature. The suppressed motion of the chromophores in ordered domains within the metal-organic framework leads to the enough fluctuation of the exchange interaction necessary for 5TT generation but, at the same time, does not cause severe 5TT decoherence. Furthermore, the phase and amplitude of quantum beating depend on the molecular motion, opening the way to room-temperature molecular quantum computing based on multiple quantum gate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Saiya Fujiwara
- RIKEN, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaki Saigo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryota Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nami Ueno
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- FOREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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17
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Reid OG, Johnson JC, Eaves JD, Damrauer NH, Anthony JE. Molecular Control of Triplet-Pair Spin Polarization and Its Optoelectronic Magnetic Resonance Probes. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:59-69. [PMID: 38103045 PMCID: PMC10765369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusPreparing and manipulating pure magnetic states in molecular systems are the key initial requirements for harnessing the power of synthetic chemistry to drive practical quantum sensing and computing technologies. One route for achieving the requisite higher spin states in organic systems exploits the phenomenon of singlet fission, which produces pairs of triplet excited states from initially photoexcited singlets in molecular assemblies with multiple chromophores. The resulting spin states are characterized by total spin (quintet, triplet, or singlet) and its projection onto a specified molecular or magnetic field axis. These excited states are typically highly polarized but exhibit an impure spin population pattern. Herein, we report the prediction and experimental verification of molecular design rules that drive the population of a single pure magnetic state and describe the progress toward its experimental realization.A vital feature of this work is the close partnership among theory, chemical synthesis, and spectroscopy. We begin by presenting our theoretical framework for understanding spin manifold interconversion in singlet fission systems. This theory makes specific testable predictions about the intermolecular structure and orientation relative to an external magnetic field that should lead to pure magnetic state preparation and provides a powerful tool for interpreting magnetic spectra. We then test these predictions through detailed magnetic spectroscopy experiments on a series of new molecular architectures that meet one or more of the identified structural criteria. Many of these architectures rely on the synthesis of molecules with features unique to this effort: rigid bridges between chromophores in dimers, heteroacenes with tailored singlet/triplet-pair energy level matching, or side-group engineering to produce specific crystal structures. The spin evolution of these systems is revealed through our application and development of several magnetic resonance methods, each of which has different sensitivities and relevance in environments relevant to quantum applications.Our theoretical predictions prove to be remarkably consistent with our experimental results, though experimentally meeting all the structural prescriptions demanded by theory for true pure-state preparation remains a challenge. Our magnetic spectra agree with our model of triplet-pair behavior, including funneling of the population to the ms = 0 magnetic sublevel of the quintet under specified conditions in dimers and crystals, showing that this phenomenon is subject to control through molecular design. Moreover, our demonstration of novel and/or highly sensitive detection mechanisms of spin states in singlet fission systems, including photoluminescence (PL), photoinduced absorption (PA), and magnetoconductance (MC), points the way toward both a deeper understanding of how these systems evolve and technologically feasible routes toward experiments at the single-molecule quantum limit that are desirable for computational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obadiah G. Reid
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel D. Eaves
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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18
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Wang K, Chen X, Xu J, Peng S, Wu D, Xia J. Recent Advance in the Development of Singlet-Fission-Capable Polymeric Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300241. [PMID: 37548255 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process in which a higher-energy singlet exciton is converted into two lower-energy triplet excitons via a triplet pair intermediate state. Implementing SF in photovoltaic devices holds the potential to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit of conventional single-junction solar cells. Although great progress has been made in exploiting the underlying mechanism of SF over the past decades, the scope of materials capable of SF, particularly polymeric materials, remains poor. SF-capable polymer is one of the most potential candidates in the implementation of SF into devices due to their distinct superiorities in flexibility, solution processability and self-assembly behavior. Notably, recent advancements have demonstrated high-performance SF in isolated donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer chains. This review provides an overview of recent progress in the development of SF-capable polymeric materials, with a significant focus on elucidating the mechanisms of SF in polymers and optimizing the design strategies for SF-capable polymers. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges encountered in this field and presents future perspectives. It is expected that this comprehensive review will offer valuable insights into the design of novel SF-capable polymeric materials, further advancing the potential for SF implementation in photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoqian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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19
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Blaskovits JT, Laplaza R, Vela S, Corminboeuf C. Data-Driven Discovery of Organic Electronic Materials Enabled by Hybrid Top-Down/Bottom-Up Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305602. [PMID: 37815223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The high-throughput exploration and screening of molecules for organic electronics involves either a 'top-down' curation and mining of existing repositories, or a 'bottom-up' assembly of user-defined fragments based on known synthetic templates. Both are time-consuming approaches requiring significant resources to compute electronic properties accurately. Here, 'top-down' is combined with 'bottom-up' through automatic assembly and statistical models, thus providing a platform for the fragment-based discovery of organic electronic materials. This study generates a top-down set of 117K synthesized molecules containing structures, electronic and topological properties and chemical composition, and uses them as building blocks for bottom-up design. A tool is developed to automate the coupling of these building blocks at their C(sp2/sp)-H bonds, providing a fundamental link between the two dataset construction philosophies. Statistical models are trained on this dataset and a subset of resulting top-down/bottom-up compounds, enabling on-the-fly prediction of ground and excited state properties with high accuracy across organic compound space. With access to ab initio-quality optical properties, this bottom-up pipeline may be applied to any materials design campaign using existing compounds as building blocks. To illustrate this, over a million molecules are screened for singlet fission. tThe leading candidates provide insight into the features promoting this multiexciton-generating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Terence Blaskovits
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Laplaza
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research "Sustainable chemical processes through catalysis (NCCR Catalysis)" École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Sergi Vela
