1
|
Wang B, Yao Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Wan Y, Sun Y, Li Q, Hu H, Wu M. Resolution of the reciprocity between radical species from precursor and closed pore formation in hard carbon for sodium storage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:681-690. [PMID: 38492369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Hard carbon (HC) has emerged as a highly promising anode material for sodium ion batteries, drawing tremendous interest in producing this material with low-cost and easily accessible precursors. The determination of the crucial parameters of precursors influencing the formation of key structures, such as closed pores, in the HC is of paramount importance. Considering the potential role of free radicals in the structural evolution of the precursors, we, for the first time, delve into the impact of radical species on the development of closed pores by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, with petroleum asphalt as the model system. Our findings reveal that carbon centred radicals, with the g value close to that of the free electron (2.0023), exhibit a propensity to form long-range, well-ordered graphitic structures with lower sodium storage capacity. Conversely, the deliberately incorporated oxygen radicals with the g value over 2.005 require a higher energy for ordering the graphitic structures, leading to the creation of closed pores. As a result, the optimal sample showcases a four-fold increase in plateau capacity for sodium ion storage due to the pore filling process. Our research underscores the pivotal role of employing electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy studying the critical structural evolution of functional carbon materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yazhen Yao
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Wanli Wang
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yujie Xu
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yi Wan
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Han Hu
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Mingbo Wu
- State Key Lab of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jana A, Kearney LT, Naskar AK, Grossman JC, Ferralis N. Effect of Methyl Groups on Formation of Ordered or Layered Graphitic Materials from Aromatic Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302985. [PMID: 37357175 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Developing functionally complex carbon materials from small aromatic molecules requires an understanding of how the chemistry and structure of its constituent molecules evolve and crosslink, to achieve a tailorable set of functional properties. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to isolate the effect of methyl groups on condensation reactions during the oxidative process and evaluate the impact on elastic modulus by considering three monodisperse pyrene-based systems with increasing methyl group fraction. A parameter to quantify the reaction progression is designed by computing the number of new covalent bonds formed. Utilizing the previously developed MD framework, it is found that increasing methylation leads to an almost doubling of bond formation, a larger fraction of the new bonds oriented in the direction of tensile stress, and a higher basal plane alignment of the precursor molecules along the direction of tensile stress, resulting in enhanced tensile modulus. Additionally, via experiments, it is demonstrated that precursors with a higher fraction of methyl groups result in a higher alignment of molecules. Moreover, increased methylation results in the lower spread of single molecule alignment which may lead to smaller variations in tensile modulus and more consistent properties in carbon materials derived from methyl-rich precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Jana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Logan T Kearney
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Amit K Naskar
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Real-space imaging of a phenyl group migration reaction on metal surfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:970. [PMID: 36810857 PMCID: PMC9944283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The explorations to extend present chemical synthetic methods are of great importance to simplify synthetic routes of chemical species. Additionally, understanding the chemical reaction mechanisms is critical to achieve controllable synthesis for applications. Here, we report the on-surface visualization and identification of a phenyl group migration reaction of 1,4-dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetraphenyl benzene (DMTPB) precursor on Au(111), Cu(111) and Ag(110) substrates. With the combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (BR-STM), noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the phenyl group migration reaction of DMTPB precursor is observed, forming various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the substrates. DFT calculations reveal that the multiple-step migrations are facilitated by the hydrogen radical attack, inducing cleavage of phenyl groups and subsequent rearomatization of the intermediates. This study provides insights into complex surface reaction mechanisms at the single molecule level, which may guide the design of chemical species.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong Y, Shin K, Mai BK, Liu P, Buchwald SL. Copper Hydride-Catalyzed Enantioselective Olefin Hydromethylation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16303-16309. [PMID: 36044255 PMCID: PMC9994624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective installation of a methyl group onto a small molecule can result in the significant modification of its biological properties. While hydroalkylation of olefins represents an attractive approach to introduce alkyl substituents, asymmetric hydromethylation protocols are often hampered by the incompatibility of highly reactive methylating reagents and a lack of general applicability. Herein, we report an asymmetric olefin hydromethylation protocol enabled by CuH catalysis. This approach leverages methyl tosylate as a methyl source compatible with the reducing base-containing reaction environment, while a catalytic amount of iodide ion transforms the methyl tosylate in situ into the active reactant, methyl iodide, to promote the hydromethylation. This method tolerates a wide range of functional groups, heterocycles, and pharmaceutically relevant frameworks. Density functional theory studies suggest that after the stereoselective hydrocupration, the methylation step is stereoretentive, taking place through an SN2-type oxidative addition mechanism with methyl iodide followed by a reductive elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kwangmin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fan D, Chelikowsky JR. Atomic Fingerprinting of Heteroatoms Using Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102977. [PMID: 34596948 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immense strides have been made in increasing the resolution of scanning probe microscopy. Noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) now offers one the ability to characterize and visualize single molecules with subatomic resolution. Specifically, nc-AFM with a carbon monoxide (CO) functionalized tip has the ability to discriminate functional groups (-CC-, -CH2 , -CO, …), although discriminating atomic species often remains as an ongoing challenge. Here, real-space pseudopotentials constructed within density functional theory are employed to accurately simulate nc-AFM images of molecules containing heteroatoms (S, I, and N) within dibenzothiophene (DBT), 2-iodotriphenylene (ITP), acridine (ACR) and ferrous phthalocyanine (FePc). It is found that S and I atoms can be easily identified from C based on their unique features. For N atoms, a use of tip functionalization is proposed to effectively discriminate them from C atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingxin Fan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, POB 4.302, 201 East 24th St. C0200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - James R Chelikowsky
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Physics, Center for Computational Materials, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, POB 4.324, 201 East 24th St. C0200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Golbek TW, Faase RA, Rasmussen MH, Tykwinski RR, Stryker JM, Ivar Andersen S, Baio JE, Weidner T. Model Asphaltenes Adsorbed onto Methyl- and COOH-Terminated SAMs on Gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9785-9792. [PMID: 34351167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum asphaltenes are surface-active compounds found in crude oils, and their interactions with surfaces and interfaces have huge implications for many facets of reservoir exploitation, including production, transportation, and oil-water separation. The asphaltene fraction in oil, found in the highest boiling-point range, is composed of many different molecules that vary in size, functionality, and polarity. Studies done on asphaltene fractions have suggested that they interact via polyaromatic and heteroaromatic ring structures and functional groups containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. However, isolating a single pure chemical structure of asphaltene in abundance is challenging and often not possible, which impairs the molecular-level study of asphaltenes of various architectures on surfaces. Thus, to further the molecular fundamental understanding, we chose to use functionalized model asphaltenes (AcChol-Th, AcChol-Ph, and 1,6-DiEtPy[Bu-Carb]) and model self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces with precisely known chemical structures, whereby the hydrophobicity of the model surface is controlled. We applied solutions of asphaltenes to these SAM surfaces and then analyzed them with surface-sensitive techniques of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We observe no adsorption of asphaltenes to the hydrophobic surface. On the hydrophilic surface, AcChol-Ph penetrates into the SAM with a preferential orientation parallel to the surface; AcChol-Th adsorbs in a similar manner, and 1,6-DiEtPy[Bu-Carb] binds the surface with a bent binding geometry. Overall, this study demonstrates the need for studying pure and fractionated asphaltenes at the molecular level, as even within a family of asphaltene congeners, very different surface interactions can occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan A Faase
- The School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | | | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Stryker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Simon Ivar Andersen
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, bld. 375, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Joe E Baio
- The School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|