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Wang X, Cheng S, Zou P, Bao L, Ma G, Wei X, Yu H. Gas-phase and air-solid interface behavior of phthalate plasticizer and ozone: The influence of indoor mineral dust. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135344. [PMID: 39098205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Indoor environments serve as reservoirs for a variety of emerging pollutants (EPs), such as phthalates (PAE), with intricate interactions occurring between these compounds and indoor oxidants alongside dust particles. However, the precise mechanisms governing these interactions and their resulting environmental implications remain unclear. By theoretical simulations, this work uncovers multi-functional compounds and high oxygen molecules as important products arising from the interaction between DEP/DEHP and O3, which are closely linked to SOA formation. Further analysis reveals a strong affinity of DEP/DEHP for mineral dust surfaces, with an adsorption energy of 22.11/30.91 kcal mol-1, consistent with a higher concentration of DEHP on the dust surface. Importantly, mineral particles are found to inhibit every step of the reaction process, albeit resulting in lower product toxicity compared to the parent compounds. Thus, timely removal of dust in an indoor environment may reduce the accumulation and residue of PAEs indoors, and further reduce the combined exposure risk produced by PAEs-dust. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the interaction between PAEs and SOA formation, and to develop a fundamental reaction model at the air-solid surface, thereby shedding light on the microscopic behaviors and pollution mechanisms of phthalates on indoor dust surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Sisi Cheng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Pengcheng Zou
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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2
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Farmer DK, Vance ME, Poppendieck D, Abbatt J, Alves MR, Dannemiller KC, Deeleepojananan C, Ditto J, Dougherty B, Farinas OR, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Huynh H, Kim D, King JC, Kroll J, Li J, Link MF, Mael L, Mayer K, Martin AB, Morrison G, O'Brien R, Pandit S, Turpin BJ, Webb M, Yu J, Zimmerman SM. The chemical assessment of surfaces and air (CASA) study: using chemical and physical perturbations in a test house to investigate indoor processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 38953218 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The Chemical Assessment of Surfaces and Air (CASA) study aimed to understand how chemicals transform in the indoor environment using perturbations (e.g., cooking, cleaning) or additions of indoor and outdoor pollutants in a well-controlled test house. Chemical additions ranged from individual compounds (e.g., gaseous ammonia or ozone) to more complex mixtures (e.g., a wildfire smoke proxy and a commercial pesticide). Physical perturbations included varying temperature, ventilation rates, and relative humidity. The objectives for CASA included understanding (i) how outdoor air pollution impacts indoor air chemistry, (ii) how wildfire smoke transports and transforms indoors, (iii) how gases and particles interact with building surfaces, and (iv) how indoor environmental conditions impact indoor chemistry. Further, the combined measurements under unperturbed and experimental conditions enable investigation of mitigation strategies following outdoor and indoor air pollution events. A comprehensive suite of instruments measured different chemical components in the gas, particle, and surface phases throughout the study. We provide an overview of the test house, instrumentation, experimental design, and initial observations - including the role of humidity in controlling the air concentrations of many semi-volatile organic compounds, the potential for ozone to generate indoor nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), the differences in microbial composition between the test house and other occupied buildings, and the complexity of deposited particles and gases on different indoor surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | | | - Jon Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen C Dannemiller
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jenna Ditto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Dougherty
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Olivia R Farinas
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jon C King
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jesse Kroll
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jienan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Michael F Link
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Liora Mael
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Kathryn Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Andrew B Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rachel O'Brien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shubhrangshu Pandit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marc Webb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Ofodile J, Alves MR, Liang Y, Franklin EB, Lunderberg DM, Ivey CE, Singer BC, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing PM 2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5047-5057. [PMID: 38437595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of incense-generated organic aerosol in residential indoor air has received limited attention in Western literature. In this study, we conducted incense burning experiments in a single-family California residence during vacancy. We report the chemical composition of organic fine particulate matter (PM2.5), associated emission factors (EFs), and gas-particle phase partitioning for indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Speciated organic PM2.5 measurements were made using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HR-ToF-MS) and semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG). Organic PM2.5 EFs ranged from 7 to 31 mg g-1 for burned incense and were largely comprised of polar and oxygenated species, with high abundance of biomass-burning tracers such as levoglucosan. Differences in PM2.5 EFs and chemical profiles were observed in relation to the type of incense burned. Nine indoor SVOCs considered to originate from sources other than incense combustion were enhanced during incense events. Time-resolved concentrations of these SVOCs correlated well with PM2.5 mass (R2 > 0.75), suggesting that low-volatility SVOCs such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate partitioned to incense-generated PM2.5. Both direct emissions and enhanced partitioning of low-volatility indoor SVOCs to incense-generated PM2.5 can influence inhalation exposures during and after indoor incense use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ofodile