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (NCCR MARVEL),Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research "Sustainable chemical processes through catalysis (NCCR Catalysis)" École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (NCCR MARVEL),Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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20
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Chiesa M, Salvadori E. Singlet-Triplet Energy Inversion in Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313540. [PMID: 37801043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved EPR (TR-EPR) demonstrates the formation of well-defined spin triplet excitons in carbon nitride. This permits to experimentally probe the extent of the triplet wavefunction which delocalizes over several tri-s-triazine units. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the TR-EPR signal reveals the mobility of the triplet excitons. By employing monochromatic light excitation in the range 430-600 nm, the energy of the spin triplet is estimated to be ≈0.2 eV above the conduction band edge, proving that the triplet exciton lies above the corresponding singlet. Comparison between amorphous and graphitic forms establishes the singlet-triplet inversion as a general feature of carbon nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR URT, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
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21
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Barford W. Singlet Fission in Lycopene H-Aggregates. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9842-9847. [PMID: 37890074 PMCID: PMC10641873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A theory of singlet fission (SF) in carotenoid dimers is applied to explain the SF in lycopene H-aggregates observed after high-energy photoexcitation. The explanation proposed here is that a high energy, delocalized bright 1Bu+ state first relaxes and localizes onto a single lycopene monomer. The high-energy intramonomer state then undergoes internal conversion to the 11Bu- state. Once populated, the 11Bu- state allows exothermic bimolecular singlet fission, while its internal conversion to the 21Ag- state is symmetry forbidden. The simulation of SF predicts that the intramonomer triplet-pair state undergoes almost complete population transfer to the intermonomer singlet-pair state within 100 ps. Simultaneously, ZFS interactions begin to partially populate the intermonomer quintet triplet-pair state up to ca. 2 ns, after which hyperfine interactions thermally equilibrate the triplet-pair states, thus forming free single triplets within 50 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Barford
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and
Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory,University
of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United
Kingdom
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22
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Wen J, Zhou J, Li X, Lv M, Huang J, Li Z, Zhang B, Wang M, Chen J, Zhu M. Excitation localization/delocalization induced intramolecular singlet fission in cyclopentadithiophene-based quinoidal derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29698-29708. [PMID: 37882726 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Two triplet excitons are generated through an ultrafast photophysical process, namely singlet fission (SF), providing a solution for efficient solar energy usage. In this work, we provide an effective guideline for designing SF materials by adjusting the planarity in cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) derivatives. A practical strategy is proposed for tuning the quinoidal-biradical resonance structures by varying the electron push-pull groups of CPDTs for SF. The localized, delocalized, and intermediate charge-transfer excited configurations are predicted in the singlet excited state via computational simulations, which is further confirmed by ultrafast spectroscopy. Deduced from the potential energy surfaces in the low-lying excited states and transient absorption, the delocalized excited state is formed in 2.1 ps via postulated intramolecular SF in a polar solvent, followed by the ultrafast formation of the free triplet state with a lifetime of 6.8 ps. In comparison with different cross-conjugated chromophores, it is found that the increase in the charge separation could enhance the triplet-pair generation for iSF. We expect that by introducing symmetry-breaking modifications in the electronic configurations and adjusting the separation between the push-pull groups of CPDTs, it should be possible to prolong the duration of the free triplet state by preventing recombination within the triplet-pair excited configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xuesi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Jiangsu Sidike New Materials Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Sihong Economic Development Area, Jiangsu 223900, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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23
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Purdy M, Budden P, Fallon K, Gannett CN, Abruña HD, Zeng W, Friend R, Musser AJ, Bronstein H. Re-Thinking Dimer Design Principles with Indolonaphthyridine Intramolecular Singlet Fission. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301547. [PMID: 37377132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission is a phenomenon that could significantly improve the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Indolonaphthyridine thiophene (INDT) is a photostable singlet fission material that could potentially be utilised in singlet fission-based photovoltaic devices. This study investigates the intramolecular singlet fission (i-SF) mechanism of INDT dimers linked via para-phenyl, meta-phenyl and fluorene bridging groups. Using ultra-fast spectroscopy the highest rate of singlet fission is found in the para-phenyl linked dimer. Quantum calculations show the para-phenyl linker encourages enhanced monomer electronic coupling. Increased rates of singlet fission were also observed in the higher polarity o-dichlorobenzene, relative to toluene, indicating that charge-transfer states have a role in mediating the process. The mechanistic picture of polarisable singlet fission materials, such as INDT, extends beyond the traditional mechanistic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Purdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Baker Lab, 122, E Ave, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peter Budden
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kealan Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Baker Lab, 122, E Ave, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cara N Gannett
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Lab, 122, E Ave, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Lab, 122, E Ave, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Baker Lab, 122, E Ave, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Richard Friend
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Lab, 122, E Ave, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Baker Lab, 122, E Ave, Ithaca, NY, USA
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24
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Sunny J, Sebastian E, Sujilkumar S, Würthner F, Engels B, Hariharan M. Unveiling the intersystem crossing dynamics in N-annulated perylene bisimides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28428-28436. [PMID: 37843851 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficient population of the triplet excited states in heavy metal-free organic chromophores has been one of the long-standing research problems to molecular photochemists. The negligible spin-orbit coupling matrix elements in the purely organic chromophores and the large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T) pose a hurdle for ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC). Herein we report the unprecedented population of triplet manifold in a series of nitrogen-annulated perylene bisimide chromophores (NPBI and Br-NPBI). NPBI is found to have a moderate fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 68 ± 5%), whereas Br-NPBI showcased a low fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 2.0 ± 0.6%) in toluene. The femtosecond transient absorption measurements of Br-NPBI revealed ultrafast ISC (kISC = 1.97 × 1010 s-1) from the initially populated singlet excited state to the long-lived triplet excited states. The triplet quantum yields (ΦT = 95.2 ± 4.6% for Br-NPBI, ΦT = 18.7 ± 2.3% for NPBI) calculated from nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements showed the enhancement in triplet population upon bromine substitution. The quantum chemical calculations revealed the explicit role of nitrogen annulation in tuning the excited state energy levels to favor the ISC. The near degeneracy between the singlet and triplet excited states observed in NPBI and Br-NPBI (ΔES-T = -0.01 eV for NPBI, ΔES-T = 0.03 eV for Br-NPBI) facilitates the spin flipping in the molecules. Nitrogen annulation emerges as a design strategy to open up the ISC pathway and the rate of which can be further enhanced by the substitution of a heavier element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswin Sunny
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Ebin Sebastian
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Suvarna Sujilkumar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Strasse 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
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25
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Lin LC, Smith T, Ai Q, Rugg BK, Risko C, Anthony JE, Damrauer NH, Johnson JC. Multiexciton quintet state populations in a rigid pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11554-11565. [PMID: 37886089 PMCID: PMC10599476 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiexciton quintet state, 5TT, generated as a singlet fission intermediate in pairs of molecular chromophores, is a promising candidate as a qubit or qudit in future quantum information science schemes. In this work, we synthesize a pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer, TPT, with an optimized interchromophore coupling strength to prevent the dissociation of 5TT to two decorrelated triplet (T1) states, which would contaminate the spin-state mixture. Long-lived and strongly spin-polarized pure 5TT state population is observed via transient absorption spectroscopy and transient/pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its lifetime is estimated to be >35 µs, with the dephasing time (T2) for the 5TT-based qubit measured to be 726 ns at 10 K. Direct relaxation from 1TT to the ground state does diminish the overall excited state population, but the exclusive 5TT population at large enough persistent density for pulsed echo determination of spin coherence time is consistent with recent theoretical models that predict such behavior for strict parallel chromophore alignment and large exchange coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Tanner Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Brandon K Rugg
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
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26
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He G, Parenti KR, Budden PJ, Niklas J, Macdonald T, Kumarasamy E, Chen X, Yin X, McCamey DR, Poluektov OG, Campos LM, Sfeir MY. Unraveling Triplet Formation Mechanisms in Acenothiophene Chromophores. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22058-22068. [PMID: 37787467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of molecular platforms for singlet fission (SF) chromophores has fueled the quest for new compounds capable of generating triplets quantitatively at fast time scales. As the exploration of molecular motifs for SF has diversified, a key challenge has emerged in identifying when the criteria for SF have been satisfied. Here, we show how covalently bound molecular dimers uniquely provide a set of characteristic optical markers that can be used to distinguish triplet pair formation from processes that generate an individual triplet. These markers are contained within (i) triplet charge-transfer excited state absorption features, (ii) kinetic signatures of triplet-triplet annihilation processes, and (iii) the modulation of triplet formation rates using bridging moieties between chromophores. Our assignments are verified by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements, which directly identify triplet pairs by their electron spin and polarization patterns. We apply these diagnostic criteria to dimers of acenothiophene derivatives in solution that were recently reported to undergo efficient intermolecular SF in condensed media. While the electronic structure of these heteroatom-containing chromophores can be broadly tuned, the effect of their enhanced spin-orbit coupling and low-energy nonbonding orbitals on their SF dynamics has not been fully determined. We find that SF is fast and efficient in tetracenothiophene but that anthradithiophene exhibits fast intersystem crossing due to modifications of the singlet and triplet excited state energies upon functionalization of the heterocycle. We conclude that it is not sufficient to assign SF based on comparisons of the triplet formation kinetics between monomer and multichromophore systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying He
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Kaia R Parenti
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Peter J Budden
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thomas Macdonald
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia
| | - Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Dane R McCamey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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27
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Majumder K, Mukherjee S, Panjwani NA, Lee J, Bittl R, Kim W, Patil S, Musser AJ. Controlling Intramolecular Singlet Fission Dynamics via Torsional Modulation of Through-Bond versus Through-Space Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20883-20896. [PMID: 37705333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent dimers, particularly pentacenes, are the dominant platform for developing a mechanistic understanding of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF). Numerous studies have demonstrated that a photoexcited singlet state in these structures can rapidly and efficiently undergo exciton multiplication to form a correlated pair of triplets within a single molecule, with potential applications from photovoltaics to quantum information science. One of the most significant barriers limiting such dimers is the fast recombination of the triplet pair, which prevents spatial separation and the formation of long-lived triplet states. There is an ever-growing need to develop general synthetic strategies to control the evolution of triplets following iSF and enhance their lifetime. Here, we rationally tune the dihedral angle and interchromophore separation between pairs of pentacenes in a systematic series of bridging units to facilitate triplet separation. Through a combination of transient optical and spin-resonance techniques, we demonstrate that torsion within the linker provides a simple synthetic handle to tune the fine balance between through-bond and through-space interchromophore couplings that steer iSF. We show that the full iSF pathway from femtosecond to microsecond timescales is tuned through the static coupling set by molecular design and structural fluctuations that can be biased through steric control. Our approach highlights a straightforward design principle to generate paramagnetic spin pair states with higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanad Majumder
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soham Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität, Berlin, Berlin 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Bittl
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität, Berlin, Berlin 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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28
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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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29