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cesunica E Ivey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Cecinato A, Romagnoli P, Cerasa M, Perilli M, Balducci C. Organic toxicants and emerging contaminants in hospital interiors before and during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic: alkanes and PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:9713-9731. [PMID: 38194174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Indoor pollution and deposition dust (DD), in particular, are acquiring concern, due to long exposure time and importance of intake by humans through contact and ingestion. Hospitals look a special category of sites, owing to peculiar contaminants affecting them and to presence of people prone to adverse effects induced by toxicants. Four in-field campaigns aimed at understanding the chemical composition of DD were performed in five Italian hospitals. Measurements were performed before (autumn 2019), during (spring 2021), and after (winter 2022) the peak of SARS-CoV2 and when restrictions caused by pandemic were revoked (winter 2023). Parallel measurements were made outdoors (2022), as well as in a university and a dwelling. Targeted contaminants were n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while iso- and anteiso-alkanes were analyzed to assess the impact of tobacco smoking. Total n-alkanes ranged from 3.9 ± 2.3 to 20.5 ± 4.2 mg/g, with higher percentages of short chain homologs in 2019. PAHs ranged from 0.24 ± 0.22 to 0.83 ± 0.50 mg/g, with light congeners (≤ 228 a.m.u.) always exceeding the heavy ones (≥ 252 a.m.u.). According to carbon preference indexes, alkanes originated overall from anthropogenic sources. Microorganisms resulted to affect a hospital, and tobacco smoke accounted for ~ 4-20‰ of DD mass. As for PAH sources, the diagnostic concentration ratios suggested the concourse of biological matter burning and vehicle emission. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies of depositions at hospitals ranged ~ 9-39 μg/g and ~ 15-76 μg/g, respectively, which seems of concern for health. DD composition in hospitals was different from that outside the premises, as well as that found at university and at dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Marina Cerasa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
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5
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Lunderberg DM, Liang Y, Singer BC, Apte JS, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Assessing residential PM 2.5 concentrations and infiltration factors with high spatiotemporal resolution using crowdsourced sensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308832120. [PMID: 38048461 PMCID: PMC10723120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308832120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Building conditions, outdoor climate, and human behavior influence residential concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). To study PM2.5 spatiotemporal variability in residences, we acquired paired indoor and outdoor PM2.5 measurements at 3,977 residences across the United States totaling >10,000 monitor-years of time-resolved data (10-min resolution) from the PurpleAir network. Time-series analysis and statistical modeling apportioned residential PM2.5 concentrations to outdoor sources (median residential contribution = 52% of total, coefficient of variation = 69%), episodic indoor emission events such as cooking (28%, CV = 210%) and persistent indoor sources (20%, CV = 112%). Residences in the temperate marine climate zone experienced higher infiltration factors, consistent with expectations for more time with open windows in milder climates. Likewise, for all climate zones, infiltration factors were highest in summer and lowest in winter, decreasing by approximately half in most climate zones. Large outdoor-indoor temperature differences were associated with lower infiltration factors, suggesting particle losses from active filtration occurred during heating and cooling. Absolute contributions from both outdoor and indoor sources increased during wildfire events. Infiltration factors decreased during periods of high outdoor PM2.5, such as during wildfires, reducing potential exposures from outdoor-origin particles but increasing potential exposures to indoor-origin particles. Time-of-day analysis reveals that episodic emission events are most frequent during mealtimes as well as on holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), indicating that cooking-related activities are a strong episodic emission source of indoor PM2.5 in monitored residences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- College of Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
| | - Brett C. Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Joshua S. Apte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - William W. Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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6
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Cummings BE, Pothier MA, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Waring MS. Model Framework for Predicting Semivolatile Organic Material Emissions Indoors from Organic Aerosol Measurements: Applications to HOMEChem Stir-Frying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17374-17383. [PMID: 37930106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cooking activities emit myriad low-volatility, semivolatile, and highly volatile organic compounds that together form particles that can accumulate to large indoor concentrations. Absorptive partitioning thermodynamics governs the particle-phase organic aerosol concentration mainly via temperature and sorbing mass impacts. Cooking activities can increase the organic sorbing mass by 1-2 orders of magnitude, increasing particle-phase concentrations and affecting emission rate calculations. Although recent studies have begun to probe the volatility characteristics of indoor cooking particles, parametrizations of cooking particle mass emissions have largely neglected these thermodynamic considerations. Here, we present an improved thermodynamics-based model framework for estimating condensable organic material emission rates from a time series of observed concentrations, given that adequate measurements or assumptions can be made about the volatility of the emitted species. We demonstrate the performance of this methodology by applying data from stir-frying experiments performed during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign to a two-zone box model representing the UTest House. Preliminary estimates of organic mass emitted on a per-stir-fry basis for three types of organic aerosol factors are presented. Our analysis highlights that using traditional nonvolatile particle models and emission characterizations for some organic aerosol emitting activities can incorrectly attribute concentration changes to emissions rather than thermodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Cummings
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matson A Pothier
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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7
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Li J, Link MF, Pandit S, Webb MH, Mayer KJ, Garofalo LA, Rediger KL, Poppendieck DG, Zimmerman SM, Vance ME, Grassian VH, Morrison GC, Turpin BJ, Farmer DK. The persistence of smoke VOCs indoors: Partitioning, surface cleaning, and air cleaning in a smoke-contaminated house. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8263. [PMID: 37831770 PMCID: PMC10575580 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are increasing in frequency, raising concerns that smoke can permeate indoor environments and expose people to chemical air contaminants. To study smoke transformations in indoor environments and evaluate mitigation strategies, we added smoke to a test house. Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) persisted days following the smoke injection, providing a longer-term exposure pathway for humans. Two time scales control smoke VOC partitioning: a faster one (1.0 to 5.2 hours) that describes the time to reach equilibrium between adsorption and desorption processes and a slower one (4.8 to 21.2 hours) that describes the time for indoor ventilation to overtake adsorption-desorption equilibria in controlling the air concentration. These rates imply that vapor pressure controls partitioning behavior and that house ventilation plays a minor role in removing smoke VOCs. However, surface cleaning activities (vacuuming, mopping, and dusting) physically removed surface reservoirs and thus reduced indoor smoke VOC concentrations more effectively than portable air cleaners and more persistently than window opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael F. Link
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Shubhrangshu Pandit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marc H. Webb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lauren A. Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katelyn L. Rediger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | - Marina E. Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Glenn C. Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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8
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Lakey PSJ, Cummings BE, Waring MS, Morrison GC, Shiraiwa M. Effective mass accommodation for partitioning of organic compounds into surface films with different viscosities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1464-1478. [PMID: 37560969 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces can act as reservoirs and reaction media influencing the concentrations and type of species that people are exposed to indoors. Mass accommodation and partitioning are impacted by the phase state and viscosity of indoor surface films. We developed the kinetic multi-layer model KM-FILM to simulate organic film formation and growth, but it is computationally expensive to couple such comprehensive models with indoor air box models. Recently, a novel effective mass accommodation coefficient (αeff) was introduced for efficient and effective treatments of gas-particle partitioning. In this study, we extended this approach to a film geometry with αeff as a function of penetration depth into the film, partitioning coefficient, bulk diffusivity, and condensed-phase reaction rate constant. Comparisons between KM-FILM and the αeff method show excellent agreement under most conditions, but with deviations before the establishment of quasi-equilibrium within the penetration depth. We found that the deposition velocity of species and overall film growth are impacted by bulk diffusivity in highly viscous films (Db ∼<10-15 cm2 s-1). Reactions that lead to non-volatile products can increase film thicknesses significantly, with the extent of film growth being dependent on the gas-phase concentration, rate coefficient, partitioning coefficient and diffusivity. Amorphous semisolid films with Db > ∼10-17-10-19 cm2 s-1 can be efficient SVOC reservoirs for compounds with higher partitioning coefficients as they can be released back to the gas phase over extended periods of time, while glassy solid films would not be able to act as reservoirs as gas-film partitioning is impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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9