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Kim J, Teo HT, Hong Y, Liau YC, Yim D, Han Y, Oh J, Kim H, Chi C, Kim D. Leveraging Charge-Transfer Interactions in Through-Space-Coupled Pentacene Dendritic Oligomer for Singlet Exciton Fission. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19812-19823. [PMID: 37656929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission in organic chromophores has received much attention during the past decade. Inspired by numerous spectroscopic studies in the solid state, there have been vigorous efforts to study singlet exciton fission dynamics in covalently bonded oligomers, which aims to investigate underlying mechanisms of this intriguing process in simplified model systems. In terms of through-space orbital interactions, however, most of covalently bonded pentacene oligomers studied so far fall into weakly interacting systems since they manifest chain-like structures based on various (non)conjugated linkers. Therefore, it remains as a compelling question to answer how through-space interactions in the solid state intervene this photophysical process since it is hypersensitive to displacements and orientations between neighboring chromophores. Herein, as one of experimental studies to answer this question, we introduced a tight-packing dendritic structure whose mesityl-pentacene constituents are coupled via moderate through-space orbital interactions. Based on the comparison with a suitably controlled dendritic structure, which is in a weak coupling regime, important mechanistic viewpoints are tackled such as configurational mixings between singlet, charge-transfer, and triplet pair states and the role of chromophore multiplication. We underscore that our through-space-coupled dendritic oligomer in a quasi-intermediate coupling regime provides a hint on the interplay of multiconfigurational excited-states, which might have drawn complexity in singlet exciton fission kinetics throughout numerous solid-state morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hao Ting Teo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yuan Cheng Liau
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Daniel Yim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System and Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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30
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Steer RP. Prospects for useful fission from singlet states higher than S 1 in aggregated organic chromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23384-23394. [PMID: 37646175 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The few known reports and the likely prospects of finding new efficient routes to exciton fission from higher excited singlet states, Sn (n > 1), are reviewed. Aggregates of molecules that have large S2-S1 electronic energy spacings and/or emit measurable "contra-Kasha" emission may offer further opportunities. Among these, electronically excited molecular systems that exhibit known efficient (T1 + T1) triplet-triplet annihilation producing S2 could exhibit efficient singlet fission in aggregates when appropriately substituted to meet the necessary energy requirements. The potential problem of loss of triplet excitons via 2T1 → Tn>1 + S0 triplet-triplet annihilation following (S2 + S0) singlet fission is addressed. Aggregates of substituted azulenes and aliphatic thiones and dithiones are particularly attractive and are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Steer
- Department of Chemistry University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C9, Canada.
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31
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Barford W, Chambers CA. Theory of singlet fission in carotenoid dimers. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:084116. [PMID: 37646371 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop a theory of singlet fission in carotenoid dimers. Following photoexcitation of the "bright" state (i.e., a singlet electron-hole pair) in a single carotenoid, the first step in the singlet fission process is ultrafast intramolecular conversion into the highly correlated "dark" (or 2Ag) state. This state has both entangled singlet triplet-pair and charge-transfer character. Our theory is predicated on the assumption that it is the singlet triplet-pair component of the "dark" state that undergoes bimolecular singlet fission. We use valence bond theory to develop a minimal two-chain model of the triplet-pair states. The single and double chain triplet-pair spectra are described, as this helps explain the dynamics and the equilibrated populations. We simulate the dynamics of the initial entangled pair state using the quantum Liouville equation, including both spin-conserving and spin-nonconserving dephasing processes. By computing the intrachain and interchain singlet, triplet, and quintet triplet-pair populations, we show that singlet fission critically depends on the interchain coupling and the driving potential (that determines endothermic vs exothermic fission).
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Affiliation(s)
- William Barford
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron A Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Lincoln College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3DR, United Kingdom
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32
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Bo Y, Hou Y, Thiel D, Weiß R, Clark T, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Tetracene Dimers: A Platform for Intramolecular Down- and Up-conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18260-18275. [PMID: 37531628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Photon energy conversion can be accomplished in many different ways, including the two opposing manners, down-conversion (i.e., singlet fission, SF) and up-conversion (i.e., triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion, TTA-UC). Both processes have the potential to help overcome the detailed balance limit of single-junction solar cells. Tetracene, in which the energies of the lowest singlet excited state and twice the triplet excited state are comparable, exhibits both down- and up-conversion. Here, we have designed meta-diethynylphenylene- and 1,3-diethynyladamantyl-linked tetracene dimers, which feature different electronic coupling, to characterize the interplay between intramolecular SF (intra-SF) and intramolecular TTA-UC (intra-TTA-UC) via steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have used Pd-phthalocyanine as a sensitizer to enable intra-TTA-UC in the two dimers via indirect photoexcitation in the near-infrared part of the solar spectrum. The work is rounded off by temperature-dependent measurements, which outline key aspects of how thermal effects impact intra-SF and intra-TTA-UC in different dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - René Weiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Kefer O, Ahrens L, Han J, Wollscheid N, Misselwitz E, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Dreuw A, Bunz UHF, Buckup T. Efficient Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Spiro-Linked Heterodimers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17965-17974. [PMID: 37535495 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) of spiro-linked azaacene heterodimers by time-resolved spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Combining two different azaacenes through a nonconjugated linker using condensation chemistry furnishes azaacene heterodimers. Compared to their homodimers, iSF quantum yields are improved at an extended absorption range. The driving force of iSF, the energy difference ΔEiSF between the S1 state and the correlated triplet pair 1(TT), is tuned by the nature of the heterodimers. iSF is exothermic in all of the herein studied molecules. The overall quantum yield for triplet exciton formation reaches approximately 174%. This novel concept exploits large energy differences between singlet electronic states in combination with spatially fixed chromophores, which achieves efficient heterogeneous iSF, if the through-space interaction between the chromophores is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Kefer
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Ahrens
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jie Han
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Wollscheid
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erik Misselwitz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Mencaroni L, Alebardi M, Elisei F, Škorić I, Spalletti A, Carlotti B. Unveiling the double triplet nature of the 2Ag state in conjugated stilbenoid compounds to achieve efficient singlet fission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21089-21099. [PMID: 37527269 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02805d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, the excited-state evolution in a series of all-trans stilbenoid compounds, displaying a low-lying dark singlet state of 2Ag-like symmetry nearly degenerate with the bright 1Bu state, was unveiled by employing advanced ultrafast spectroscopies while probing the effect of solvent polarizability. Together with the dual emission, femtosecond transient absorption and broadband fluorescence up-conversion disclosed the double nature of the 2Ag-like state showing both singlet features, a lifetime typical of a singlet and the ability to emit, and a triplet character, exhibiting a triplet-like absorption spectrum. The ultrafast formation (in hundreds of femtoseconds) from the non-relaxed upper singlet state led to the identification of 2Ag as the correlated triplet pair of singlet fission. The spectral difference obtained by comparison of transient absorption peaks of the 2Ag (1TT) and the triplet states was found to be in remarkable agreement with the observed triplet yield and the 1(TT) separation rate constant. Indeed, this spectral shift provided an experimental method to gain qualitative insight into the ease of separation of the 1(TT) and the relative SF efficiency. The highly conjugated polyene-like structures enable the ultrafast formation of the double triplet, but then the large binding energy prevents the triplet separation and thus the effective completion of singlet fission. Even though thermodynamically feasible for all the investigated stilbenoids according to TD-DFT calculations, singlet fission resulted to occur efficiently in the case of 1-(pyridyl-4-ylethenyl)-4-(p-nitrostyryl)benzene and nitro-styrylfuran with the triplet yield reaching 120% and 140%, respectively, triggered by their greatly enhanced intramolecular charge transfer character relative to the other compounds in the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mencaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Martina Alebardi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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35
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Theurer CP, Laible F, Tang J, Broch K, Fleischer M, Schreiber F. Strong light-matter coupling in pentacene thin films on plasmonic arrays. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37387269 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing strong light-matter coupling is an elegant and powerful way to modify the energy landscapes of excited states of organic semiconductors. Consequently, the chemical and photophysical properties of these organic semiconductors can be influenced without the need of chemical modification but simply by implementing them in optical microcavities. This has so far mostly been shown in Fabry-Pérot cavities and with organic single crystals or diluted molecules in a host matrix. Here, we demonstrate strong, simultaneous coupling of the two Davydov transitions in polycrystalline pentacene thin films to surface lattice resonances supported by open cavities made of silver nanoparticle arrays. Such thin films are more easily fabricated and, together with the open architecture, more suitable for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Theurer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Laible
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jia Tang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Fleischer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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36
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Wang YC, Feng S, Kong Y, Huang X, Liang W, Zhao Y. Electronic Couplings for Singlet Fission Processes Based on the Fragment Particle-Hole Densities. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37296507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new diabatization scheme is proposed to calculate the electronic couplings for the singlet fission process in multichromophoric systems. In this approach, a robust descriptor that treats single and multiple excitations on an equal footing is adopted to quantify the localization degree of the particle and hole densities of the electronic states. By maximally localizing the particles and holes in terms of predefined molecular fragments, quasi-diabatic states with well-defined characters (locally excited, charge transfer, correlated triplet pair, etc.) can be automatically constructed as the linear combinations of the adiabatic ones, and the electronic couplings can be directly obtained. This approach is very general in that it applies to electronic states with various spin multiplicities and can be combined with various kinds of preliminary electronic structure calculations. Due to the high numerical efficiency, it is able to manipulate more than 100 electronic states in diabatization. The applications to the tetracene dimer and trimer reveal that high-lying multiply excited charge transfer states have significant influences on both the formation and separation of the correlated triplet pair and can even enlarge the coupling for the latter process by 1 order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shishi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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37
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Rivera E, Paul I, Fajardo J, Garcia-Garibay MA. Quantum chain amplification in nanocrystalline Dewar benzenes by intramolecular sensitization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5802-5810. [PMID: 37265720 PMCID: PMC10231335 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01074k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum chain reactions are characterized by the formation of several photoproducts per photon absorbed (ΦQC > 1) and constitute a promising signal amplification mechanism. The triplet-sensitized isomerization of Dewar benzene is known to undergo quantum chain reactions characterized by an adiabatic valence-bond isomerization to the excited state of Hückel benzene, which is able to transfer its triplet energy to a new ground state Dewar benzene that reacts to continue the chain. Given that diffusion-mediated energy transfer is the chain-limiting event in solution, we demonstrate here that reactions in crystals are significantly more efficient by taking advantage of energy transfer by a presumed exciton delocalization mechanism. Using Dewar benzenes with covalently attached, high energy triplet sensitizers we have demonstrated the efficiency of the solid state by the amplification of a quantum yield of ca. ΦQC ≈ 76 in acetonitrile solution to as much as ca. ΦQC ≈ 100-120 in submicron size specimens prepared by the re-precipitation method, and up to ca. ΦQC ≈ 300 with microcrystalline powders suspended in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1560 USA
| | - Indrajit Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1560 USA
| | - Javier Fajardo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1560 USA
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1560 USA
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38
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Jung S, Wang L, Sugiyama H, Uekusa H, Katayama T, Kamada K, Hamura T, Tamai N. Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Pentacene Oligomers via an Intermediate State. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4554-4561. [PMID: 37191388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) is an efficient strategy of multiexciton generation via a singlet exciton splitting into a correlated triplet pair in one organic molecule with more than two chromophores. Propeller-shaped iptycene-linked triisopropylsilyl(TIPS)-ethynyl functionalized pentacene oligomers (pent-monomer, pent-dimer, and pent-trimer) were synthesized, and the iSF dynamics of pent-dimer and -trimer were monitored by a visible-near-IR transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Quantum yields of the triplet pair, ∼80%, of both estimated by near-IR TA spectral analysis are in good agreement with the results of global analysis and triplet sensitization experiments. The iSF rate of pent-trimer is slightly faster than that of pent-dimer even with one more chromophore site. The unexpectedly weak difference indicates the existence of an intermediate process to realize iSF. The intermediate process might be determined by through-bond electronic coupling of the homoconjugation bridge in the pentacene oligomers. Our results suggest the importance of the rigid bridge to the fast iSF rate and the elongated lifetime of the correlated triplet pair in pentacene oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunna Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Haruki Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Megro-ku, 152-8551 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Megro-ku, 152-8551 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Katayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- IFMRI, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 563-8577 Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