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Kristensen K, Lunderberg DM, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Tian Y, Arata C, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Gas-Particle Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds in a Residence: Influence of Particles from Candles, Cooking, and Outdoors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3260-3269. [PMID: 36796310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) represent an important class of indoor pollutants. The partitioning of SVOCs between airborne particles and the adjacent air influences human exposure and uptake. Presently, little direct experimental evidence exists about the influence of indoor particle pollution on the gas-particle phase partitioning of indoor SVOCs. In this study, we present time-resolved gas- and particle-phase distribution data for indoor SVOCs in a normally occupied residence using semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography. Although SVOCs in indoor air are found mostly in the gas phase, we show that indoor particles from cooking, candle use, and outdoor particle infiltration strongly affect the gas-particle phase distribution of specific indoor SVOCs. From gas- and particle-phase measurements of SVOCs spanning a range of chemical functionalities (alkanes, alcohols, alkanoic acids, and phthalates) and volatilities (vapor pressures from 10-13 to 10-4 atm), we find that the chemical composition of the airborne particles influences the partitioning of individual SVOC species. During candle burning, the enhanced partitioning of gas-phase SVOCs to indoor particles not only affects the particle composition but also enhances surface off-gassing, thereby increasing the total airborne concentration of specific SVOCs, including diethylhexyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Now at Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Now at BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Now at Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
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10
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Pothier MA, Boedicker E, Pierce JR, Vance M, Farmer DK. From the HOMEChem frying pan to the outdoor atmosphere: chemical composition, volatility distributions and fate of cooking aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:314-325. [PMID: 36519677 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cooking organic aerosol (COA) is frequently observed in urban field studies. Like other forms of organic aerosol, cooking emissions partition between gas and particle phases; a quantitative understanding of the species volatility governing this partitioning is essential to model the transport and fate of COA. However, few cooking-specific volatility measurements are available, and COA is often assumed to be semi-volatile. We use measurements from a thermodenuder coupled to an aerosol chemical speciation monitor during the HOMEChem study to investigate the chemical components and volatility of near-source COA. We found that fresh emissions of COA have three chemical components: a biomass burning-like component (COABBOA), a lower volatility component associated with cooking oil (COAoil-2), and a higher volatility component associated with cooking oil (COAoil-1). We provide characteristic mass spectra and volatility profiles for these components. We develop a model to describe the partitioning of these emissions as they dilute through the house and outdoor atmosphere. We show that the total emissions from cooking can be misclassified in air quality studies that use semi-volatile emissions as a proxy for cooking aerosol, due to the presence of substantial mass in lower volatility bins of COA not generally represented in models. Primary emissions of COA can thus be not only primary sources of urban aerosol pollution, but also sources of semi-volatile organic compounds that undergo secondary chemistry in the atmosphere and contribute to ozone formation and secondary organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matson A Pothier
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Erin Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marina Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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11
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Morrison GC, Eftekhari A, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Cummings BE, Waring MS, Williams B. Partitioning of reactive oxygen species from indoor surfaces to indoor aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2310-2323. [PMID: 36314460 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the species thought to be responsible for the adverse health effects of particulate matter (PM) inhalation. Field studies suggest that indoor sources of ROS contribute to measured ROS on PM in indoor air. We hypothesize that ozone reacts on indoor surfaces to form semi-volatile ROS, in particular organic peroxides (OPX), which partition to airborne particles. To test this hypothesis, we modeled ozone-induced formation of OPX, its decay and its partitioning to PM in a residential building and compared the results to field measurements. Simulations indicate that, while ROS of outdoor origin is the primary contributor to indoor ROS (in PM), a substantial fraction of ROS present in indoor PM is from ozone-surface chemistry. At an air change rate equal to 1/h, and an outdoor ozone mixing ratio of 35 ppb, 25% of the ROS concentration in air is due to indoor formation and partitioning of OPX to PM. For the same conditions, but with a modest indoor source of PM (1.5 mg h-1), 44% of indoor ROS on PM is of indoor origin. An indoor source of ozone, such as an electrostatic air cleaner, also increases OPX present in indoor PM. The results of the simulations support the hypothesis that ozone-induced formation of OPX on indoor surfaces, and subsequent partitioning to aerosols, is sufficient to explain field observations. Therefore, indoor sourced ROS could contribute meaningfully to total inhaled PM-ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Morrison
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA
| | | | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brent Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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You B, Zhou W, Li J, Li Z, Sun Y. A review of indoor Gaseous organic compounds and human chemical Exposure: Insights from Real-time measurements. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107611. [PMID: 36335895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous organic compounds, mainly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have become a wide concern in various indoor environments where we spend the majority of our daily time. The sources, compositions, variations, and sinks of indoor VOCs are extremely complex, and their potential impacts on human health are less understood. Owing to the deployment of the state-of-the-art real-time mass spectrometry during the last two decades, our understanding of the sources, dynamic changes and chemical transformations of VOCs indoors has been significantly improved. This review aims to summarize the key findings from mass spectrometry measurements in recent indoor studies including residence, classroom, office, sports center, etc. The sources and sinks, compositions and distributions of indoor VOCs, and the factors (e.g., human activities, air exchange rate, temperature and humidity) driving the changes in indoor VOCs are discussed. The physical and chemical processes of gas-particle partitioning and secondary oxidation processes of VOCs, and their impacts on human health are summarized. Finally, the recommendations for future research directions on indoor VOCs measurements and indoor chemistry are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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13
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Li Y, He L, Xie D, Zhao A, Wang L, Kreisberg NM, Jayne J, Liu Y. Strong temperature influence and indiscernible ventilation effect on dynamics of some semivolatile organic compounds in the indoor air of an office. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107305. [PMID: 35635961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many manmade organic air pollutants are semivolatile and primarily used and exposed indoors. It remains unclear how indoor environmental parameters affect indoor air dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in real-world indoor conditions, which directly relates to human exposure. By making time-resolved SVOC measurements over multiple weeks in an office, we characterized the indoor air dynamics of six representative SVOCs which were mainly present in the gas phase and of indoor origins, and investigated the effects of the temperature and ventilation rate. The six species include di-isobutyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate, as well as two n-alkanes and two siloxanes. Airborne concentrations of all six SVOCs responded strongly and quickly to changes in the indoor temperature. The temperature dependence of individual species can be well fitted in the form of the van't Hoff equation, and explained 65-86% of the observed variation in the logarithm-transformed concentrations. In contrast, increasing the ventilation rate by a factor of 3-5 for hours at a constant temperature had no discernible influence on the SVOC concentrations. Further kinetic modeling analysis suggests that the observed fast temperature response and indiscernible ventilation effect are both associated with SVOC sorption onto indoor surfaces, which dramatically slows the response of SVOC concentration to changes in the ventilation rate and speeds up the response to changes in the temperature. These results highlight the importance of sorption reservoirs on regulating indoor SVOC dynamics and also have important implications for controlling and assessing indoor air exposure to SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatai Li
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Longkun He
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Xie
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | | | - John Jayne
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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14
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Huo Y, Guo H, Lyu X, Yao D. Emission characteristics, sources, and airborne fate of speciated organics in particulate matters in a Hong Kong residence. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13017. [PMID: 35347786 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies warn of the adverse health effects of indoor particulate matters (PM). However, little is known about the molecular compositions and emission characteristics of PM-bound organics (OM) indoors, a critical group of species with highest concentration and complexity in indoor PM. In a Hong Kong residence where prescribed activities were performed with normal frequency and intensity, we found that the activities significantly elevated not only the total concentration but also the fraction of OM in indoor PM. However, the concentration of the total PM-bound OM outdoors (10.3 ± 0.7 μg/m3 ) surpassed that for the indoor counterpart during the undisturbed period (8.2 ± 0.1 μg/m3 ), that is, period when there was no activity with high emission of PM but the residual effects of previous activities might remain. Emissions of indoor activities involving combustion or high-temperature processes significantly elevated the indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios for a majority of organic species. In addition, gas-to-particle partitioning, secondary formation, carrying-over (residues of pollutants in the air), and re-emission also modulated the I/O ratios of some compounds. Chemically comprehensive emission profiles of speciated organics were obtained for 5 indoor activities in the residence. While the indoor contribution to PM-bound OM was estimated to be not higher than 13.1% during the undisturbed period, carrying-over and/or re-emission seemed to exist for certain compounds emitted from cigarette smoking and incense burning. This study enhances knowledge on emissions and airborne fate of speciated organics in indoor PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Huo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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Wan Y, Diamond ML, Siegel JA. Quantitative filter forensics for semivolatile organic compounds in social housing apartments. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12994. [PMID: 35225385 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Residents from low-income social housing are vulnerable to adverse health effects from indoor air pollution. Particle-bound concentrations of eight phthalates and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor air were measured using quantitative filter forensics with portable air cleaners deployed for three one-week periods from 2015 to 2017. The sample included 143 apartments across seven multi-unit social housing buildings in Toronto, Canada, that went through energy retrofits in 2016. Eight phthalates and six PAHs were found in more than 50% of the apartments in either of the three sampling periods. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and phenanthrene were the dominant phthalate and PAH, with median concentrations of 146, 143, and 130 ng/m3 and 1.51, 0.58, and 0.76 ng/m3 in the late spring of 2015, and after retrofits in late spring 2017 and winter of 2017, respectively. SVOC concentrations were generally lower after energy retrofits, with significant differences for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Lower concentrations post-retrofit may be related to less overheating and less need for opening windows. Concentrations of phthalates and PAHs in this study were similar to or higher than those reported in the literature. Results suggest that the use of portable air filters is a promising method to assess concentrations of indoor particle-bound SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Wan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Collins DB, Farmer DK. Unintended Consequences of Air Cleaning Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12172-12179. [PMID: 34464124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amplified interest in maintaining clean indoor air associated with the airborne transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 have led to an expansion in the market for commercially available air cleaning systems. While the optimal way to mitigate indoor air pollutants or contaminants is to control (remove) the source, air cleaners are a tool for use when absolute source control is not possible. Interventions for indoor air quality management include physical removal of pollutants through ventilation or collection on filters and sorbent materials, along with chemically reactive processes that transform pollutants or seek to deactivate biological entities. This perspective intends to highlight the perhaps unintended consequences of various air cleaning approaches via indoor air chemistry. Introduction of new chemical agents or reactive processes can initiate complex chemistry that results in the release of reactive intermediates and/or byproducts into the indoor environment. Since air cleaning systems are often continuously running to maximize their effectiveness and most people spend a vast majority of their time indoors, human exposure to both primary and secondary products from air cleaners may represent significant exposure risk. This Perspective highlights the need for further study of chemically reactive air cleaning and disinfection methods before broader adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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17
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal EA, Rodgers TFM, Diamond ML. Textile Washing Conveys SVOCs from Indoors to Outdoors: Application and Evaluation of a Residential Multimedia Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12517-12527. [PMID: 34472344 PMCID: PMC9590288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments have elevated concentrations of numerous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Textiles provide a large surface area for accumulating SVOCs, which can be transported to outdoors through washing. A multimedia model was developed to estimate advective transport rates (fluxes) of 14 SVOCs from indoors to outdoors by textile washing, ventilation, and dust removal/disposal. Most predicted concentrations were within 1 order of magnitude of measurements from a study of 26 Canadian homes. Median fluxes to outdoors [μg·(year·home)-1] spanned approximately 4 orders of magnitude across compounds, according to the variability in estimated aggregate emissions to indoor air. These fluxes ranged from 2 (2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether, BDE-28) to 30 200 (diethyl phthalate, DEP) for textile washing, 12 (BDE-28) to 123 200 (DEP) for ventilation, and 0.1 (BDE-28) to 4200 (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP) for dust removal. Relative contributions of these pathways to the total flux to outdoors strongly depended on physical-chemical properties. Textile washing contributed 20% tris-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) to 62% tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) on average. These results suggest that residential textile washing can be an important transport pathway to outdoors for SVOCs emitted to indoor air, with implications for human and ecological exposure. Interventions should try to balance the complex tradeoff of textile washing by minimizing exposures for both human occupants and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, 27711, U.S.A
| | - Timothy F. M. Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Corresponding Author: Miriam L. Diamond, Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1, 1 (416) 978-1586,
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18
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Boedicker EK, Emerson EW, McMeeking GR, Patel S, Vance ME, Farmer DK. Fates and spatial variations of accumulation mode particles in a multi-zone indoor environment during the HOMEChem campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1029-1039. [PMID: 34142692 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studying the indoor dynamics that impact particles is crucial in order to understand indoor air chemistry and assess overall human exposure to particles. This work investigates spatial gradients in particle concentration, caused by indoor transport and loss mechanisms. We conducted a variety of cooking experiments during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign in June 2018 that allowed us to probe these mechanisms. We measured size-resolved (0.06-1 μm and 0.13-3 μm) particle number concentrations from cooking experiments using optical instruments at four locations throughout the house simultaneously. The particle number concentration in the kitchen was 40 ± 10% and 70 ± 10% higher than the concentrations in the living room and the bedroom, respectively. There was a minor size dependence, with larger differences in the smaller sizes of the accumulation mode (0.1-2.5 μm) than the larger end of the range. Dilution accounts for the majority of these concentration differences. Surface deposition was the dominant fate of particles within a zone, with observed deposition velocities ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 m h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W Lake St., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Ethan W Emerson