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39
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Wu Y, Lu L, Yu B, Zhang S, Luo P, Chen M, He J, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhu J, Yao J, Fu H. Dynamic Evolving Exothermicity Steers Ultrafast Formation of a Correlated Triplet Pair State. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4233-4240. [PMID: 37126526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) presents an attractive solution to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limit of single-junction solar cells. The conversion from an initial singlet state to final triplet is mediated by the correlated triplet pair state 1(T1T1). Despite significant advancement on 1(T1T1) properties and its role in SF, a comprehensive understanding of the energetic landscape during SF is still unclear. Here, we study an unconventional SF system with excited-state aromaticity, i.e., cyano-substituted dipyrrolonaphtheridinedione derivative (DPND-CN), using time-resolved spectroscopy as a function of the temperature. We demonstrate that the population transfer from S1 to 1(T1T1) is driven by a time-dependent exothermicity resulting from the coherent coupling between electronic and spin degrees of freedom. This is followed by thermal-activated dissociation of 1(T1T1) to yield free triplets. Our results provide some new insight into the SF mechanism, which may guide the development of new efficient and stable SF materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Buyang Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - San Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengdong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Chen
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping He
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
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40
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Purdy M, Walton JR, Fallon KJ, Toolan DTW, Budden P, Zeng W, Corpinot MK, Bučar DK, van Turnhout L, Friend R, Rao A, Bronstein H. Aza-Cibalackrot: Turning on Singlet Fission Through Crystal Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10712-10720. [PMID: 37133417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission is a photophysical process that provides a pathway for more efficient harvesting of solar energy in photovoltaic devices. The design of singlet fission candidates is non-trivial and requires careful optimization of two key criteria: (1) correct energetic alignment and (2) appropriate intermolecular coupling. Meanwhile, this optimization must not come at the cost of molecular stability or feasibility for device applications. Cibalackrot is a historic and stable organic dye which, although it has been suggested to have ideal energetics, does not undergo singlet fission due to large interchromophore distances, as suggested by single crystal analysis. Thus, while the energetic alignment is satisfactory, the molecule does not have the desired intermolecular coupling. Herein, we improve this characteristic through molecular engineering with the first synthesis of an aza-cibalackrot and show, using ultrafast transient spectroscopy, that singlet fission is successfully "turned on."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Purdy
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jessica R Walton
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Kealan J Fallon
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Daniel T W Toolan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Peter Budden
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Merina K Corpinot
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Lars van Turnhout
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Richard Friend
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Akshay Rao
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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41
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Wakikawa Y, Ikoma T. Radio-wave Effect on Singlet Fission in Polycrystalline Tetracene near Zero Magnetic Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3907-3911. [PMID: 37073997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A triplet-triplet pair is a key intermediate in singlet fission (SF), which has the potential to overcome the theoretical limit of solar cell efficiency. Here, we report a new spectroscopy to directly detect a short-lived triplet-triplet pair via the effects of radio-wave (RF) irradiation near zero magnetic field at room temperature. The fluorescence of polycrystalline powder of tetracene is reduced by RF irradiation at zero field, which is caused by a quasi-static RF field effect on spin mixing and electron-spin resonance among zero-field-splitting sublevels of the triplet-triplet pair. The curve for the quasi-static RF field effect can be reproduced numerically from that for the observed magnetophotoluminescence (MPL) effect. The simultaneous simulation of the RF and MPL effects using the density matrix formalism estimates rate constants of 1.2 × 108 and 6.0 × 108 s-1 for the fusion and dissociation, respectively, of the triplet-triplet pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Wakikawa
- Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ikoma
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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42
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Gotfredsen H, Thiel D, Greißel PM, Chen L, Krug M, Papadopoulos I, Ferguson MJ, Nielsen MB, Torres T, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Sensitized Singlet Fission in Rigidly Linked Axial and Peripheral Pentacene-Subphthalocyanine Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9548-9563. [PMID: 37083447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The goal of harnessing the theoretical potential of singlet fission (SF), a process in which one singlet excited state is split into two triplet excited states, has become a central challenge in solar energy research. Covalently linked dimers provide crucial models for understanding the role of chromophore arrangement and coupling in SF. Sensitizers can be integrated into these systems to expand the absorption bandwidth through which SF can be accessed. Here, we define the role of the sensitizer-chromophore geometry in a sensitized SF model system. To this end, two conjugates have been synthesized consisting of a pentacene dimer (SF motif) connected via a rigid alkynyl bridge to a subphthalocyanine (the sensitizer motif) in either an axial or a peripheral arrangement. Steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements are used to confirm that both conjugates operate as per design, displaying near unity energy transfer efficiencies and high triplet quantum yields from SF. Decisively, energy transfer between the subphthalocyanine and pentacene dimer occurs ca. 26 times faster in the peripheral conjugate, even though the two chromophores are ca. 3 Å farther apart than in the axial conjugate. Following a theoretical evaluation of the dipolar coupling, Vdip2, and the orientation factor, κ2, of both the axial (Vdip2 = 140 cm-2; κ2 = 0.08) and the peripheral (Vdip2 = 724 cm-2; κ2 = 1.46) arrangements, we establish that this rate acceleration is due to a more favorable (nearly co-planar) relative orientation of the transition dipole moments of the subphthalocyanine and pentacenes in the peripheral constellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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43