- Handix Scientific LLC, 5485 Conestoga Court, Suite 104B, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Gavin R McMeeking
- Handix Scientific LLC, 5485 Conestoga Court, Suite 104B, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Sameer Patel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W Lake St., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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19
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Wu T, Földes T, Lee LT, Wagner DN, Jiang J, Tasoglou A, Boor BE, Blatchley ER. Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl 3) in an Indoor Aquatic Center. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8097-8107. [PMID: 34033479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
NCl3 is formed as a disinfection byproduct in chlorinated swimming pools and can partition between the liquid and gas phases. Exposure to gas-phase NCl3 has been linked to asthma and can irritate the eyes and respiratory airways, thereby affecting the health and athletic performance of swimmers. This study involved an investigation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of gas-phase NCl3 in an aquatic center during a collegiate swim meet. Real-time (up to 1 Hz) measurements of gas-phase NCl3 were made via a novel on-line derivatization cavity ring-down spectrometer and a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Significant temporal variations in gas-phase NCl3 and CO2 concentrations were observed across varying time scales, from seconds to hours. Gas-phase NCl3 concentrations increased with the number of active swimmers due to swimming-enhanced liquid-to-gas transfer of NCl3, with peak concentrations between 116 and 226 ppb. Strong correlations between concentrations of gas-phase NCl3 with concentrations of CO2 and water (relative humidity) were found and attributed to similar features in their physical transport processes in pool air. A vertical gradient in gas-phase NCl3 concentrations was periodically observed above the water surface, demonstrating that swimmers can be exposed to elevated levels of NCl3 beyond those measured in the bulk air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tomas Földes
- Aquality Technologies Srl, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry, and Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lester T Lee
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Danielle N Wagner
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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20
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Heeley-Hill AC, Grange SK, Ward MW, Lewis AC, Owen N, Jordan C, Hodgson G, Adamson G. Frequency of use of household products containing VOCs and indoor atmospheric concentrations in homes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:699-713. [PMID: 34037627 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00504e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a key class of atmospheric emission released from highly complex petrochemical, transport and solvent sources both outdoors and indoors. This study established the concentrations and speciation of VOCs in 60 homes (204 individuals, 360 × 72 h samples, 40 species) in summer and winter, along with outdoor controls. Self-reported daily statistics were collected in each home on the use of cleaning, household and personal care products, all of which are known to release VOCs. Frequency of product use varied widely: deodorants: 2.9 uses home per day; sealant-mastics 0.02 uses home per day. The total concentration of VOCs indoors (range C2-C10) was highly variable between homes e.g. range 16.6-8150 μg m-3 in winter. Indoor concentrations of VOCs exceeded outdoor for 84% of households studied in summer and 100% of homes in winter. The most abundant VOCs found indoors in this study were n-butane (wintertime range: 1.5-4630 μg m-3), likely released as aerosol propellant, ethanol, acetone and propane. The cumulative use VOC-containing products over multiday timescales by occupants provided little predictive power to infer 72 hour averaged indoor concentrations. However, there was weak covariance between the cumulative usage of certain products and individual VOCs. From a domestic emissions perspective, reducing the use of hydrocarbon-based aerosol propellants indoors would likely have the largest impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden C Heeley-Hill
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stuart K Grange
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martyn W Ward
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alastair C Lewis
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Neil Owen
- Givaudan UK Ltd, Kennington Road, TN24 0LT Ashford, UK
| | | | - Gemma Hodgson
- QI Statistics, Overdene House, 49 Church Street, Theale, Berkshire RG7 5BX, UK
| | - Greg Adamson
- Givaudan Fragrances Corp., 717 Ridgedale Ave, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA
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21