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Neef A, Beaulieu S, Hammer S, Dong S, Maklar J, Pincelli T, Xian RP, Wolf M, Rettig L, Pflaum J, Ernstorfer R. Orbital-resolved observation of singlet fission. Nature 2023; 616:275-279. [PMID: 37045918 PMCID: PMC10097594 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission1-13 may boost photovoltaic efficiency14-16 by transforming a singlet exciton into two triplet excitons and thereby doubling the number of excited charge carriers. The primary step of singlet fission is the ultrafast creation of the correlated triplet pair17. Whereas several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this step, none has emerged as a consensus. The challenge lies in tracking the transient excitonic states. Here we use time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to observe the primary step of singlet fission in crystalline pentacene. Our results indicate a charge-transfer mediated mechanism with a hybridization of Frenkel and charge-transfer states in the lowest bright singlet exciton. We gained intimate knowledge about the localization and the orbital character of the exciton wave functions recorded in momentum maps. This allowed us to directly compare the localization of singlet and bitriplet excitons and decompose energetically overlapping states on the basis of their orbital character. Orbital- and localization-resolved many-body dynamics promise deep insights into the mechanics governing molecular systems18-20 and topological materials21-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neef
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Samuel Beaulieu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
- CELIA, University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sebastian Hammer
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Center for the Physics of Materials, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shuo Dong
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Maklar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommaso Pincelli
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Patrick Xian
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurenz Rettig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Barvarian Centre for Applied Energy Research, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Ernstorfer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Huang CH, Wu CC, Li EY, Chou PT. Quest for singlet fission of organic sulfur-containing systems in the higher lying singlet excited state: application prospects of anti-Kasha's rule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9115-9122. [PMID: 36928330 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00298e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explore the possibilities of the deactivating pathways of organic thione containing systems through first-principles calculations. We particularly pay attention to the second lying singlet excited state, S2, due to its large energy difference from the lowest lying S1 state in the sulfur-containing systems. Several theoretical models including the previously synthesized thiones and the strategically designed molecules are investigated to search for the basic conjugation unit that exhibits the prospect of S2 fission. Various molecular motifs and different substituents are combined to maneuver the relative alignment of the relevant low excited energy states. The results lead us to conclude that the thione derivatives, under rational and delicate molecular designs, may be engineered to possess a sufficiently high S2-S1 energy gap as high as 2 eV and that these systems may exhibit S2 fission to triplet excitons in the red to near infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Elise Y Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan.
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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45
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Dill RD, Joshi G, Thorley KJ, Anthony JE, Fluegel B, Johnson JC, Reid OG. Near-Infrared Absorption Features of Triplet-Pair States Assigned by Photoinduced-Absorption-Detected Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2387-2394. [PMID: 36848633 PMCID: PMC10009807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission proceeds through a manifold of triplet-pair states that are exceedingly difficult to distinguish spectroscopically. Here, we introduce a new implementation of photoinduced-absorption-detected magnetic resonance (PADMR) and use it to understand the excited-state absorption spectrum of a tri-2-pentylsilylethynyl pentadithiophene (TSPS-PDT) film. These experiments allow us to directly correlate magnetic transitions driven by RF with electronic transitions in the visible and near-infrared spectrum with high sensitivity. We find that the new near-infrared excited-state transitions that arise in thin films of TSPS-PDT are correlated with the magnetic transitions of T1, not 5TT. Thus, we assign these features to the excited-state absorption of 1TT, which is depleted when T1 states are driven to a spin configuration that forbids subsequent fusion. These results clarify the disputed origin of triplet-associated near-infrared absorption features in singlet-fission materials and demonstrate an incisive general purpose tool for studying the evolution of high-spin excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Dill
- University
of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gajadhar Joshi
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- University
of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- University
of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Brian Fluegel
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Obadiah G. Reid
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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46
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Orsborne SE, Gorman J, Weiss LR, Sridhar A, Panjwani NA, Divitini G, Budden P, Palecek D, Ryan ST, Rao A, Collepardo-Guevara R, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Behrends J, Friend RH, Auras F. Photogeneration of Spin Quintet Triplet-Triplet Excitations in DNA-Assembled Pentacene Stacks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5431-5438. [PMID: 36825550 PMCID: PMC9999418 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF), an exciton-doubling process observed in certain molecular semiconductors where two triplet excitons are generated from one singlet exciton, requires correctly tuned intermolecular coupling to allow separation of the two triplets to different molecular units. We explore this using DNA-encoded assembly of SF-capable pentacenes into discrete π-stacked constructs of defined size and geometry. Precise structural control is achieved via a combination of the DNA duplex formation between complementary single-stranded DNA and the local molecular geometry that directs the SF chromophores into a stable and predictable slip-stacked configuration, as confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) modeling. Transient electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed that within these DNA-assembled pentacene stacks, SF evolves via a bound triplet pair quintet state, which subsequently converts into free triplets. SF evolution via a long-lived quintet state sets specific requirements on intermolecular coupling, rendering the quintet spectrum and its zero-field-splitting parameters highly sensitive to intermolecular geometry. We have found that the experimental spectra and zero-field-splitting parameters are consistent with a slight systematic strain relative to the MD-optimized geometry. Thus, the transient electron spin resonance analysis is a powerful tool to test and refine the MD-derived structure models. DNA-encoded assembly of coupled semiconductor molecules allows controlled construction of electronically functional structures, but brings with it significant dynamic and polar disorders. Our findings here of efficient SF through quintet states demonstrate that these conditions still allow efficient and controlled semiconductor operation and point toward future opportunities for constructing functional optoelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
R. E. Orsborne
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Jeffrey Gorman
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Leah R. Weiss
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
| | - Akshay Sridhar
- Department
of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Naitik A. Panjwani
- Berlin
Joint EPR Laboratory, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0FS Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Peter Budden
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - David Palecek
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Seán T.