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O'Brien RE, Li Y, Kiland KJ, Katz EF, Or VW, Legaard E, Walhout EQ, Thrasher C, Grassian VH, DeCarlo PF, Bertram AK, Shiraiwa M. Emerging investigator series: chemical and physical properties of organic mixtures on indoor surfaces during HOMEChem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:559-568. [PMID: 33870396 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic films on indoor surfaces serve as a medium for reactions and for partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds and thus play an important role in indoor chemistry. However, the chemical and physical properties of these films are poorly characterized. Here, we investigate the chemical composition of an organic film collected during the HOMEChem campaign, over three cumulative weeks in the kitchen, using both Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and offline Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS). We also characterize the viscosity of this film using a model based on molecular formulas as well as poke-flow measurements. We find that the film contains organic material similar to cooking organic aerosol (COA) measured during the campaign using on-line AMS. However, the average molecular formula observed using FT-ICR MS is ∼C50H90O11, which is larger and more oxidized than fresh COA. Solvent extracted film material is a low viscous semisolid, with a measured viscosity <104 Pa s. This is much lower than the viscosity model predicts, which is parametrized with atmospherically relevant organic molecules, but sensitivity tests demonstrate that including unsaturation can explain the differences. The presence of unsaturation is supported by reactions of film material with ozone. In contrast to the solvent extract, manually removed material appears to be highly viscous, highlighting the need for continued work understanding both viscosity measurements as well as parameterizations for modeled viscosity of indoor organic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kristian J Kiland
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor W Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Emily Legaard
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Emma Q Walhout
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Corey Thrasher
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA and Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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22
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Cheng Z, Qiu X, Shi X, Zhu T. Identification of organosiloxanes in ambient fine particulate matters using an untargeted strategy via gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116128. [PMID: 33421844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organosilicons are widely used in consumer products and are ubiquitous in living environments. However, there is little systemic information on this group of pollutants in ambient particles. This study proposes a novel untargeted strategy based mainly on the mass difference of three silicon isotopes to screen organosilicon compounds from 2-year PM2.5 samples of Beijing using gas chromatography and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 61 organosilicons were filtered from 1019 peaks, and 35 ones were identified as organosiloxanes including 17 methylsiloxanes and 18 phenylmethylsiloxanes, of which 6 and 3 species were confirmed using reference standards, respectively. These organosiloxanes could be clustered into three groups: low-silicon-number methylsiloxanes, high-silicon-number methylsiloxanes, and phenylmethylsiloxanes. Low-silicon-number methylsiloxanes showed high abundance in the heating season but low abundance in the non-heating season, whereas high-silicon-number methylsiloxanes showed the opposite seasonal variation. This study provides a promising strategy for screening organosilicon compounds through an untargeted approach and gives insights for further investigation of the sources and health risks of organosiloxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, And Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, And Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, And Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, And Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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23
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Goldstein AH, Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ, Williams J. How Do Indoor Environments Affect Air Pollution Exposure? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:100-108. [PMID: 33284612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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24
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal E, Ladan J, Zhang X, Diamond ML. Transient Multimedia Model for Investigating the Influence of Indoor Human Activities on Exposure to SVOCs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10772-10782. [PMID: 32786603 PMCID: PMC8637498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests that human occupants indoors, through their presence and activities, can influence the dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). To better understand these dynamics, a transient multimedia human exposure model was developed (Activity-Based Indoor Chemical Assessment Model (ABICAM)). This model parametrizes mass-balance equations as functions of time-dependent human activities. As a case study, ABICAM simulated exposures of an archetypal adult and toddler over 24 h to diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) that span a wide range of gas-particle partitioning tendencies. Under baseline (no activities beyond respiration), the toddler's time-average internal doses were three to four times higher than the adult's, due to differences in physical human attributes (e.g., inhalation rate). When time-dependent activities were considered, interindividual (e.g., adult vs toddler) variability was accentuated by up to a factor of 3 for BBzP. Activities with the greatest influence on time-average internal dose were showering (-71% for BBzP), cooking (+27% for DEHP), and sleeping (-26% for DEHP). Overall, the results support the hypotheses that (1) transient indoor activities can give rise to intraindividual variability in estimated internal doses of SVOCs, and (2) interindividual variability in such exposure can result from differences in activity patterns and physical human attributes, according to a compound's physical-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - John Ladan
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
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