J. Ryan
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Rosana Collepardo-Guevara
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
- Yusuf Hamied
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Afaf H. El-Sagheer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA Oxford, U.K.
- Department
of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA Oxford, U.K.
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin
Joint EPR Laboratory, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Florian Auras
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
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47
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Singlet fission as a polarized spin generator for dynamic nuclear polarization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1056. [PMID: 36859419 PMCID: PMC9977948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF), converting a singlet excited state into a spin-correlated triplet-pair state, is an effective way to generate a spin quintet state in organic materials. Although its application to photovoltaics as an exciton multiplier has been extensively studied, the use of its unique spin degree of freedom has been largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the spin polarization of the quintet multiexcitons generated by SF improves the sensitivity of magnetic resonance of water molecules through dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). We form supramolecular assemblies of a few pentacene chromophores and use SF-born quintet spins to achieve DNP of water-glycerol, the most basic biological matrix, as evidenced by the dependence of nuclear polarization enhancement on magnetic field and microwave power. Our demonstration opens a use of SF as a polarized spin generator in bio-quantum technology.
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48
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Shehzad RA, Iqbal J, Ali S, Anwar H. Quantum chemical investigation of Z-shaped heptazethrenes derivatives with detailed structural parameters and singlet fission for photovoltaic applications. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 121:108432. [PMID: 36806125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A variety of organic solar cells has been discovered, but there is a need for efficient optoelectronic material to obtain high power conversion efficiency. In this study, we derived new molecules from Z-shaped heptazethrene. We measured its photovoltaic parameters, including frontier molecular orbitals (where the energy gap decreases to 16% as compared to the reference), molecular electrostatic potential maps (more nucleophilic core), the density of states (partial and total), absorbance in Vis-IR region (in the range of 650-1000 nm), transition density matrix, and hole-electron mobility in terms of reorganization energy that showed 11% higher electron mobility (λe) and 52% higher hole mobility (λh) as compared to the reference. A comparable power conversion efficiency (∼9%) is obtained from a single photon. Using the concept of singlet fission, we can increase the efficiency twice using a single photon (based on the diradical character of the molecule). The diradical character of the entitled molecules was also calculated. The designed molecules fulfil the criteria of singlet fission that generate two excited triplets from a single photon (ES1>2ET1). The designed molecules are more stable than the reference indicated by the singlet-triplet energy gap, which is 37% higher. Hence this work assists the researcher in enhancing the efficiency of the solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Aqil Shehzad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Punjab Bio-energy Institute, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafeez Anwar
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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49
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Tom R, Gao S, Yang Y, Zhao K, Bier I, Buchanan EA, Zaykov A, Havlas Z, Michl J, Marom N. Inverse Design of Tetracene Polymorphs with Enhanced Singlet Fission Performance by Property-Based Genetic Algorithm Optimization. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:1373-1386. [PMID: 36999121 PMCID: PMC10042130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of solar cells may be improved by using singlet fission (SF), in which one singlet exciton splits into two triplet excitons. SF occurs in molecular crystals. A molecule may crystallize in more than one form, a phenomenon known as polymorphism. Crystal structure may affect SF performance. In the common form of tetracene, SF is experimentally known to be slightly endoergic. A second, metastable polymorph of tetracene has been found to exhibit better SF performance. Here, we conduct inverse design of the crystal packing of tetracene using a genetic algorithm (GA) with a fitness function tailored to simultaneously optimize the SF rate and the lattice energy. The property-based GA successfully generates more structures predicted to have higher SF rates and provides insight into packing motifs associated with improved SF performance. We find a putative polymorph predicted to have superior SF performance to the two forms of tetracene, whose structures have been determined experimentally. The putative structure has a lattice energy within 1.5 kJ/mol of the most stable common form of tetracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Tom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
| | - Siyu Gao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
| | - Yi Yang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
| | - Kaiji Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
| | - Imanuel Bier
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
| | - Eric A. Buchanan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Alexandr Zaykov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, 16610Prague 6, Czech
Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Havlas
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, 16610Prague 6, Czech
Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, 16610Prague 6, Czech
Republic
| | - Noa Marom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15213, United States
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50
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Nakamura S, Sakai H, Fuki M, Ooie R, Ishiwari F, Saeki A, Tkachenko NV, Kobori Y, Hasobe T. Thermodynamic Control of Intramolecular Singlet Fission and Exciton Transport in Linear Tetracene Oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217704. [PMID: 36578175 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We newly synthesized a series of homo- and hetero-tetracene (Tc) oligomers to propose a molecular design strategy for the efficient exciton transport in linear oligomers by promoting correlated triplet pair (TT) dissociation and controlling sequential exciton trapping process of individual doubled triplet excitons (T+T) by intramolecular singlet fission. First, entropic gain effects on the number of Tc units are examined by comparing Tc-homo-oligomers [(Tc)n : n=2, 4, 6]. Then, a comparison of (Tc)n and Tc-hetero-oligomer [TcF3 -(Tc)4 -TcF3 ] reveals the vibronic coupling effect for entropic gain. Observed entropic effects on the T+T formation indicated that the exciton migration is rationalized by number of possible TT states increased both by increasing the number of Tc units and by the vibronic levels at the terminal TcF3 units. Finally, we successfully observed high-yield exciton trapping process (trapped triplet yield: ΦTrT =176 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rikuto Ooie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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